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THIS BOOK IS FOE. EEFEEEHCB
USE ONLY AiiB IjIAY HOT Bfi
CYCLOPEDIA OF
Music and Musicians
Volume II
EASTER -MYSTERES
CYCLOPEDIA OF
MUSIC AND MUSICIANS
y
EDITED BY
JOHN DENISON CHAMPLIN, JR.
CRITICAL EDITOR
WILLIAM FOSTER APTHORP
IV/TH MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME II
5 ',',»'■>'
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
M DCCC LXXX IX
TOE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
*»TOR, LENOX ANO
TILDEN FOUNDATIONS
" 19)6
Copyright, i88q, by
Charles Scribner's Sons.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL-PAGE PORTRAITS
To Face
Page
1. CHARLES GOUNOD
From a photograph by Nadar, Paris, . . 48
2. GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL
From the engraving by VV . Bromley, after the painting br Hudson, . , q6
3. JOSEF HAYDN
From the engraving by Sichli)ig, after the painting by Riisler, . , 144
4. ORLANDO LASSO v,\\V \M '- '"'.!
From the engraving by lohann Sadeler (i6'^2), . . . . , ",'.''• ',5^4' '•>»'''' ',
S- FRANZ LISZT
From a contemporary stretch by Kenonard, 240
6- JEAN BAPTISTE LULLY to Fac.
Page
From the engraving by Jean Louis Roullet , after the painting by Paul Mignard, 288
7- FELIX .MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY
From the engraving by G. Seidel, 18^2, ,,^
8. GIACOMO MEYERBEEK
From the lithograph by Ch. Fogt , 184^, ^g,
9- WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
From the engraving by Sichling, after the painting by Tiscl}bein, . . 4^2
10. JOHN KNOWLES PAINE
From a photograph by Balt{ty, Cambridge. Mass.. 480
11. GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA PALESTRINA
From the engraving by Boettcher, after the portrait in tl}e Vatican, . ^28
fi; ,■.••;■" ' HENRY PURCELL
[f^r^oiti: ihn engraving by Zobel, after the painting by Closterman, . . ^j6
PORTRAITS OF MUSICIANS.
DRAWN BY VAL^RIEN GRIBAY^DOFF.
PAGE
1. Eberlin, Daniel 2
2. Eckert, Karl 4
3. Eddy, Clarence 5
4. Eicliberg, -Julius 8
5. Elvey, Sir George Jol) 15
6. Ernst, Heinricb Wilhelui 25
7. Fascli, Karl Friedricli C'liristiaii. . . 43
8. Faure, Jean Baptiste 45
9. Fesca, Friedricli Ernst 57
10. Fetis, Frauyois Joseph 59
11. Field, John 03
12. Fiorillo, Federigo 70
13. Floersheini, Otto 70
14. Flotow, Friedrich von 78
1 5. Foggia, Francesco 80
l(i. Poster, Stephen Collins 85
17. Frederick the Great 90
18. Frost, Charles Joseph 103
19. Gade, Niels 109
20. Gadsby, Henry Robert Ill
21. Garrett, George Mursell 121
22. Gaul, Alfred 125
23. Gemiuiani, Francesco 132
24 Gerber, Ernst Ludwig 134
25. Gericke, Wilhelm 135
26. Gernsheim, Friedricli 137
27. Gibbons, Christojpher 143
28. Gibbons, Orlando 144
29. Gilbert, Thomas Bennett 14G
30. Gilbert, Walter Bond 146
31. Gilchrist, William Wallace 146
32. Giovauelli, Ruggiero 150
33. Gladstone, Francis Edward 154
PAGB
34. Gleason, Frederic Grant 155
35. Glinka, Michail Ivauovitch , . 156
36. Glover, John William 157
37. Gluck, Christoph Willibald von. . . 158
38. Goes, Damiao de 1G4
39. Goetz, Hermann 164
40. Goldbeck, Robert 105
41. Goldmark, Karl 167
42. Goldschmidt, Otto 167
43. Gomez, Antonio Carlos. .. ...^^^^ 169
44. Gossec, Franyois Joseph 172
45. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau 176
46. Gounod, Charles, in 1840 178
47. Gounod, Charles, in 188(5 178
48. Graben-Hofl'mann, Gustav 180
49. Griidener, Karl 181
50. Grammann, Carl 183
51. Grami, Karl Heiurioh 180
52. Gretry, Andre 192
53. Grieg, Eilvard 194
54. Grisar, Albert 196
55. Griinfeld, Alfred 201
50. Grutzmacher, Friedricli 201
57. Guignon, Jean Pierre 205
58. Gumbert, Ferdinand 208
59. Gumpeltzhaimer, Adam 208
GO. Gung'l, Joseph 209
01. Habeneck, Pranjois Autoino 211
62. Halevy, Promental 215
03. Halle, Charles 217
64. Hamerik, Asger 218
05. Hammerschmidt, Andreas 220
66. Handel, George Frideric 221
07. Hartmaun, Emil 232
vil
PORTRAITS OF MUSICIANS
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74
75.
7G.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
9G.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
101
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
Hartmann, Emil, elder 232
Hartmaun, Ludwig 233
Hasse, Jobaim Adolpb 234:
Hassler, Hans Leo 236
Hassler, Joliann 'Wilhelm 237
Hatton, John Lipliot 237
Hauptmann, Moiitz 238
Hauser, Miska. 240
Hawes, William 241
Haydn, Josef 241
Haydn, j\Iicbael 247
Heap, Charles Swinuerton 248
Heller, Stephen 252
Hellniesberger, Josei)h 253
Henschel, Georg 256
Heuselt, Adolf von 257
Herbeck, Johann Franz von 259
Herman, Eeinhold Ludwig 200
Herold, Louis 262
Herve 265
Herz, Henri 266
Heymann, Karl 269
Hiles, Henry 270
Hiller, Ferdinand 270
Hiller, Johann Adam 273
Hilton, John 274
Himmel, Friedricb Heinrich 274
Hoffmann, Ernst 277
Hoffman, Richard 279
Hofmann, Heinrich 280
Holder, Joseph ^Yilliam 282
Holmes, Henry 283
Holstein, Franz von 284
Homilius, Gottfried August 286
Hook, James 287
Hojikins, Jerome 288
Hopkins, Edward John 288
Horneman, Emil Christian 290
Horsley, William 291
Hummel, Johann Nepomuk 298
Hyllested, August 303
Iliflfe, Frederick. .
Isouard, Nicolo . .
306
316
Jadassohn, Salomon 321
Jaell, Alfred 322
PAGE
113. Jakabowski, Eduard 324
114. Jeep, Johann 329
115. Jekj'U, Charles Sherwood 330
116. Jensen, Adolf 330
117. Joachim, Joseph 334
118. Jommelli, Niccolo 336
119. Joncieres, Victoriu de 339
120. Joseify, Rafael 339
121. Joze, Thomas Eicbard Gonzalvez. 342
122. Julien, Louis Autoiue 345
123. Kalkbrenner, Friedricb 349
124. Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzel 350
125. Kerl, Johann Kaspar von 361
12G. Kes, "Willem 362
127. Kiel, Friedricb 364
128. King, Oliver 367
129. Kirclmer, Theodor 369
130. Ivirnberger, Johann Philipp 370
131. Kjerulf, Halfdan 371
132. Klein, Bruno Oscar 374
133. Klugbardt, August 378
134. Kr.bler, Louis 381
135. Kontski, Autoinc de 385
136. Korbaj', Francis Alexander. 386
137. Krause, Anton 391
138. lu'ebs, Karl August 392
139. Kretscbmer, Edmund 393
140. Kreutzer, Konradin 395
141. Kreutzer, IJodolphe 396
142. Krieger, Adam 397
143. Krommer, Franz 399
144. Kiickeu, Friedricb Wilhelm 401
145. Kube, Wilhelm 402
14(5. Kublau, Friedricb 402
147. Kullak, Theodor 405
148. Kummer, Friedricb August 405
149. Labitzky, Joseph 411
150. Lachner, Franz 411
151. Lahee, Henry 416
152. Lalaude, Michel Richard de 417
153. Lalo, :6douard 417
154. Lalouette, Jean Francois 417
155. Lampe, Johann Friedricb 419
156. Lang, Benjamin Johnson 420
157. Laniere, Nicholas 422
POllTRAITS OF MUSICIANS
158.
150.
IGO.
161.
1G2.
1G3.
16J:.
165.
1G6.
1G7.
168.
160.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
17G.
177.
178.
170.
ISO.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
Lanrier, Josejili
Lassen, Eduanl
Lasso, Oilaiulo
Lavallee, Calixa
Lawes, Henry
Leclair, Jean Marie
Lecocq, Charles
Lefebure-Wuly, Louis James Al-
fred "
Lejeuno, Claude
Leo, Leonardo - .
Leschetitzky, Theodor
Leslie, Henry
Lesueur, Jean Franyois
Leveridge, llicbard
Liebling, Eniil
Liudpaintner, Peter von
Lipinslii, Karl Joseph
Liszt, Franz, in 1844
Liszt, Franz, in 1886
Litolff, Henry
Lobe, Johann Christian
Look, Matthew
Loder, Edward James
Loewe, Karl
Logier, Johann Bernhard
Longhurst, William Henry
Lortzing, Albert
Lully, Jean Baptiste
Lumbyo, Hans Christian
Luther, Martin
Lvoflf, Alexis ,
PAGE
423
425
426
434
434
437
438
440
444
198.
190.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
447 208.
450 j 200.
450 210.
451
454
458
21L
212.
463 213.
466
467
468
214.
21.5.
216.
470 217.
472 218.
474 210.
474 ! 220.
221.
9 '70
476
477
481
484 223.
402 • 224.
Alexan-
180. Maas, Louis
190. Maccunn, Hamish
191. Macfarreu, Sir George
der
192. Macirone, Clara Angela
103. Mackenzie, Alexander Campbell.
194. Maclean, Charles Donald
195. Marcello, Benedetto
196. Marchand, Louis
197. Marchetti, Filippo
405
406
408
498
500
.501
502
502
502
514
515
517
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
PAGE
Maretzek, Mas 518
Marschner, Heinrich 524
Martini, Giovanni Battista 528
Marx, Adolpb Bernhard 530
Marzi.als, Theophilus 531
Mason, Lowell 532
Masse, Tictor 534
Massenet, Jules 534
Mattheson, Johann 530
IVIayer, Charles 540
Mchul, Etienne Nicolas 547
]\Ieinardus, Ludwig 540
Meudelssohn-Bartholdv, Felix, in
1821 ' 5.52
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix . . . 553
Mercadaute, Saverio 560
Merkel, Gustav 562
Mermet, Auguste 563
Methfessel, Albert Gottlieb 568
M6tra, Olivier 568
Meyerbeer, Giacomo 560
Mifler, Edward 573
aiillr.cker, Karl 574
Mills, Sebastian Bach 575
MoUenhauer, Edward 580
Mondonville, Jean Joseijh Cas-
sanea de 580
Monk, Edwin George 581
Mousigny, Pierre Alexandre 583
Monte, Philipi^e de 584
Morales, Cristofano 586
Morgan, George Washbourn .... 587
Moseheles, Ignaz 500
]\Iosel, Ignaz Franz von 503
Moszkowski, Moritz 504
Mottl, Felix 504
Mozart, Leopold 596
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, in
boyhood 596
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, in
1780 508
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, in
1790 508
PORTRAITS OF SINGERS, AUTOGRAPHS, FACSIMILES.
ETC.
PACK
1. Autograph of Ludwig Ehlert, 1864 8 I 20.
2. Persiani, as Adina 13
3. Portrait of Minna Pescbka-Leut- I 27.
ner 19
4. Autograph of Heinrich Wilhelm 28.
Ernst, 1843 25 |
5. Caroline Duprez, as Catherine .... 29 j 29.
G. Battaille, as Pierre 30 j 30.
7. Portrait of Henrietta Sontag 32 31.
8. Portrait of CaffarelU 41
9. Autograph of Johaun Friedrich 32.
Fasch, 1713 43
10. Autograph of Jean Baptiste 33.
Faure 45 34.
11. Miolan-Carvalho, as Marguerite .. . 40 35.
12. Eosiue Stolz, as Loonore 48
13. Portrait of Jenny Lind 51 30.
14. Portrait of Alexandrine Branchu . . 53
15. Autograph of Francois Joseph Fc- 37.
tis, 1853 00
16. Portrait of Schnkler-Devriont .... 02 38.
17. Autograph of John Field, 1815. . . 04
18. Max Sti'igemann, as Dcr Fliegende 39.
HolUinder 75
19. Autograph of Friedrich von Flotow 79 40.
20. Autogi-aph of Johann Nicolaus For- 41.
kel, 1804 83
21. Charles Santley, as Pra Diavolo. . . 87 42.
22. Autogi-aph of" Melchior Franck, 43.
1638 89 44.
23. Facsimile of the MS. of Eobert 45.
Franz 93 40.
24. Autograph of Eobert Franz 93 47.
25. Portrait of Therese Malten 97 48.
Autograph of Girolamo Fresco-
baldi, 1008 99
Autograph of Johann Jacob Fro-
berger, 1650 102
Autograph of Johann Joseph Fux,
1728 107
Autograph of Niels Gade 110
Portrait of Violaute Camporese . . . 128
Autograjjli of Ernst Ludwig Ger-
ber, 1808 135
Autograjsh of Fran(;ois Auguste
Gevaert, 1877 139
Portrait of Senesino 153
Portrait of INIarietta Branibilla .... 153
Autograph of Michail Ivauovitch
Glinka, 1845 150
Facsimile of Gluck's MS. : begin-
ning of the Overture to Aleeste . 159
Autograph of Christoph Willibald
von Gluck, 1769 160
Autograph of Hermann Goetz,
1868 165
Autograph of Francois Joseph Gos-
sec, 1793 173
Materna, as Briinnhilde 174
Autograph of Charles Gounod,
1860 179
Autogi-aph of Eduard Grell, 1884. 191
Autogi-aph of Andre Grotry 194
Autograph of Edvard Grieg, 1886 . 195
Portrait of Anastasia Robinson 197
Duprez, as Arnold 206
Autograph of Fromental Halevy. . 210
Faure, as Hamlet 219
PORTRAITS OF SINGERS, AUTOGRAPHS, ETC.
49. Nilsson, as Opliulie 219
50. Autograph of Andreas Hammer-
schmidt, 1G75 221
51. Facsimile of Handel's MS. : first
page of The Messiah 222
52. Birthplace of Handel 223
53. Handel's Harpsichord, South Ken-
sington ^Museum 22-1
54. Death-:\lask of Handel 221
55. Handel Statue at Halle 225
56,
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
Handbook-Plate, Commemoration,
1784 226
Autograph of Handel, 1730 227
Autograph of Handel, 1759, after
his blindness 227
Portrait of Eugeu Gura 228
Autograph of Johaim Adolph
Hasse, 1757 236
Autograph of Hans Leo Hassler,
79. Autograph of Gottfried August
Homilius, 175.5
SO. Portrait of Giuseppe Mario
81. Autograph of Johann Nepomok
Hummel, 1826
82. Portrait of Sophie Arnould
83. Portrait of Rosalie Levasseur ....
84. Autograph of Heinrich Isaak,
1497
85. Autograph of Nicolo Isouard,
1807
86. Elleviou, as Jean de Paris
87. Autograph of Adolf Jensen
88. Portrait of Mathilde Mallinger. . .
89. Autograph of Niccold Jommelli,
1752
90. Falcon, as Rachel
91. Autogi'ai^h of Friedi'ich Kalkbren-
ner, 1828
1605.
230 92. Autograph of Friedrieh Kiel,
Autograph of J.acob Hassler, 1609. 237
Autograph of ISIoritz Hauptmaun,
1842 239
Facsimile of Haydn's JIS. : from
Divertimeuti for String Instru-
ments 242
Silhouette of Haydn 243
1880.
93. Autograph of Theodor Kirclnier,
1878
94. Autograph of Johann Pliilipp
Kirnberger, 1780
95. Autograph of Kouradin Kreutzer,
1819
Birthplace of Haydn 243 96. Autograph of Johann Phllipp
Haydn's Tomb 244 • Krieger, 1677
Autograph of Josef Haydn 246 97. Autograph of Franz Lachner,
Autograph of Da\id Hoinichen,
1710 250
Autograph of Stephen Heller,
1880 253
Autograph of Adolf von Heuselt,
1804
98. L'Allemand, as Lakme
99. Autograph of Eduard Lassen,
1871
100. Autograph of Orlando Lasso,
1882
258
1573.
Portrait of Adelaide Borghi-Mamo . 259
Autograph of Louis Herold, 1814. 264
Autograph of Hervr 266
Autogi-aph of Ferdinand Hiller,
101. Autograph of Giovanni Legrenzi,
1605
102. Autograph of Leonardo Leo,
1741
1863 273 103. Autogi-aph of Jean Francois Le-
Autograph of Johann Adam Hiller, I sueur, 1828
1775 274 ' 104. Portrait of Annie Louise Gary . . .
Autograph of Ernst Hoffmann, 105. Autograph of Peter von Lind-
1816 278 paintuer, 1836
Autograph of Franz vou Holsteiu,
1872 284
106. Facsimile of Liszt's MS. : from
Christus
286
295
299
311
312
314
317
329
331
332
338
344
349
364
3(;9
370
395
398
412
416
425
430
443
448
453
461
464
469
PORTUAITS OF SINGERS,
107. Autograph of Franz Liszt, 1830. .
108. Portrait of Anna iMaria Crouch . .
101). Autograpli of Karl Loewe, 1820. .
110. Autograph of Johauu Bernhard
Logier, 182G
111. Emil Goetz, as Lohengrin
112. Albaui, as Elsa
11;?. Autogra2)h of Albert Lortziug,
1850
114. Autograph of Aiitonio Lotti,
1739
115. Portrait of Dolores Nau
IIG. Portrait of Theresa Tietjens
117. Portrait of Anna de Lagrange. . .
lis. Autograph of Jeau Baptiste
LuHy, 1G72
110. Autograph of Alexis Lvoff, 1857 .
120. Portrait of Marianne Brandt
121. Autograjjh of Benedetto Marcello,
1711
122. Autograph of Friedrich Wilhelm
Mari)urg, 1757
123. Autograph of Heiurich Jlarsch-
uer
121. Portrait of Marzella Sembrich. . .
125. Autograph of Giovanni Battista
Martini, 17G5
12G. Autograph of Jules Massenet. . . .
127. Portrait of Jean Blaise IMartin . . .
128. Portrait of Maria Felicita Mali-
bran
129. Autograph of Stanislao Mattei,
1817
130. Pasta, as Medea
131. Portrait of Alwina Valleria
132. Autograph of Etienne Nicolas
Mi:4iul, 1800
PAGE 1
170
475
477
477
478
479
484
487
490
491
492
494
498
507
515
523
525
52G
528
535
535
133.
134.
135.
13G.
537
538
544
5-4G
548
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
113.
144.
145.
14G.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
15G.
AUTOGRAPIIS, ETC.
PAGR
Autograph of Jakob Meilaiid,
1570 548
Emil Fischer, as Hans Sachs .... 550
Mendelssohn's Birthplace 553
Facsimile of Mendelssohn's MS. :
Wer hat dich, du schOuer
■\Vald 55G
Autograph of Mendelssohn 558
Autograph of Saverio Merca-
dante, 1838 5G1
Portrait of Clara Novello 5GG
Portrait of Sims Reeves 5GG
Autograph of Giacouio Meyer-
beer, 1820 571
Sigrid Arnoldson, as IMignon. . . . 572
Autograjjli of Wilhelm Bernhard
Molique, 1831 579
Autograph of Pierre Alexandre
Mousigny, 1795 583
Autograph of Claudio Moute-
verde, 1G17 585
Autograph of Francesco Morlac-
chi 588
Tomb of Moscheles, Leipsic 590
Autograph of Moscheles, 184G. . . 591
Autograph of Moritz Moszkow-
sld 594
Autograph of Leopold Mozart,
1770 596
Facsimile of Mozart's ^MS. : Goe-
the's " Das Veileheu." 597
:Mozarfs Birthplace 599
Mozart's IMonumeut, Vienna GOl
Mozart's Ear and Ordinary Ear . GOl
Autograph of Mozart, 1770 GOl
Autograph of August Gottlieb
Muflat, 1717...^ GOG
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
A., A]in.
M., INIonsiour.
B., Bass, Basso, etc.
MUo, Mademoiselle.
Bar., Baritone.
Mine, Madame.
B. M. v., Beata Maria
Virgo.
MS., MSS., Manuscript, Manuscripts
Biog., Biography, Bio
Cath., Catlieilral.
gratia
etc.
M. S., Mezzo-soprano.
Mus. Bac, Bachelor of Music.
Ch., Church.
Mus. Doc, Doctor of Music.
Col., Collection.
n. d., no date.
do., ditto.
etc., et cetera.
et seq., et seqnentia.
Fr., French.
op., opus, opera.
Iv. A. M, Royal Academy of Music.
S., Soprano.
S., Sta., San, Santa.
Ger., German.
S. M., Santa Maria.
ib., ibidem,
id., idem.
Sp., Spanish.
St., Saint.
It., Italian.
T., Tenor.
L. of Honour, Legion
Lib., Liber.
of Honour.
Voc, Voces.
Vol., Volume.
*^* Worth in italics iiuHcate the alj
habeti
-al place of articles on the subjects specifiei
CYCLOPEDIA
OF
Music AND Musicians.
EASTER ORATORIO. See Oder-Ova-
toriiim.
EBDON, THOMAS, born in Dur-
ham, Englaml, in 1738, died there, Sept. 23,
ISll. Organist of Durham Cathedral from
1763 until his death. Works : 2 volumes of
eathedr.al music (1790-1810) ; Collection of
six glees (1780) ; 2 sonatas for the harpsi-
chord (about 1780) ; Anthems and other
chui-ch music in MS.- — Grove ; Mendel.
EBELING, JOHANN GEORG, born in
Liineburg about 1020, died in Stettin in
1676. He became in 1662 musical director
of the Hauptkirche in Berlin and Schulcol-
lege of the St. Nicolaikirche there, and in
1668 professor of music at the Gymnasium
Carolinum of Stettin. Some of his church
melodies are still sung. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
V. 52~) ; Mendel ; Riemaun ; Schilling ; Fc-
tis.
EBELL, HEINRICH KARL, born at
Neu-Ruppin, Mecklenburg, Dec. 30, 1775,
died at Oppeln, Silesia, March 12, 182-4.
Amateur dramatic composer, chiefly self-
taught while a student at the University of
Halle ; then in Berlin jjupil of Reichardt,
who procured for him in 1801 the appoint-
ment as musical director of the theatre at
Breslau, which he kept until 1803. He
entered the government service in 1804, at
Breslau, and in 1816 as councillor at Op- ,
l^eln. Works — Operas : Der Schutzgeist,
given in Berlin, 1798 ; Selico und Borissa,
ib., 1798 ; Der Deserteur, Melida, ib., 1799 ;
Der Brautigamsspiegel, Breslau, 1800 ; Das
Fest der Liebe, ib., 1801 ; Die Gaben des
Genius, ib., 1802 ; Das Fest im Eichthale,
ib., 1807 ; Anacreon in Jonien, ib., 1810 ;
Der Naehtwilchter, ib., 1812 ; Music to the
tragedy Larnassa ; Die Unsterblichkeit, or-
atorio ; Wiedersehen, cantata ; Lob der
geselligen Freude, do. ; 2 funeral cantatas,
and a birthday cantata (1801-3) ; Preis der
Tonkunst, cantata ; 5 symphonies ; 2 con-
certos for horn ; 2 polonaises concertantes
for violin and orchestra ; 4 quartets for
violin, viola, and violoncello ; Mass for two
choruses ; Instrumental music, and songs
for one and several voices. He was also a
distinguished writer on music, and critic.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 52.5 ; Allgem. Mus.-
Zeitg. ; Fetis ; Hoffmann, Die Tonkiinstler
Schlesiens (Breslau, 1830) ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
EBERL, ANTON, born in Vienna, June
13, 1766, died there, March 11, 1807. His
father destined him for the law, but he
chose music and became a good pianist in
his boyhood. When sixteen years old he
brought out in Vienna two operas, which
gained him the friendship of Gluck and
Mozart. With the latter's widow he made
EBERLIX
n, concert tour in Germany, and in 1796-
1800 be was Kajiellmeister in St. Peters-
burg. He visited Eussia again in 1803,
and played in the chief cities of Germany in
1806. As a pianist his playing was marked
by fire and facility, and his compositions
displaj'ed many beauties, with some con-
fused modulation and striving for effect.
Several of his works were published and
became popular under the name of ]\lozart.
Works — Operas ; Die Zigeuner, Vienna,
1782 ; La marchande de modes, ib., 1783 ;
Die Hexe Megara, ib., about 1800 ; Graf
Balduiu von Flandern, ib., about 1802 ; Py-
ramus uud Thisbe, melodrama, ib., about
1796 ; Die KOnigin der schwarzen Liselu,
ib., 1801 ; La gloria d' Imenco, cantata ;
Symphonies ; Trios, quartets, a quintet, and
a sextet ; Songs ; Concertos ; Variations ;
Sonatas, and other pianoforte music. The
operas and some other comjjositions have
never been published. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
V. 572 ; Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis.
KBERLIN, DANIEL, born in Nurem-
berg about 1630,
died in Cassel in
IGOl. Violinist
and composer. He
had an adventu-
rous life ; wasamu-
sicid student in
liome, cajitain of
Papal troops, later
librarian in Nu-
remberg, Kapellmeister in Cassel and Eise-
nach, banker in Hamburg and Altona, and
finally captain of militia in Cassel. Tele-
mann was his son-in-law. Though noted
in his time, his violin trios, published in
1675, are his only known works. — Mendel ;
Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 574 ; Gei'ber ; Schil-
ling ; Riemauu ; Fetis.
EBERLIN, JOHANN ERNST, born at
Jetteubach, Bavaria, March 27, 1702, died
in Salzburg, June 21, 1762. He was court
organist to the Archbishop of Salzburg !
about 1727, and later his KajseUmeister and
Truchsess or carver. Mozart studied his
compositions for their mastery of counter-
point, and copied thirteen of them, but later
wrote : " They really do not deserve a place
between Handel and Bach. All honour to his
four-jsart pieces, but his pianoforte fugues
are nothing but long-drawn-out versetti "
(Jahn's Mozart, i. 433. ; iii. 373). Works :
IX Toccate e fughe jier 1' organo (Augsburg,
1747), several times republished ; Latin
dramas composed for the pujjils of the
Benedictines in Salzburg, the words only
having survived ; 2 sonatas published by
Haftuer ; 2 motets jsublished by Schott ; 5
jjieces contributed to Leopold Mozart's Der
Morgeu uud der Abend (Augsburg, 1759) ;
Masses, offertories, and other church mu-
sic in MS., in the libraries of Vienna and
Berlin ; 13 oratorios in the Proske library,
the best known being the Componimento
sacro, performed in Salzburg in 1747.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Allgem. d. Biogr.,
V. 576 ; Schilling.
EBERS, ILrVRL FRIEDEICH, born in
Cassel, March 25, 1770, died in Berlin,
Sept. 9, 1836. He entered the artillery
school in Berlin while young, but soon
turned his attention to music, which he
taught ; was vice-Kapellmeister at Schwerin
in 1799 ; and later nmsical director at the
theatre in Pesth. Li 1814 he became di-
i-ector in a military company, and in 1822
conducted a musical society in Magdeburg.
Works — Operas : Bella und Fernando,
Pesth, 1796 ; Die Blumeniusel, Pesth, 1796 ;
Der Eremit von Formentera, 1796 ; Der
Liebes-Comj)ass, Pesth, 1797. Overtures ;
Sonatas ; Syn^phonies ; Wir sind die KiJnige
der Welt, and other songs.— Mendel ; All-
gem. d. Biogr., V. 578 ; Grove ; Fetis.
EBERWEIN, KARL, born in Weimar,
Nov. 10, 1786, died there, March 2, 1868.
Violinist, pupil of his father and of his
brother, Traugott Maximilian ; became court
musician in 1803, and later director of the
court orchestra ; was a pupil of Zelter in
Berlin in 1808-10 ; and spent the rest of his
life in Weimar, teaching, singing, and du'ect-
ing the church music and the opera. In
EBERWEIX
18-49 he was pensioned. He was a contem-
porary and friend of Goethe, for whom he
comjjosed some songs. Works — Operas :
Die Heerschau, Weimar, about 1842 ; Der
Graf zu Gleicheu, ib., about 1843 ; Music
for Leonore, and for Preciosa. Overture to
Goethe's Proserpina ; Entr'actes ; Cantatas ;
String qviartet ; Songs ; Music for violin,
and for the flute. — Mendel ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., V. 588 ; Schilling ; Fetis, Supjjle-
ment, i. 300.
EBERWEIN, TRAUGOTT MAXBH-
LIAN, boru in Weimar, Oct. 27, 1775, died
in Rudolstadt, Dec. 2, 1831. Violinist, pu-
pil of his father, and when only seven years
old played the violin in his father's or-
chestra. He studied under Schick in Mainz,
and Ivunze in Frankfort-on-the-Main ; be-
came court musician to the Prince of Rudol-
stadt in 1797 ; made a concert tour in Ba-
varia and the Tyrol in 1803, and studied
counterpoint under Fenaroli in Naples. In
1804 he returned to Rudolstadt ; in 1817
became court Kaj)ellmeister, made several
concert tours through Germany, and in
1818 travelled to Vienna and in Hungary.
Works — Operas : Claudiue von Villabella,
Rudolstadt, 1815 ; Pedro und Elvira, ib.,
1805 ; Der Jahrmarkt von Plundersweiler,
ib., 1818 ; Das befreite Jerusalem, Rudol-
stadt, 1819 ; Firdusi, ib., 1821 ; Das gol-
dene Netz, ib., 1827. The Singsi^iele : Das
Schlachtturnier ; Die Fischerin ; Das Storch-
nest ; Die hohle Eiche. Music for Macbeth ;
Church music, cantatas, hymns, psalms, a
Te Deum, and a mass ; Symphonies ; Con-
cert overtures ; Songs. He left an uniin-
ished cantata, Der Tod des Alciden. — Men-
del ; Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 589 ; Schilling ;
Gerber ; Grove.
EBHARDT, GOTTHDLF FRffiDRICH,
born at Hohensteiu in 1771, died (?). Or-
ganist, pupil of Tag on the organ and piano-
forte and in composition ; became organist
and teacher at Greiz, and later court or-
ganist and director of a singing society at
Schleiz. Works : Preludes for organ ; Can-
tatas ; Chorals, and other church music. He
was the author of Schule der Tonsetzkunst
(Leij)sic, 1824) ; Die hoheren Lehrzweige
der Tonkunst (Leipsic, 1830).— Mendel ;
Schilling ; Gerber ; Fetis.
ECCARD, JOHANN, born at Miihlhau-
sen, Thuringia, 1553, died in Berlin, 1611.
Organist, pupil of Joachim von Burgk ;
studied under Orlando Lasso in Paris and
Munich in 1571-74 ; returned to Midilhausen,
where he lived until 1578, when he became
director of tlie jjrivate orchestra of Jacob
Fugger, of Augsburg. Having entered the
service of Georg Friedrich, Margrave of
Brandenburg-Anspach, he followed him to
Konigsberg in 1583 as assistant Kapellmei-
ster, becoming full KapeUmeister in 1599.
In 1608 he went to Berlin as Kapelhneister
of Joachim Friedrich, and held that position
until his death. Works : 20 Cantiones
sacrfe Helmboldi (JMiihlhausen, 1574) ; Cre-
pundia sacra Helmboldi (ib., 1577, 1596 ;
2d ed., Erfurt, 1608) ; 24 deutsche Lieder
(ib., 1578) ; Newe deutsche Lieder (Konigs-
berg, 1589) ; Der erste Theil 5-stimmiger
geistlicher Lieder (ib., 1597) ; Preussische
Festlieder (ib., 1598) ; O Lamm Gottes, mo-
tet ; O Freude, chorus ; Hymns ; Chorals.
— Mendel ; Grove ; Riemann ; Allgem. d. Bi-
ogr., V. 595; Fetis; Naumann (Oaselej'),
i. 479.
ECCLES, JOHN, born in London about
the middle of the 17th century, died at
Kingston-on-Thames, January, 1735. Dra-
matic composer, son and pui^il of Solomon
Eccles, violin teacher. He was engaged as
a composer for the theatre from 1685 for
nearlj' a quarter of a century ; was appointed
master of the king's band in 1698, and in
1700 gained the second of the four prizes
given for the best settings of Congreve's
masque, The Judgment of Paris. In 1701
he set the ode written by Congreve for the
celebration of St. Cecilia's Day ; and in 1710
published a collection of nearly one hundred
of his songs, comprising many of those
which he had written for forty-six dramatic
pieces. In the latter jDart of his life he
gave up all professional pursuits excej)t the
ECCLESTO]^
annual production of the royal birthday and
New Year's odes. Works — Operas : The
Spanish Friar, 1G81 ; The Lancashire
Witches, 1682 ; The Chances, 1G82 ; Justice
Busy, 1690 ; The Kichmond Heiress, 1693 ;
Don Quixotte (with Purcell), 1694 ; Love
for Love, 1695 ; Europe's Revels for the
Peace, 1697 ; The Sham Doctor, 1697 ; The
Provoked Wife, 1697 ; Rinaldo and Armida,
1699 ; Acis and Galatea, masque, 1701 ; The
Mad Lover, 1701 ; The City Lady ; The
Fair Penitent, 1703 ; Semele, 1707. He
published a collection of songs for one, two,
and three voices (London, 1701) ; Songs in
Pills to Purge Melancholy, etc. Henrj' Ec-
cles, his brother, a violinist, was a member
of the king's band in Paris. He published :
Twelve solos for the violin (Paris, 1720).
— Grove; Fetis; ^lendel ; Schilling.
ECCLESTON, EDWARD, Enghsh com-
poser of the 17th century. Nothing is
known of his history. In 1G79 he pub-
lished a curious opera entitled, Noah's
Flood.— Mendel.
ECCO XL :\IONDO. See Mefistofele.
ECCO LA MARCIA. See Nozze di Fi-
garo.
ECCO RIDENTE IN CIELO. See A ure-
liano in Palmira ; Barbiere di Siviglia.
fiCHO ET NARCISSE, opera in three
acts, text by Baron Tschudi, music by
Gluck, represented at the Academic Royale
de Musique, Paris, Sept. 2-4, 1779. This
was the last work written by Gluck ; he
was seized with apoplexy when about to
take up Les Danaidcs, with which he in-
tended to close his career, and transferred
the libretto to his pupil Salieri. l5cho et
Narcisse, though not very successful, was
reproduced in 1780.
ECK, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born iu
Mannheim in 1766, died at Nancy, France,
date unknown. Violinist, pupil of Danner,
and studied composition under Winter. In
1778 he went to Munich, where he became
court musician in 1780, Conzertmeister in
1788, and soon after dramatic director of
the Court and National Theater. He mar-
ried for the second time in 1801, and re-
moved to Nancy. Works : 6 violin concer-
tos (Offenbach and Paris) ; Coueerto-sj'm-
phony for two violins (Leipsic). — Mendel ;
Riemann ; Allgem. d. Biogr., v 602 ; Fetis ;
Grove ; Wasielewski, Die Violine, 191.
ECKAHT, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, born
in Augsburg in 1731, died iu Paris, August,
1809. Pianist, the son of poor parents, and
self-taught. He accompanied the organ-
builder, Georg Andreas Stein, iu 1758, to
Paris, where he painted miniatures days
and studied music nights, until he became
one of the best pianists and teachers of his
time. Works : 6 pianoforte sonatas ; 2 clav-
ecin sonatas ; INIinuet with variations. — Men-
del ; Fi'tis ; SchiUing.
ECKER, KARL, born at Freiburg, Breis-
gau, March 13, 1813, died there, Aug. 31,
1879. Vocal composer, pupil of Sechter in
Vienna (1811), returned to Freiburg in 1816,
and soon became popular through his male
choruses and sougs. Several orchestral
works of some merit were produced in his
native countrj-. — Mendel ; Riemann.
ECKERSBERG, JOHANN WIL-
HELM, born in Dresden, Aug. 20, 1762,
died there, Aug. 20, 1821. Organist, pu-
pil of Homilius, Weinlig, and of his father,
and became organist of the Neustadt Church
of Dresden iu 1789. The music to Schil-
ler's Glocke was his most important pro-
duction.— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 614 ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling.
ECKERT, KARL (ANTON FLORIAN),
born in Potsdam,
Dec. 7, 1820, died in
Berlin, Oct. 14, 1879.
Pianist and violinist,
pupil on the piano-
forte of Rechenberg
and Greulich, on the
violin of Biitticher
and Hubert Ries,
i n composition of
Rungenhagen. He
was considered a prodigy when six years
old, and composed an opera at the age
Eclair
of ten. In 1839 lie became in Leipsic
a pupil of Meudelssolm ; tlien travelled in
Italy, Holland, Belgium, and France, and in
1851 accejited the place of accompanist at
the Theatre Italien in Paris. He accom-
panied Sontag on her tour in the United
States, and in 1852 became conductor at
the Paris Opera. In 1853 he went to Vi-
enna, where he became conductor, and later
technical director, of the Court Opera. He
gave np these places in 1860 to succeed
Kiicken as Kapellmeister in Stuttgart ; re-
tired to private life in Baden-Baden in
18G7, but in 18G9 was called to Berlin as
first court Kapelhueister in place of Tau-
bert and Dorn, suddenly pensioned to make
way for him. He was an excellent con-
ductor, but only his minor compositions
have succeeded, and they do not justify
the expectations Mendelssohn and others
had of him. Works : Das Fischermildchen,
opera, composed in 1830 ; Wilhelm von
Oranien, given in Berlin, 1816 ; Kathchen
von Niiruberg, 1837 ; Der Laborant ; Euth,
oratorio, 1833 ; Judith, oratorio, Berlin,
1811 ; Domine salvum fac regem, and other
psalms ; Concerto for violoncello ; Songs.
— Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis ; Riemaun.
ECLAIR, L', lyi-ical drama in three acts,
text l)y Saint-Georges and Planard, music
by Hak'vy, first represented at the Opera
Comique, Paris, Dec. 30, 1835. A young
naval officer, struck blind by lightning in
a tempest, is taken care of by a maiden
who lives, with her sister, in a chateau
beside the sea. On recovering his sight
he confounds the object of his love with
her sister, but his heart soon corrects the
■ error of his eyes. This charming work,
written for two tenors and two sopranos,
without chorus, appeared in the same year
with La Juive, and established Halevy's
reputation. It was given with great suc-
cess, in 1884, at the Teatro Manzoni, Mi-
lan.
£COSSAISDECHATOU, L' (The Scotch-
man of Chatou), operette in one act, text
by Adrien Jaime and Philippe Gille, music
by Delibes, represented at the Bouffes Pa-
risiens, Paris, Jan. 16, 1869. The Scotch-
man is a silly bourgeois named Ducornet,
who, having heard La Dame blanche, tries
to imitate farmer Dickson, and builds at
Chatou a chalet where he offers open hos-
pitality to all comers.
EDDA, grand opera, text by Emil Hopf-
fer, music by Karl Reinthaler, first rep-
resented at the theatre of Hamburg, Feb.
22, 1876. The libretto, an adaptation of
the drama of the same name by Josef
Weilen, is founded on an episode in the
Thirty Years' War.
EDDY, CLARENCE, born, of American
parentage, in Green-
field, Massachusetts,
June 23, 1851, still
living, 1888. Or-
ganist, pupil of J.
G. Wilson in Green-
field, and of Dudley
Buck in Hartford,
Conn. In 1871 he
went to Europe and
studied the organ,
harmony, and counterpoint under August
Haupt, and the pianoforte under A. Loesch-
horu. Returning in 1874, he settled in
Chicago as organist of the First Congrega-
tional Church, and in 187G became director
of the Hershey School of Musical Art in
Chicago, founded by Mrs. Sara B. Hershey,
whom he afterwards married. Mr. Eddy
has made concert tours in Germany, Aus-
tria, Switzerland, and America, and in 1879
he gave in Chicago a series of one hundred
organ recitals, in which no programme
number was repeated. Works : Organ mu-
sic ; Church and Concert Organist (2 vols.,
1882, 1885) ; The Organ in Church (1887).
He has translated August Haupt's Counter-
point, Fugue and Double Counterpoint
(1876).
EDELMANN, JEAN FREDERIC, born
in Strasburg, May 6, 1749, died there,
July 17, 1794. Pianist and dramatic com-
poser, gained distinction in Paris in 1782 ;
EDEN
became a violent adherent of tbe Eevolution,
sent bis benefactor, tbe maire Baron Die-
trieb, and otber friends to tbe scaffold in
Strasburg, and finally was guillotined bim-
self. Works : Estber, oratorio, performed
at tbe Concert Spirituel, 1780 ; La bergere
des Alpes, lyric scene for soprano and bass,
TnOeries, 1781 ; Le feu (act from tbe ballet
Les c'K-ments), Aeadc-mie Royale de Mu-
sique, 1782 ; Ariane dans I'lle de Nasos,
opera, ib., 1782 ; Diane at I'Amour, opera-
ballet, Theatre des Jeunes Eleves, 1802 ; 3
concertos for pianoforte ; 9 works of so-
natas for do., witb violin obligate ; Quartets
for pianoforte, op. 15 (Amsterdam) ; Ca-
prices for do. — Gerber, N. Les. ; Hamburger
Correspondent (1794), No. 121 ; Nodier,
Souvenirs de la Revolution, etc. ; Scbilling.
EDEN, a mystei'y in two parts, poem by
Mery, music by Felicien David, represented
at tbe Op6ra, Paris, Aug. 25, 1848. A de-
scriptive work, in tbe overture to wbicb tbe
composer has attempted to depict musically
tbe revolutions on tbe globe before tbe
advent of man ; then succeeds tbe story of
tbe Garden of Eden and tbe fall of man.
It was well sungb^' Poultier, Alizard, Porte-
bault, and Mile Grimm, but failed to at-
tract attention in tbe political storm of
1818.
EDER, KARL KA.SPAR, born in Bavaria
in 1751, died (?). Virtuoso on tbe violon-
cello, pupil of Ki'ibler and Lang, and after-
wards first violoncellist to tbe Elector of
Treves. Upon several concert tours through
Germany be won much applause. Works :
2 sj'mpbonies for grand orchestra ; 2 quin-
tets. For violoncello: 14 concertos, 20 solos,
3 duos, and 2 trios. — Fetis ; Mendel.
EDLING, JOHANN, born at Falken, near
Eisenach, about 1754, died in 1786. He
was chamber musician at tbe court of Wei-
mar, and composed music to Bertucb's
tragedy of Elfriede, besides symphonies,
and pieces for the clarinet. — Gerber ; Schil-
ling ; !Mendel ; Ft'tis.
EDSON, LEWIS, born in Bridgewater,
Mass., Jan. 22, 1748, died in Woodstock,
New York, in tbe spring of 1820. He wrote
the poj)ular hymn tunes, Lenox, Bridge-
water, Greenfield, and others, first published
by Simeon Jocelin and A. Doolittle in "The
Chorister's Connwniou" (New Haven, 1782).
In 1801-17 he was in New York and as-
sisted in tbe compilation of "The New York
Selection of Sacred Music" (1804-10), by
Lewis and Thaddeus Seymoui*. About 1817
he removed to Woodstock, Conn.
EDUARDO E CRISTINA, Italian opera,
text by Schmidt, music bj- Rossini, rep-
resented at the Teatro San Benedetto, Ven-
ice, 1819. Princess Christine of Sweden,
betrothed to Prince James of Scotland,
secretly marries an officer named Edward.
Both are thrown into jjrison, but Edward,
freed, delivers the king from great danger
during the Russian bombardment of Stock-
holm, and the monarch pardons him and
recognizes the marriage. This, Rossini's
twenty-sixth work, is largely a reproduction
of two earlier ojjeras, Ricciardo e Zoraide
and Ermione. An opera of tbe same title,
music by Pavesi, was given in 1811, in Na-
ples.—Edwards, Life of R., 202.
EDVARDO STUART, Italian opera, mu-
sic by Cipriano Pantoglio, represented at
the Teatro Manzoni, Milan, May, 1887.
EDWARDS, RICHARD, born in Somer-
setshire, England, 1523, died in London, Oct.
31, 1566. ComiDoser and poet, scholar of
Coi'pus Christi College, Oxford, in 1540 ;
M.A., Oxford, 1547. He studied music un-
der George Etberidge, and became, in 15G3,
Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal.
The music of tbe beautiful madrigal, " In
going to my naked bedde," is conjecturally
assigned to him, as it is certain that he wrote
the verses. The poem, " The Soul's Knell,"
said to have been written on his death-bed,
is well known. He wrote also many other
poems and two comedies. — Grove.
EEDEN, JOHAN VAN DER, born at
Ghent, Dec. 21, 1844, still living, 1888.
PujDil at tbe Conservatoire, Ghent, where
be won several first prizes, and of Fetis in
Brussels (1863). At the Concours National,
EGERIA
in 1865, he won the first prize with his
cantata, Le vent, and in 1869 with the can-
tata. La derniere niiit de Faust. After hav-
ing travelled in France, Italy, and Germany,
he settled at Assisi. — Mendel, Ergiinz., di.
EGEKIA, Italian operetta in one act, text
by Metastasio, music by Hasse, represented
in Vienna, 1761:, in honour of the coronation
of Joseph XL, King of the Romans. Scene
at the fountain of Egeria. Characters rej^
resented : Egeria, Venere, Mercuric, Marte,
Apollo.
EGGHAED, JULIUS (Count von Harde-
gen), born in Vienna, April 21, 1831, died
there, March 23, 1867. Pianist, pupil of
Karl Czerny, and in comjoositiou of Sechter ;
from his fifteenth year he appeared often
successfully before the Viennese public, and
was much esteemed as a teacher. In 1853-
55 he was in Paris, and gave several con-
certs at the Salle Erard. His tasteful
compositions for the pianoforte in charac-
teristic style were widely popular. Works :
La campanella, impromptu, op. 2 ; Variations
de bravour, op. 4 ; Nocturne en trilles, op.
6 ; Idylle, op. 7 and 8 ; Souvenir de Pesth,
op. 9 ; Rcve d' amour, op. 10 ; Mazurka de
salon, op. 11 ; Polka de salon, op. 12 ; Ro-
mance, op. 13 ; Les adieux du berger, idylle,
ojj. 11 ; La danse des syljjhes, impromptu,
op. 15 ; Je pense a toi, chanson sans paroles,
op. 17 ; Chanson erotique, op. 19 ; Serenade
italiennc, op. 22 ; Nocturne poetique, op.
23 ; Fleurettes, etude de salon, op. 26 ; Sa-
rolta, impromptu de salon, op. 27 ; etc.
— Wurzbach ; Le Pays (Paris, 1855, No.
32) ; Wiener Conversationsblatt (1855), 212.
EGLI, JOHANN HEINRICH, Iwrn at
Seegrebeu, Canton of Zurich, March 4,
1712, died at Ziirich, Dec. 19, 1810. Vocal
composer, pupil of Pastor Schmiedli at We-
zikon ; settled at Ziirich, where he became
a favourite teacher, and greatly influenced
religious music. His songs are still popular
in Switzerland. Works : 6 Schweizer-Can-
taten von Lavater, with orchestra (1786) ;
Schweizerlieder von Lavater (1787) ; Blu-
menlese geistlicher Gedichte, etc. (1788) ;|
I Oden von Cramer (1786) ; 12 Neujahrs
Cautaten ; 60 geistliche Lieder (1791) ;
Schweizer Volkslieder (1788) ; Schweizer
Preiheitsgesang (1789) ; Kinderlieder, for
two voices ; Gellert's geistliche Oden und
Lieder (1789); do. zweiter Theil (1791);
Lieder der Weisheit und Tugend (1790) ;
Christliches Gesangbuch (Ziirich, 1798) ; and
many others for one and more voices. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., V. 678; Futis ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
EGMONT, overture and incidental music
to Goethe's tragedy of the same title, by
Beethoven, op. 81, composed in 1809 ; first
performed, May 21, 1810. The composer's
third work for the stage, written between
the second writing of Leonore, and Fidelio.
The overture de^jicts in broad, vigorous
traits what may serve for an introduction
to the drama, to wit, the immutability of
fate, the pathos in the suppression of lib-
erty, and the fall of its hero, the pleasant
existence of the people who are to be sup-
pressed, and, finally, the joy of triumph, pro-
claiming that the reaction must, at last,
succumb. Besides the overture, the music
consists of two sojprano songs, four entr'-
actes, Clilrchen's death, a melodrama, and a
finale ; in all, ten numbers. The finale is
identical with the conclusion of the over-
ture, which was apijarently written last.
To tit the music for performance exclusive
of the drama, verses connecting the move-
ments were written in Germany by Jlosen-
geil and Bernays, and in England by Will-
iam Bartholomew. Published by Breitkopf
& Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1811-12).— Marx (Berlin,
1875), ii. 162 ; Thayer, Verzeichuiss, 82 ;
Von Lenz, ii. 207.
EGMONT, opera-comique, text by Wolff
and Millaud, music by Salvayre, represented
at the Opera Comique, Paris, Dec. 6, 1886.
A failure.
EGRESSY, BENJAMIN, born about
1811, still Hviug (?). He settled in Pesth
as an actor, and later comjiosed many Hun-
garian melodies, songs, and other vocal
and instrumental music. He also translated
EIIERXE
plays and operas, antl wrote the librettos of
sevei-al Hungarian operas. — Wurzbacb, iv.
5 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
EHERNE SCHLANGE, DIE (The Bra-
zen Serpent), oratorio for male voices, text
by Giesebrecht, music by Karl Loewe, op.
40, written in 1831
EHLERT, LUDWIG, born in Konigs-
berg, Jan. 13, 1825, died in Wiesbaden,
Jan. 4, 1884. Pianist, pupil at the Leipsic
Conservatorium under Mendelssohn and
Sclmnianu ; settled in Berlin as a teacher
in 1850 ; visited Italy several times, direct-
ing the Socicta Cherubiui in Florence ;
taught in Tausig's Berlin school in 1869-
71 ; was teacher to the princes in Meining-
en ; and settled in Wiesbaden. Professor
in 1875. Works : Overtures to Hafiz and
Winter's Tale ; Spring Symphony ; Sonate
romautique ; Kequiem for a child ; Songs
and pianoforte pieces. He was the author
of " Briefe iiber Musik an eine Freundin "
(Berlin, 1859, 18G7, 1879 ; translated as
"Letters on Music to a Lady," London and
Boston, 1877) ;
derTon-
. (Berlin,
/^ 1877 ; trans-
lated as " From the Tone- World," New
York, 1885). — Riemann ; Mendel ; Grove ;
Fetis, iii. 119 ; do., Supplement, i. 301.
EHRENBERG, died young at Dessau,
1790. He was chamber musician in Dessau,
.and wrote an oi)era, Azakia, text by Schwan,
Dessau, 1790, besides considerable vocal
music. — Gerber ; Fctis ; Schilling ; Men-
del.
EHRHART, LEON, born at Miilhauseu,
Alsace, May 11, 1854, died near Florence,
Oct. 4, 1875. Dramatic composer, puj^il in
his native place of Heyberger, in Paris of
Chauvet and at the Conservatoire of Benoist
and Eeber. The cantata of Acis et Gala-
tee secured him the prix de Rome in 1874,
and while visiting Rome and Venice he
worked on a comic ojjera and an oratorio
until his premature death. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 301.
/) ijoston,
EHRLICH, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,
born at Magdeburg, May 7, 1810, still liv-
ing, 1888. Pianist, pujjil of Hummel in
Weimar, returned to his native city about
1834, where he is conductor of the Sing-
akademie, and one of the founders, and pres-
ident of the Tonkiinstler-Verein. He has
composed several operas, of which Die Ro-
senmiidchen, and Kiinig Georg were suc-
cessfully given at various provincial the-
atres ; also organ and pianoforte music, and
sacred and secular songs.- — ^lendel.
EHRNSTEIN, JOHANN JACOB STU-
PAN VON, German comjioser, lived in the
beginning of the 18th century. He pub-
lished Rosetum musicum and 12 sympho-
nies.— Gerber ; Mendel ; Fotis.
EH! VIA,BITFONE. See /)on Giovanni.
EICHBERG, JULIUS, born, of German
parentage, in Diissel-
dorf, Germauj-, June
13, 1824, still living,
1888. Violinist and
dramatic composer ;
p u p i 1 on the violin
and in composition,
at Wiirzburg, Bavaria,
of Joseph FrJilich, and
in counterpoint and
orchestration of Julius
Rietz. He went to
Brussels in 1842, studied composition un-
der Ft'tis, and the violin under Meerts and
De Beriot, and obtained the 1st prizes in
violin plaj'ing and composition in 1843 at
the Conservatoire. After this he resided
several years in Frankfort-on-the-Main and
in 1846 went to Basel and Geneva, Switzer-
land, as director of music, and received the
appointment of professor of the violin and
of composition in the Geneva Conservatoire.
In 1856 he removed to America and has
spent the past thirty years in Boston, where
he is director of the Boston Conservatory of
Music, general supervisor of musical instruc-
tion in the Boston public schools, and head
of Eichberg's School for Violin Plaj-ing. He
has a national reputation as a teacher of
EICHBERG
the violin, some of the best public jjerform-
ers having been liis pupils. Works : The
Doctor of Alcantara, comic o^Jeretta in two
acts, text by Woolf, represented in Boston,
April 7, 1862 ; The Rose of Tyrol, ib., I860 ;
The Two Cadis, ib., 1870 ; A Night in
Home, ib., about 1870. Studies for the vio-
lin ; Trios and quartets for string instru-
ments ; Songs ; Works for the use of mu-
sical instruction in schools. The Doctor of
Alcantara has been performed many times
in America, and is one of the few works of
the kind, Avritten in America, which has
made a permanent re2)utation.
EICHBERG, OSCAE, born in Berlin,
Jan. 21, 1845, still living, 1S88. Pianist,
pupil of his father ; played in public at the
age of ten ; then studied the pianoforte un-
der Loschhorn and composition under Kiel.
He settled in Berlin as a teacher, founded
a singing society in 1871, wrote musical ar-
ticles, and began the publication of a mu-
sical calendar in 1879. Has published pi-
anoforte music, songs, etc. — Mendel ; Fetis,
Supplement, i. 302 ; Eiemann.
EICHHORN, HERMANN, born iu Bres-
lau, Oct. 30, 1847, still living, 1888. Virtu-
oso on the horn and dramatic composer,
pupil of Emil Bohn ; at first studied law
and acquired the degree of doctor, but soon
devoted himself entirely to music. He has
composed the comic operas and operettas,
Drei auf eineu Schlag, Zojjf und Krumm-
stab, Blaue Kinder, and others, besides f)i-
anoforte pieces and songs, and has also
published several valuable monographs on
the history of instruments and of instru-
mental music. — Riemann.
EICHHORN, JO H ANN, bom about
1766, died after 1815. Violinist. Lived in
Berlin and at Bruchsal, Baden, and joined
the court orchesti-a at Mannheim in 1807.
Works: Concerto for violin (Berlin, 1791);
Solos for do. (ib.) ; 3 quartets for two vio-
lins, viola, and bass (Darmstadt, 1794) ; 3
duos for violins, op. 9 (Leipsic, Kiihnel) ;
Quintet for two violins, two violas, and
bass, op. 11 (ib.).' — Fetis ; Gerber.
EICHLER, FRIEDEICH WILHELM,
born in Leipsic iu 1809. Violinist, pui^il
of Spohr in Cassel ; became Conzertmeister
at the theatre in Kimigsberg in 1832 ; from
1817 lived several years iu Loudon, and
then settled at Baden-Baden. Among his
compositions for violin are : Variations on
a Swiss theme, with orchestra or pianoforte,
op. 2 (Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hilrtel) ; Songs
without words, op. 4 (ib.). — Schilling; Men-
del ; Fetis.
EICHNER, ERNST, born in Mannheim,
Feb. 9, 1740, died iu Potsdam in 1777. He
entered the ducal chapel at Zweibriicken
about 1770, and left it elandestinelj', be-
cause his resignation was not accepted ;
then lived iu London until 1773, when he
joined the band of the Crown Prince of
Prussia in Potsdam. He formed some ex-
cellent pujjils, and composed symphonies,
concertos, and chamber music. — Fetis ;
Schilling ; Mendel.
EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND
TWELVE, ouverture solennelle for orches-
tra, by Tschaikowsky, op. 49.
E IL MAESTRO 10 FACCIO. See
Barbiere di Siviglia.
EILT, IHR STUNDEN, soprano aria in
E minor, with accompaniment of violin and
continuo, in Johann Sebastian Bach's can-
tata, " Freue dich, erli'iste Schaar.''
EINERT, IvARL FRIEDRICH, born at
Lommatsch, Saxony, in 1798, died in War-
saw, Dec. 25, 1836. Organist, studied
under Schicht in the Thomasschule of Leip-
sic ; was a pupil of Friedrich Schneider for
organ and of Wach for double-bass. Became
music teacher in a noble Polish family and
went in 1821 to Warsaw, where he was or-
ganist of the Lutheran Church and double-
bass player of the Court Theatre. His or-
gan preludes were well written. — Sowiuski,
165 ; Fetis ; Mendel.
EIN' FESTE BURG 1ST UNSER GOTT
(A strong fortress is our God ; generally ren-
dered iu English : God is our refuge in dis-
tress). ]\Iartiu Luther's version of Psalm
xlvi. (Deus uoster refugium). It was pub-
EIN
lished first in " Geistliebe Lierler nuffs newe
gebessert zu Wittenberg. Dr. INIart. Luther,
1529." Several arrangements of it appeared
during Lu tiler's lifetime : 1. For three voices,
with melody in the tenor, in " News Gesang,"
etc., by Johann Kugelmann (Augsburg,
1540) ; 2. For four voices, with melod}- in
the bass, in " Newe deutsche geistliche '
Gesenge cxxiii, by Georg Khau (Witten-
berg, 154;J:) ; 3. For five voices, with mel-
ody in the tenor, by Stephan Mahn, in G.
Rhau's Hymn Book ; 4. For four voices,
with melody in the bass, by Martin Agri-
cola, in G. Rhau's Hymn Book ; 5. For four
voices, with melody in the bass, by L. Hel-
linck, in G. Rhau's Hymn Book. The tune
as now sung is derived from the form given
it by Johann Sebastian ]5ach in several of
his cantatas, especially in Ein' feste Burg,
which differs somewhat from Luther's ver-
sion. It has been used as a theme by
various other musicians : Mendelssohn, in
the finale of his Reformation Symphony ;
Otto Nicolai, in his i^e.^^Ouverture ; Joachim
Raff, in his /f'A/-Oiiverture ; Wagner, in his
Kaisermarsch ; Meyerbeer, in the Hugue-
nots; Karl Reinecke, in Variations on Ein'
feste Burg (given in New York, Nov. 12,
1887). — Rambach, Ueber Luther's Ver-
dienst um den Kirchengesang (Hamburg,
1813); Winterfeld, Luther's deutsche geist-
liche Lieder (Leipsic, 1840) ; Wackernagel,
do. (Stuttgart, 1848) ; Koch, Geschichte des
Kircheulieds (Stuttgart, 186G-1877) ; Lu-
ther musicien, Revue et Gazette musieale,
July 13, 1879 ; Naumann (Ouseley), i. 458 ;
Grove, ii. 179.
EIN' FESTE BFRG, cantata, text by
Salomo Franck, music by Johann Sebastian
Bach, written probably for the Reformation
Festival of 1730. Bitter thinks it was com-
posed for the bicentenary Reformation Fes-
tival of 1717, but Spitta argues that it was
for either the festival of 1730 or for the two
hundreth anniversar}' of Protestantism in
Saxony, May 17, 1739. The cantata has
eight numbers, five solos and three choruses.
The opening is a fugue based upon a varia-
tion on Luthei-'s melody and set to the first
verse of his hymn. The solos are from the
cantata, Alles was von Gott geboren, writ-
ten in 1716.— Spitta, ii. 470 ; iii. 283 ; Up-
ton, Standard Cantatas, 38.
EINICIvE, GEORG FRIEDRICH, born
at Hohlstedt, Thuringia, Ajjril 10, 1710, died
in Nordhausen, Feb. 20, 1770. Organist,
pupil of his father. He went to the Uni-
versitj' of Leipsic in 1732, and finished
his musical education under Sebastian Bach
and Scheibe. He succeeded his father as
Cantor and music director ; went to Frank-
enhausen in a like capacity in 1746 and
to Nordhausen in 1757. — Works : Concer-
tos ; Symphonies ; Church music. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., v. 7G0 ; Mendel; SchilHng ; Fetis.
EIN MADCHEN ODER WEIBCHEN.
See Die ZauberflOte.
EINSAM IN TRUBEN TAGEN. See
Lohengrin.
EINST TRAUMTE MEINER SELIGEN
BASE. See Der Frcischiilz.
EIN UNGEFARBT GEMUTHE, alto
aria in F major, with accompaniment of
violins and violas in unison, and continuo,
in Johann Sebastian Bach's cantata for
Dom. 4 fest. Trinil., of the same title ;
published sej)arately, with additional ac-
companiments by Robert Franz, by F.
Whistling, Leipsic, 18G0.
EISENHOFER, FRANZ XAYER, born
at Ilmmiinster, Upper Bavaria, Nov. 29,
1783, died in Wiirzburg, Aug. 15, 1855.
While attending the University of Munich,
he finished his musical education under
Griitz ; gave up the study of theologj', and
was school teacher and professor in sev-
eral places. He composed cantatas for
male voices, and many solo and part songs,
of which he wrote also the text. — Mendel ;
Schilling, Supplement, 110 ; Fotis, iii. 123 ;
do., Supplement, i. 302.
EISENHUT (Eisenuth, Eisenhuet),
THOMAS, German composer, whose works
appeared in 1675-1702. He was Kapell-
meister of the Prince Abbot of Kempten
and a regular canon of the Monasterv of
10
EISERT
St. Georg in Augsburg. Among Lis publi-
cations were Harmonia sacra, church music,
and a theoretical book, "Musikahsches Fun-
dament."— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 7G7 ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling.
EISERT, JOHANNES, born at Dresden
in 1810, died there in 18G4 Organist,
studied music in Vienna, where he ajs-
peared successfully in public, until recalled
to Dresden as court organist. Among his
compositions for the organ, his fugues de-
serve especial mention for purity of style
and melodic beauty. — Mendel ; Schilling.
EISFELD, THEODOR, born, of German
parentage, in Wolfenbiittel, Brunswick, in
1816, died in Wiesbaden, Sept. IG, 1882.
Conductor, pupil in composition of C. G.
Reissiger, Dresden ; also studied the violin
in Bremen under Karl Miiller. In 1848
he went to New York, and the following
year was made conductor of the New
York Philharmonic Society, which he con-
ducted alternately with Carl Bei-gmann,
from 1855 to 18GG, when he returned to
Europe. He was leader also of the Eisfeld
Quartet, which gave its first concert, Feb.
18, 1851. Eisfeld held a high position in
New York musical circles.
EITNER, ROBERT, born at Breslau,
Oct. 22, 1832, still living, 1888. Pianist,
pupil of Moritz Brosig, went in 1853 to
Berlin, where he won success as a virtuoso
and composer in concerts, given in 1857-
5d. A school for the pianoforte which he
founded in Berlin, 18G3, is still flourishing.
Since 18G0 he has devoted himself more
especially to musical literature, and chiefly
to his agency was due the organization of
the Gesellschaf t fur Musikforschung in 18G8,
of whose organ, the " Monatshefte fiir Mu-
sikgeschichte," he is the editor. Works :
Judith, biblical opera ; Pfingstcantate ; Sta-
bat Mater for 4 voices a cappella ; Over-
ture to the Cid ; Pianoforte music, and
songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 302 ; Men-
del.
EKHART, FRANZ JOSEF, born at Tep-
litz, Bohemia, about 1735, died (?). Pianist,
organist, and hai-pist, pupil of his father,
and afterwards completed his studies in
Italy. For several years he was organist
of the Basilica of St. Peter, and in great
favour with Pope Clement XIV., especially
as a harp-i^layer ; in 1780 he enjoj-ed con-
siderable reputation in Italy as an organist
and composer, but his works remain in
manuscript. — Fetis ; Mendel.
ELBEL, VICTOR, born in Alsace early
in the 19th centuiy. He lived in Paris as
a teacher ; brought out in Strasburg an
oratorio, Der Miinsterbau ; and composed
also two descriptive symphonies. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 302.
ELEGUC ODE, text from President
Lincoln's Burial Hymn by Walt Whitman,
for solos, chorus, and orchestra, bj' Charles
Villiers Stanford, composed for and first
given at the Norwich (England) Festival,
Oct. 15, 1884.— Athenseum (1884), ii. 505.
ELEGIAC SYMPHONY, in D minor, by
Charles Villiers Stanford, first produced at
Cambridge, England, March 7, 1882, and
at the Gloucester Festival, 1883.
ELlilGIE, salon-jiiece for violin solo, with
pianoforte accomjjaniment, by Heinrich Wil-
helm Ernst, op. 10. It is extremely effec-
tive and well written, and was long popular.
Played at Chickering Hall, New York, Nov.
22,'l88G, by Michael Banner.
ELEGIE HARMONIQUE (Harmonic
Elegy), for pianoforte solo, in F-sharp
minor, by Johann Ludwig Dussek, op. Gl.
Written in memory of Prince Louis Ferdi-
nand of Prussia, whose premature death on
the battle-field of Saalfeld, Oct. 13, 1806, de-
prived Dussek of a friend and patron. One
of the composer's best works.
ELEGISCHER GESANG (Elegiac Song),
for four voices, pianoforte, and string quar-
tet, music by Beethoven, op. 118, comjwsed
1814 ; dedicated to Johann, Freiherr von
Pasqualati. Text, " Sanft wie du lebtest,
hast du Tollendet," etc., by an unknown
author. Published by Haslinger after the
composer's death. — Thayer, Verzeichniss,
120 ; Lenz, ii. 131.
11
ELER
ELEE, .\NDRfi, bom in Alsace about
1764, died Ajjiil 21, 1821. He went, when
young, to Paris, where he became professor
of counterpoint at the Conservatoire on
its reorganization in 1816. His collection,
copied in scoi'e, of the compositions of 16th
century masters, is now in the librai-y of
the Paris Conservatoire. Works — Operas :
Apelle et Campaspe, 1798 ; L'habit du
chevalier de Grammont, 1800 ; La forut
de Brama ; Interlude, Le chant des ven-
geances, words by Rouget de Li.sle, jyer-
formed in 1798 ; Overture ; Symphony ;
Sonatas ; Trios, and quartets for wind and
string instruments. — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment, i. 303 ; Larousse ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
ELI, oratorio, text by William Bartholo-
mew, on the story of Eli and Samuel (Sam.,
i.-iv.), music by Michael Costa, first given
at the Birmingham (England) Festival, Aug.
29, 1855 ; first time in America, Handel and
Haydn Society, Boston, Feb. 15, 1857. At
Birmingham the part of Eli was sung by
Sims Beeves, and that of Sanuiel by Mme
Viardot. The other parts were by Mme
Castellan, Carl Formes, and W. H. Weiss.
— Athenieum (1855), 1008 ; Upton, Standard
Oratorios, 84.
ELI.VS (Elijah), oratorio, in two parts,
text from the Old Testament, music by Men-
delssolui, op. 70, first given in an Englisli
translation at the Birmingham (England)
Festival, Aug. 26, 1846. The idea was sug-
gested, says Hillcr, by reading in 1 Kings,
xix. 11, "Behold, the Lord passed by," and
the text was compiled mostly from the same
book. The libretto was sent to London as
soon as the work was completed, and trans-
lated into English bv' William Bartholomew.
The scenes treated are Elijah's prophecj' of
the drought, the raising of the widow's son
at Zarephath, the rival sacrifices on Mt.
Carmel, the fall of rain, the persecution of
Elijah by Jezebel, his sojourn in the desert,
his return, and his translation in the fiery
chariot. The score is without date, but
Mendelssohn probably began the work in
the summer of 1837, though most of it was
written in 1846. The orchestral parts were
rehearsed bj' Mendelssohn at Leipsic, Aug.
5, 184(i, and the vocal parts at Moscheles's
house, London, Aug. 18th, the evening of the
day of his arrival there ; then followed two
full rehearsals in Hanover Square, and on
Aug. 24th a full rehearsal at Birmingham ;
and on Wednesday, Aug. 26th, the first pub-
lic performance was given in the Town Hall,
Birmingham. After many alterations and
additions, it was given in London, April 10,
1847, by the Sacred Harmonic Society. Its
first performance in Germany was at Ham-
burg, October, 1847. Pubfished first by
Simroek (Berlin, 1847). — Grove, ii. 275,
288 ; J. Bennet, in Concordia, 497, 523 ;
Upton, Standard Oratorios, 218.
ELIJAH. See Elias.
ELIS.\, ou le voyage au ]\Iont Bernard,
comedy in two acts, text by Saint-Cyr, mu-
sic by Cherubini, represented at the Thea-
tre Feydeau, Paris, December, 1794. The
scene is laid among mountains and glaciers,
and the douofuuent is hastened by an ava-
lanche.
ELISA E CLAUDIO, opera buffii, text
b_v Romanelli, music by Mercadante, repre-
sented in Milan in 1822. This opei'a, one
of Mercadante's best works, was given in
Paris, Nov. 22, 1823. The beautiful duet,
"Se un" istante, all' offerta d' un soglio," is
still a favourite with singers.
ELISABETH, opera in three acts, text
by Brunswick and De Leuven, music by
Donizetti, represented at the Theatre Ly-
rique, Paris, Dec. 31, 1853. This is the
French version of Donizetti's Gli esiliati di
Siberia, text by Gilardoni, first given in
Naples, 1827. The Italian libretto is from
the jilay by Guilbert de Pixen'court, enti-
tled : " La fille de I'exile, ou huit mois en
deux heures," which is an adaptation of
Madame Cottin's romance, " Elisabeth, ou
les exiles de Sibt'rie " (180G). It is the
story of a young girl who comes from the
depths of Siberia to ask from the Czar her
father's pardon. Donizetti's music was
K
ELISABETTA
adapted to the French version by Foutana,
his pupil.
ELIS.iBETTA A KENILWOETH. See
CasleUo di Kenilworth.
ELISABETTA, EEGINA D' INGHIL-
TERRA, ojjera, text by Sohuiidt, music by
Rossini, first rejDresented at the Teatro San
Carlo, Najjles, in 1815. The libretto is not
from Scott's "Kenilworth," which was not
published until 1821, but is an adaptation
from a French melodrama. The opera was
Rossini's fifteenth work, and was written
when he was twenty-four years old. Mile
Colbran, whom he afterwards married, was
the original Qaeen Elizabeth. The opera
was given at the Italiens, Paris, March
10, 1822. It was not successful, excepting
at Naples. The overture, which had pre-
viously belonged to Aureliano in Palmyra,
is now the introduction to II Barbiere di
Sivigha.— Stendhal, Vie de E. ; Edwards,
Life of R., 109.
ELISIRE D' AMORE, L' (The Elixir of
Love), Italian opera buft'a in two acts, text
by Romani, music by Donizetti, repiresented
in Milan, May 12, 1832, in Loudon, at the
Lyceum, Dec. 10, 183(), in Now York, 1838,
and in Paris, at the Theatre Italien, Jan.
17, 1839. The subject of this graceful and
melodious opera, in some resjiects one of
Donizetti's best, is identical with that of
Auber's Le philtre, text by Scribe. Adina,
a country girl, is loved by Neniorino, a
young farmer, and by Belcore, a sergeant.
Nemorino applies to Dr. Dulcamara, a
mountebank, for a bottle of the elixir of
love. Dulcamara gives him a bottle of
wine, and tells him that if he drinks of
it he can win the love of anyone. The
farmer drinks the whole of it, and, becoming
intoxicated, behaves in such a manner that
Adina promises to marry the sergeant.
The second act opens with the assemblage
of the villagers to witness the marriage
contract. Nemorino, in despair, begs Dul-
camara to give him some charm which will
make Adina love him. Dulcamara refuses,
as the farmer has no money, and the ser-
geant urges the latter to enlist. To obtain
the bonus, Nemorino enlists and thus gets
another bottle from the quack. Meanwhile
Nemorino's uncle has died and left him all
his property, though he does not know it.
The girls crowd around and try to attract
his attention, which he attributes to the
elixir. Adina's jealousy is aroused, and
hearing, through Dulcamara, of Nemorino's
devotion, she repays the sergeant the enlist-
ment fee, changes her mind, and gives her
hand to the former. The principal num-
Persiani, as Adina.
bers in the first act are the buffo song by
Dulcamara, beginning with the recitative,
■'Udite, udite, o rustici," and the duet be-
tween Dulcamara and Nemorino, "Obbli-
gato, ah ! si obbligato." In the second act
are the chorus : " Cantiamo, facciam brin-
disi ; " the quartet, " Dell' elisir mirabile ; "
the duet between Adina and Dulcamara,
" Quanto amore ! ed io spietata ; " and the
romanza of Nemorino, " Una furtiva lagri-
ma." Among the best impersonators of
Adina were Fanny Persiaui (1812-1867) and
13
ELKAMP
Piccolomiui. Lablaclie was a noted Dr.
Dulcamara, and Nemorino was a favourite
cbai'acter with Mario.
ELKAMP, HEIXRICH, born at Itzehoe,
Holstein, in 1812, died in Hamburg in
1868. Pupil in Hamburg of Clasiug and in
Berlin of Zelter ; then settled in Hamburg
as a teacher ; in 1842-51 he lived in St.
Petersburg, then returned to Hamburg.
Works : 2 oratorios. Die heilige Zeit, and
Paulus ; Pianoforte pieces ; Songs. — ]Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schumann, Gesammelte Schrif-
ten, i. 223.
ELLE NE CROYAIT PAS. See Miguon.
ELLER, LOUIS, bom at Gratz in 1819,
died at Pau in August, 1862. Violinist, pupil
of Hysel ; apj^eared in Vienna in 1836. After
concert tours in Hungary, Croatia, Switzer-
land, and France, playing in Paris in 1814,
he returned home, then visited Italy and
Southern France, and settled in Pau after
travelling over Spain and Portugal with
Gottschalk. Works : Valse diabolique ;
Menuet sentimental ; Rhapsodic hongroise ;
Fantasias, and other violin music. — Fctis ;
Wurzbach, iv. 23 ; Mendel.
ELLERTOX, JOHN LODGE, born in
Cheshire, England, Jan. 11, 1807, died in
London, Jan. 3, 1873. Amateur composer,
graduate of Oxford (1828) where he stud-
ied music, chiefly composition, and wrote
an English operetta and an Italian opera.
He studied counterpoint for two j-ears in
Rome under Terriani. In 1835 and 1838
he took prizes at the Catch Club for his
glees : Fayre is my love, and. How beau-
tiful is night. Works— Operas : Issipile,
given in Prussia, about 1825 ; Annibale in
Capua, Andromacca, H Marito a vista ; Carlo
Rosa, German opera ; Dominica, The Bridal
of Triermain, English operas, ib., about
1830 ; II Carnovale di Venezia, ib., about
1832 ; Berenice in Armenia, II Sacrifizio
d'Epito, ib., about 1835 ; Lucinda, English
opera, Baden-Baden, about 1838. Pai'a-
dise Lost, oratorio ; G masses ; 6 anthems ;
17 motets ; 61 glees ; 83 duets for different
voices ; 5 symphonies for gi-and orchestra ;
4 concert-overtures ; 3 quintets for two
violins, viola, and two violoncellos ; 44 quar-
tets for two violins, viola, and violoncello ;
3 trios for violin, viola, and violoncello ; 8
do. for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello ;
2 sonatas for pianoforte and violin ; Sonata
for pianoforte and viola ; do. for pianoforte
and violoncello ; 9 do. for pianoforte and
flute. He was author also of a poetical
romance, the Bridal of Salemo (London,
1845), and of a poetical legend. The Elixir
of Youth (ib., 1864).— FcHis ; Grove.
ELOY, , born about 1400, died
about middle of 15th century (?). Nothing
of his history is known, but he must have
preceded Dufay, Dunstable, and Binchois.
Tinctoris and Gaforius both quote his mass
Dixerunt discipuli, which is preserved
among the MSS. of the Vatican. Kiese-
wetter published the Kyrie and the Agnus
in Geschichte der Europ. abendliind. IMu-
sik. — Futis ; Mendel ; Ambros, Geschichte
der Musik, ii. 462.
ELSBERGER (Elsperger), JOHANN
CHRISTOPH ZACHARIAS, born in Ratis-
bon in 1736, died in Sulzbach, Feb. 1, 1790.
He was at first cantor of the Latin school in
Sulzbach, and later j^rivate secretary there.
Works : Der Barbier von Sevilla, opera,
Sulzbach, 1783 ; Church and instrumental
music. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
ELSBETH, THOilAS, born at Neustadt,
Franconia, and lived in Frankfort-on-the-
Oder about 1600. He was probably also a
chorister in Liegnitz. Works : 3 collec-
tions of Cantiones sacrre (Frankfort, 1600,
Liegnitz, 1590, 1606) ; Weltliche und geist-
liche Lieder (Frankfort, 1599, Liegnitz,
1607) ; Zwei Theile Sonntiiglicher Evange-
licn (Liegnitz, 1616, 1621); Geistliche Fest-
gesiiuge auf das ganze Jahr (Breslau, 1624).
— Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 62 ; Fetis ; Men-
del.
ELSNER, JOSEPH XAVER, born at
Grottkau, Silesia, June 1, 1769, died in
Warsaw, April 18, 1854. The son of a
maker of musical instruments, he was des-
tined for medicine, but became choir-boy
u
ELSTEIi
and later violinist and singer at the Breslau
theatre. He received Larmouy lessons
from Forster in Breslau ; then read scores
and was intimate with musicians in Vienna ;
and became first violin of the Briinu theatre
in 1791, and musical director of the theatre
in Lemberg in 1792. In 1799 he settled in
Warsaw, where he was director of German
and Polish theatres ; and in 1815, with
Princess Zamoiska, founded a music so-
ciety, which was transformed into the War-
saw Conservatory in 1821, when he left the
theatre and became first director and pro-
fessor of comijosition in the new institution.
He retired in 1830, when jjolitical troubles
closed the Conservatory, but continued com-
position. During a visit to Paris some of
his works were performed at the Tuileries
and Saint-Cloud. He may be regarded
as the creator of Polish opera. His oj^eras
are light and in the old style of Paer and
Slayr ; his church music is rather dra-
matic ; and his compositions generally
show ease and purity, though lack of
originality and thorough study. Works :
Osoblievi Bracia, ojiera, and about 30 other
small dramatic works in Polish ; Masses,
motets, requiems, offertories, and other
church music ; Cantatas and many songs ;
Symphonies, quartets, concertos, and much
other j)iauoforte and instrumental music.
The Polish titles of his ofieras are given in
Fetis and Sowinski. — Sowinski, Musiciens
polonais, IGG ; Fetis ; Allgem. d. Biogr., vi.
70 ; Mendel ; Grove.
ELSTER, JOHANN DANIEL, born at
Benshausen, Henneberg, Sept. 16, 1796,
.died at Wettiugen, Canton of Aargau, Dec.
19, 18.57. He entered Leijisic University
in 1816 ; gave uji theology for medicine ;
and after several years of adventurous wan-
dering, and military service in the French
army and in Greece, he made his way to
Switzerland, taught music in Lenzburg and
Baden, was music director of a travelling
theatrical company, and became music
teacher in Bremgarten and from 1846 in i
Wettingen. Works : Richard uud Blondel,
opera in three acts, text by Adami, given
in Meiningen, 1835 ; Songs and other vocal
music. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 72 ; Mendel ;
Fetis ; Bechstein, Fahrten eines Musikan-
ten (1837 ; 2d ed., 1854; 3d ed., 1858).
ELVEY, Sir GEORGE JOB, born at
Canterbury, England,
March 27, 1816, still
Hving, 1888. Church
comjjoser and organ-
ist, brother and pupil
of Stephen Elvey, hav-
ing first been instruct-
ed by High more
Skeats, organist of
Canterbury C a t li e -
dral, whose son. High-
more the younger, he succeeded as organ-
ist of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in 1835.
Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1838 ; Mus. Doc, ik,
1840 ; knighted, 1871. Works : The Resur-
rection and Ascension, oratorio, 1838 ; Ser-
vices in F and B-flat ; Anthems, chorals,
chants, hymns, psalms, etc. ; Songs ; Or-
gan music. — Grove.
ELVEY, STEPHEN, born in Canterbury,
June 27, 1805, died in Oxford, Oct. 6, 1860.
Organist, brother of Sir George Job Elvey ;
pujiil at Canterbury of Skeats. He became
organist of New College, Oxford, in 1830 ;
was made Mus. Bac, Oxford, in 1831, Mus.
Doc. in 1838 ; and was choragus of the uni-
versity from 1840 until his death. Works :
Services ; Anthems ; Psalter and Canticles,
pointed for chanting (London, 8vo, 6
editions to 1866) ; Hymns, etc. — Grove ;
Brown.
ELWART, ANTOINE ^LIE, born in
Paris, Nov. 18, 1808, died there, Oct. 14,
1877. Dramatic composer, pujjil on the
violin of Ponchard the elder, and at the
Conservatoire of Madame de Sainte-Ursule
in harmonj', of Fetis in composition, and of
Lesueur. In 1828 he started, with several
fellow pupils, the Concerts d'emulation,
given at the Conservatoire for six years,
to give young composers a school of prac-
tice. In 1831 he won the second jirize for
ELZE
composition of the Institut and in 183i
the grand piix de Kome. Having tilled
the jjosition of adjunct professor of com-
position for two j'ears, he resumed it on
his return from Italy in 183G, became pro-
fessor of harmony in 1840, retiring in 1871.
Officer of the Academy, 1871 ; L. of Honour,
1872 ; Order of Charles HI. of Spain ;
Prussian Order of the Red Eagle. "Works :
Les Catalans, opera, given at Kouen, The-
ati-e des Arts, 1840 ; La reine de Saba, Les
chercheurs d'or, operas, not performed ;
Choruses and instrumental music to Alces-
tis ; Noe, ou Le deluge imiversel, oratorio-
symphony in four parts, Paris, 1845 ; La
naissance d'five, oratorio, ib., 1846 ; Les
noces de Cana, mystery for soli, chorus,
and orchestra ; Ruth et Booz, vocal sym-
phony ; Le salut imperial, cantata ; Le pou-
voir de I'harmonie, do. ; Hymne a la beaute,
do. ; Pas d'orchestre, choral oj)eretta ; Pe-
nelope, lyrical scene ; Bichat, choral scene ;
Masses for two, three, four, and five voices,
with and without organ or orchestra ; Mo-
tets ; Symphonies ; Overtures ; Quintets,
quartets, and trios for string instruments ;
Cboruses for male voices, etc. He was the
author of many theoretical and didactic
works, including : " Petit mauuel d'harmo-
nie, etc." (1839) ; " Traite du contrepoint et
de la fugue " (1840) ; " Essai de transposi-
tion musicals " (1840) ; " Le Chanteur ac-
compagnateur"(1844) ; "L'Harmonie musi-
cale " (1853), etc. He wrote also " Histoire
des Concerts populaires," and " Histoire de
la Societe des Concerts du Conservatoire "
(18()0). — Fetis, iii. 135 ; Supplement, i.
304 ; Mendel, iii. 355 ; Ergimz., 07 ; Rie-
mann ; Grove.
ELZE, CLEilENS THEODOR, born at
Oranienbaum, Anhalt-Dessau, in 1830, still
living, 1888. Organist, pupil of his father,
of F. Schneider, and at the Leipsic Con-
servatorium of Moscheles, Dreyschock, and
Plaidy for pianoforte ; of David for violin,
and of Hanptmann for composition. He
became an organist and a teacher in Lay-
bach in 1852. Works : Symphonies ; Cham-
ber music ; Songs. — Mendel ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 304 ; Schuberth, 125.
EMERSON, LUTHER ORL.\NDO, born,
of American parentage, in Parsonsfield,
Mass., Aug. 3, 1820, still livhig, 1888.
Conductor of many musical conventions
held throughout the United States, and
church composer. His first work. The
Romberg Collection (1853), was followed
by a book of Sundaj'-school music, The
Golden Wreath (1857), of which more than
300,000 were sold. Among his other col-
lections are : The Golden Harp (1860) ; The
Sabbath Harmony (18G0) ; The Harp of
Judah (1863) ; Merry Chimes (1865) ; Ju-
bilate (1866) ; Chorus Wreath.
E:\IERY, STEPHEN ALBERT, born, of
American parentage, in Paris, Oxford Co.,
Maine, Oct. 4, 1841, still living, 1888. Pi-
anist, pupil on the pianoforte and in har-
mony of Henry S. Edwards, Portland,
Maine ; went to Europe in 1862 and stud-
ied the pianoforte rmder Louis Plaidy and
Robert Papperitz ; harmony and counter-
point luider Papperitz, E. F. Richter, and
Moritz Hanptmann in Leipsic, and the
IDianoforte under Fritz Spindler in Dres-
den. He returned to Portland, Maine, in
1864, removed to Boston in 1866, and was
engaged in 1867 by the New England Con-
servatory of Music when that institution
was opened ; and on the founding of the
College of Music of Boston University, he
was appointed professor of harmony and
counterpoint, which j)ositions he still holds.
He is assistant editor of the Musical Her-
ald. Works : Songs ; Part-songs ; String
quartets ; Sonatinas, and other music for
the jnanoforte. He is the author also of
Foundation Studies in Pianoforte Playing,
and. Elements of Harmony.
EMMA DI RESBURGO, Italian opera
seria, music by Meyerbeer, represented in
Venice, 1819. Produced at a time when
Rossini was becoming famous, this work
met with good success in Italy, but it was
coolly received in Berlin and led to Meyer-
beer's going to Paris. It was, however, after-
16
EMMERICH
wards translated into German and success-
fully jjlayed under the title of Emma von
Leicester.
EMMEEICH, EGBERT, born at Hanau,
Hesse-Nassau, July 23, 183G, still living,
1888. Dramatic composer, pupil of Tlic-
odor Stauffer and of Albert Dietrich. He
is most favourably known by his songs.
Works : Der Schwedonsee, oi)era, given at
Weimar, 1874; Van Dyck, do., Stettin,
1875 ; Symphonies ; Pianoforte pieces ;
Songs and part-songs. — Kiemann.
EMMERT, ADAM JGSEPH, born at
Wiirzburg, Dec. 24, 17G.5, died in Vienna,
Ajjril 11, 1812. Dramatic composer, sou
of Joseph Emmert. He held an oiBcial posi-
tion in the archives of Salzburg and Vienna,
and, though not a professional musician,
wrote operas and other music. Works :
Don Silvio de Rosalba, opera, given at Ans-
pach, 1801 ; Der Sturm, do., Salzburg,
180G ; Cantata for four voices and orchestra,
ib., 1799 ; Te Deum (ib., 1797) ; IG Ger-
man dances for pianoforte (ib., 1798) ;
Pieces for two horns and bassoon ; do. for
two clarinets, two horns, and two bassoons
(il)., 1799).— Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
EMaiERT, JOSEPH, born at Kitzingen,
Franconia, Nov. 27, 1732, died at Wiirz-
burg, Feb. 20, 1809. Dramatic composer,
appointed school rector at Schilliugsfiirst
in 17G0, and rector of the Latin school of
St. Burkhardt and choral director of the
uuiversitj' in Wiirzburg in 1773. Retired,
with the title of Kapellmeister, in 1790.
Works : Semiramis, Tomyris, Eberhardt,
operas (in manuscript) ; Esther, Judith,
oratorios (do.) ; Several cantatas (do.) ;
Latin and German masses ; Vespers ; Mis-
erere ; Te Deum ; do. (Salzburg, 1797) ;
Psalmodia vespertina, etc. (Augsburg, 17G6);
Choralbuch (Wiirzburg). — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
EMPEROR CONCERTO, THE, a title
commonly but improj^erly given to Beet-
hoven's fifth pianoforte concerto in E-flat,
op. 75.
EMPEROR'S HYMN, THE. See Gotl
erhalte Franz den Kaiser.
ENCHANTRESS, THE, English comic
oi^era in four acts, text by Alfred Bunn,
music by Balfe, represented at Drury Lane
Theatre, London, Sept. 27, 1845. The
character of the pirate queen was sustained
by Madam Anna Thillon, who sang it also
in New York, at the Astor Place Opera
House, Aug. 30, 1852.
EN CHASSE ! LE JOUR EST LEVE.
See Le Pardon de Ploermel.
ENCKE, HEINRICH, born at Neustadt,
Bavaria, in 1811, died at Leipsic, Dec. 31,
1859. Pianist, pupil of Hummel at Wei-
mar, then lived at Jena and Leipsic, much
esteemed as a teacher. Among his com-
positions the instructive works for the pi-
anoforte may claim the greatest merit, and
his arrangements for pianoforte (4 hands)
of classical orchestral and chamber music
are of acknowledged excellence. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
ENCKHAUSEN, HEINRICH FRIED-
EICH, born in Celle, Aug. 28, 1799, died
in Hanover, Jan. 15, 1885. Organist,
learned several instruments from his father ;
entered a military band in 181G, and in
1826 studied under Aloys Schmitt in Ber-
lin and Hanover, succeeding his teacher in
1829 as court organist and director of the
Singakademie of Hanover ; also court pi-
anist. Works : Der Savoyard, opera, Han-
over, 1832 ; Church music ; Pianoforte mu-
sic.— Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling ; Schumann,
Gesammelte Sehriften, i. 29G.
ENDTER, CHRISTIAN FRIEDEICH,
born in Hamburg in 1728, died in Buxte-
Imde, May 26, 1793. Organist, pupil of
Pfeiffer in Hamburg ; became organist in
Buxtehude in 1746 and of the Lutheran
Church of Altona in 175G. Works: Canta-
tas ; Songs. — Schilling ; Mendel ; Fetis.
ENFANCE DU CHRIST, L' (The In-
fancy of Christ), a sacred trilogy, for solo
voices, chorus, and orchestra, by Berlioz,
op. 25, first i^erformed in Paris, at the Salle
Herz, Dec. 10, 1854, under the composer's
17
ENFANT
direction. It consists of tbree parts : I. Le
songe d'Herode (Herod's Dream) ; 11. La
fuite eu £gvpte (The Flight into Egypt) ;
III. L'arrivue a Sais (Tlie Arrival at Sais).
— Jiillien, Hector Berlioz (1881), 113 ; do.
(1888), 221, 378 ; M. J. d'Ortigue, La mu-
sique a I't-glise, 196.
ENFANT PRODIGUE, L' (The Prodigal
Son), opera in five acts, text by Scribe,
music by Auber, represented at the Aca-
demic Nationale de Musique, Paris, Dec.
6, 1850 ; in Italian, as II Prodigo, at Her
Majesty's Theatre, London, June 12, 1851.
The author of the libretto has taken so
many liberties with the Bible story that
it is scai'ceh' recognizable. Azarl, the only
son of a poor old man, leaves the paternal
roof and his betrothed Jephtele for a life of
pleasure in the city of Memjihis. He is
ruined by gaming, by the courtesan Nephte,
and by the dancer Lia. He penetrates into
the temjile of Isis where the mysteries are
celebrating, and the Egyptians make him
expiate the sacrilege by throwing him into
the Nile. Saved by the leader of a caravan,
he is reduced to watching the flocks, but
eventually finds his way home and is for-
given. There are some picturesque scenes
in the opera, such as the passage of the car-
avan and the procession of the bull Apis.
ENFANT TROITV^fi, L'. See Fmx.
ENGEDI. See Chrislus am Oelberg.
ENGEL, DAVID HERMANN, born at
Neu-Ruppiu, Brandenburg, Jan. 22, 1816,
died at Merseburg, May 3, 1877. Dramatic
composer and organist, pupil of Wilke on
the organ, then at Des.sau (1835-37) of
Friedrich Schneider, and at Breslau of
Adolf Hesse. After his return to Neu-Rup-
pin in 1839 he devoted himself to compo-
sition, but went in 1811 to Berlin, where
he taught music, and studied singing under
Teschner. In 1848 he was appointed or-
ganist of the cathedral at ^Merseburg, and
instructor of singing at the Domgymna-
sium. For his Choralbuch he received the
great gold medal for art and science, and
for his meiits in general the title of royal
director of music. He was also an able
writer on his art. Works : Prinz Carneval,
comic opera, given in Berlin, 1862 ; Boui-
facius, oratorio ; many compositions for
oi-gan and pianoforte, psalms, songs, etc.
—Mendel.
ENGELSBERG, E. S., born at Engels-
berg, Austrian Silesia, in 1825, died at
Deutsch-JasnLk, ib., Aj)ril 28, 1879. Real
name Eduard Schon. He was chief of a
department in the ministry of finances in
Vienna, and under the above pseudonym
wrote many popular choruses for male
voices, which made his name a household
word with German singing societies all
over the world.
ENGLERT, ANTON, born at Schwein-
furt, Bavaria, Nov. 4, 1674, died there after
1729. Church composer, pupil of Kiihnau,
Schade, and Strunck at Leipsic, where he
studied theology. In 1697 he became can-
tor in his native city, about 1717 co-rector
of the Gymnasium, in 1729 rector, and at
the same time organist of the cathedral.
About 1697 he published several volumes
of his compositions, mostly religious, which
bear witness to his thorough musical knowl-
edge.— Fetis ; Mendel.
ENGLISH SUITES (Ger., Englische Sui-
ten), 6 large suites for clavier, by Johann
Sebastian Bach. Suite I. A major ; H. A
minor ; HI. G minor ; TV. F major ; V. E
minor ; VI. D minor. Published by the
Bach-Gesellschaft, Clavier werke, vol. ii. 1.
ENICELIUS, TOBIAS, born at Leskow,
Bohemia, about 1655, died ('?). He was can-
tor in Flensburg about 1655, then went to
Timningen in the same capacity, and in
1660 to Hamburg. He composed a can-
tata and music to Opitz's Epistles. — Men-
del ; Fi'tis ; Mattheson, Ehren-Pforte, 59.
ENNELIN, SfiBASTIEN, born at or
near Saint-Queutin about 1650 or 1655,
died after 1719. Church composer, at first
chorister in the maitrise of Saint-Quentin,
and in 1680 succeeded Antoiue Gras as
choir director of Saint-Louis' chapel. Works
— in manuscript in the library of the coi-
ls
ENNO
legiale of Saiiit-Quentin, vol. i. (1709) : 8
Siilve Eegiua for four and six voices ; i
Alma Redemptoris ; 4 Ave Regina ; 2 In-
violata ; 3 Regiua cceli ; Pie Jesu ; Maria
mater gratije, mass for four voices ; Do-
mine, quinque talenta, motet for do. Vol.
ii. (1714) : Requiem mass for five voices ;
Audi, benigue Christe, qui lux es et dies,
Vexilla regis, Da pacem, Lenten hymns.
Vol. iii. (1718) : 15 O salutaris, for five
voices ; Four masses for four, and one mass
for three voices. — Fetis.
ENNO, SEBASTL4.no, Italian composer,
living in the middle of the 17th century.
He published Ariose cautate, libro primo
e secondo (Venice, 1G55). — Fe-tis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
ENRICO, CONTE DI BORGOGNA, Ital-
ian opera, music by Donizetti, represented
at the Teatro San Luca, Venice, 1818.
This, Donizetti's first opera, met with such
success that he was commissioned to write
another one for the same city.
ENRICO, DETTO IL LEONE (Henry
the Lion), Italian opera, text by Hortensio
Mauro, music by Agostino Stett'ani, repre-
sented in Brunswick, 1689. A German ver-
sion, Heiurich der Lijwe, by Fiedler, was
given in Hamburg, 1696. The subject of
the libretto is Henry the Lion, Duke of
Saxony and Bavaria and head of the House
of Guelph, Frederick Barbarossa's warlike
antagonist in the twelfth century
ENTFESSELTE PROJIETHEUS, DER
(Prometheus Unbound), Choruses to Her-
der's poem, by Franz Liszt. Instrumental
introduction : The symphonic poem Prome-
theus. No. 1. Chor der Oceaniden, for fe-
male voices ; No. 2. Chor der Tritonen, for
mixed voices ; No. 3. Chor der Dryaden, for
female voices ; No. 4. Chor der Schnitter,
for mixed voices ; No. 5. Chor der Winzer,
for male voices and solo ; No. 6. Chor der
Unterirdischen, for male voices ; No. 7.
Chor der Unsichtharen, do. ; No. 8. Schluss-
Chor (Chor der ISIusen), for mixed voices.
ENTFUHRUNG AUS DEJkl SERAIL,
DIE (The Elopement from the Harem),
comic Singspiel in three acts, test by Gottlob
Stephanie, adapted from Bretzner's Bel-
monte und Constanze, music by Mozart, first
represented at the Nationaltheater, Vienna,
July 12, 1782. This work, written when
Mozart was twenty-six years old, was the
beginning of a form of romantic opera in
which the style and aria of the Italian opera
buft'a was united with the style, Lied, and
dialogue of the German Singspiel, a form
afterwards repeated on a grander scale in
Die ZauberflOte. Its production led to a
paper war between the librettists Stephanie
and Bretzner, during which Andre, the
composer of Belmonte und Constanze,
Minna Peschka-Leutner.
took the side of Stephanie, notwith-
standing that he had aided Mozart in pro-
ducing an opera which virtually supplanted
his own. Mozart's work was produced in
Paris first, at the Lycee des Arts, Sept. 26,
1798 ; again in 1801 and 1830 ; and in
French, as L'enltvement au serail, text by
Prosper Pascal, at the Theatre Lyrique,
May 11, 1859. It was given in English as
The Seraglio, " with additional airs by Mr.
Kramer," at Covent Garden, London, Nov.
24, 1827. The action passes in the harem
of Selim Pacha, where are a Spanish girl
Constanze, her maid Blondchen, and a valet
Pedrillo, all under the charge of Osmin,
guardian of the harem. Belmonte, the lover
of Constanze, penetrates into the harem in
19
EN
liope of effecting bis mistress's release. Pe-
drillo tries to aid bim by drugging Osmiii's
wine, but tbe wily guardian sees tbrougb
bis design and exposes tbe plot. Tbe con-
spirators are about to suffer tbe penalty of
tbeir acts wben tbe Pacba discovers in Bel-
monte a citizen of Burgos wbo once saved
bis life, and gives tbem all tbeir freedom.
Tbe original cast in Vienna was as follows :
Constanze (S.) Mle Cavalieri.
Blondcben (S.) Mile Tayber.
Osmin (B ) M. Fiscber.
Belmonte (T.) M. Adamberger.
Pedrillo (T.) M. Dauer.
A favourite Constanze of later times is Mme
Pescbka-Lcutner (born in Vienna, 18.39),
wbose portrait is given. — Hauslick, Moilerne
Oper, 51 ; Jabn ; Naumann (Ousoley), ii.
894.
EN VAIN J'ESPJ^EE. See lloberl le
Diable.
ENVY, ELDEST BORN OF HELL,
cborus in E-flat in Handel's Saul, Part H. ;
one of tbe composer's most famous cbor-
uses.
i^:pisode de la \t:e d'un artiste
(Episode in tbe Life of an Artist), tbe title
of Hector Berlioz's opus 14, tbe first part of
wbicb is tbe sympbonie fantastique, and
tbe second, tbe lyric monodrama, Lelio, ou
le Retour a la Vie (tbe Return to Life).
Tbe sympbonie fantastique, in C major, tbe
composer's first great sympbony, is a piece
of so-called programme-music descriptive of
tbe dream of a young composer wbo bas
tried to poison bimself witb opium in a tit
of disappointed love. Tbe beloved object
ajjpears to bim in tbe guise of a melody,
wbicb Berlioz calls I'ldee fixe (tbe fixed
idea), and wbicb is treated tbematically or
episodicall}-, in eacb one of tbe five move-
ments of tbe sympbony. Tbis idee fixe is
interesting bistoricallj-, as tbe first instance
in music of wbat Wagner afterwards termed
tbe Leitmotiv. Tbe beadings of tbe five
movements are : 1. Reveries, Passions ; 2.
Uu Bal ; 3. Scene aux Cbamps ; 4. Marcbe
au Supplice ; 5. Songe d'une Nuit de Sab-
bat. Tbe monodrama of Lelio, a spoken
monologue witb incidental music for solo
voices, cborus, and orcbestra, sbows us tbe
young composer after awaking from bis
dream ; be meditates upon love and art, at
lengtb arousing bimself to seek consola-
tion in tbe exercise of bis art. Tbe scene
cbanges, and be ajjpears at tbe bead of a
cborus and orcbestra, conducting tbe last
rebearsal of bis own Fautaisie dramatique
sur la Tempete de Sbakspeare, a cantata
for cborus and orcbestra witb wbicb, and a
last return of tbe Idee fixe, tbe work closes.
Tbe entii'e Episode is but the exjjression of
Berlioz's love for Henrietta Sniitbson, wbom
be afterwards married, and Camilla Moke,
afterwards Slme Pleyel. Tlie Fantasie sur
la Tempete was first given separately at tbe
Paris Opera in 1829 ; tbe Sympbonie Fau-
fastique at tbe Conseiwatoire in 1830 ; and
tbe entire work, witb Bocage in tbe part of
Lelio, at tbe Conservatoire on Dec. 11, 1832.
Tbe score of tbe Sympbonie Fantastique,
and a masterly ti-auscrijition by Liszt for
pianoforte solo arc pviblisbed by Brandus
(Paris) ; tbe full and pianoforte scores of
liClio, by Ricbault (Paris). — Scbumann (Rit-
ter), Music and Musicians, 1st series, 228 ;
E. Hippeau, Berlioz Intime, 244 ; Georges
Noufflard, Hector Berlioz, 44 ; Jullieu, Ber-
Uoz (1888), 50 ; Atlantic Montbly, xli. 32.
fiPREUVE VILLAGEOISE, L' (Tbe Vil-
lage Test), vaudeville in two acts, text by
Desforges, music by Gretry, represented at
tbe Tbeatre Italien, Paris, June 24, 1784.
Tbe subject is an episode of Theodore et
Paulin, an unsuccessful lyric comedy in
three acts, by tbe same authors, given at
tbe ItaHens, Marcb 18, 1784. In its new
form tbe work proved a dramatic success.
It was revived at tbe Opera Comique, Paris,
in 1888.
ERBA, Don DIONIGI, Italian composer,
end of tbe 17tb century. Lived in Milan ;
was of noble family and took boly orders.
Works : Arion, opera (witb Valtelliua), 1G94 ;
Ai-temio, oj)era (witb Besozzi and Battes-
so
EKBA
tiiii), 1695 ; and probably a Magnificat for
two choirs, from which Handel is tliought
to have borrowed several pieces in the
second part of Israel in Egypt. — Grove ;
Gerber ; Chrysander, G. F. Handel, i. 168.
ERBA, GIORGIO, violinist and com-
poser. Originally from Milan, he was li^•iug■
in Rome about 1730. Some of his violin
sonatas have survived. — Mendel ; Futis ;
Gerber.
ERBACH (Erbacher), CHRISTIAN, born
at Algesheim in the Palatinate about 1560,
died (?). He was organist, about 1600, to
Marcus Fugger in Augsburg, later to the
cathedral there, and in 1628 a member of the
cily counciL His manuscrijjt compositions
are in the Augsburg Cathedral Library and
Berlin Royal Library. Works : Cantiones
sacrffi (Augsburg, 1600, 1603, 1604, 1611) ;
Acht geistliche deutsche Lieder (ib.) ; Songs
in contemporary collections. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 181 ; Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis.
ERBARME DICH, MEIN GOTT, aria in
B minor for the alto of Core I., with ac-
companiment of violin solo, strings com-
plete, and contiuuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Passion nach IMatthiius, Part H.
ERDMANNSDORFER, MAX, born at
Nuremberg, June 14, 181-8, still living, 1888.
Pianist and violinist, first instructed by his
father and by August Raab, then at the
Conservatorium, Leipsic (1863-67), pupil of
Moscheles and Reinecke on the pianoforte,
of David and Dreyschock on the violin, and
of Hauptmann, Ricbter, and Reinecke in
theory ; finally in Dresden (1868-69) pupil
of Rietz. In 1871 he became Hof-Kapell-
lueister to the Prince of Schwarzburg, at
Sondershausen, where he actively promoted
the production of the best modern compo-
sitions, and raised the already high stand-
ard of this renowned orchestra. He re-
signed his i^osition in 1880, then lived in
Vienna, Leipsic, and Nuremberg, and in
1882 was appointed artistic director of the
Imperial Music Society, and professor at
the Conservatorium in Moscow. Works :
Prinzessin Use, Waldsage (forest legend) for
soli, chorus, and orchestra, 1870 ; Schnee-
wittcheu, for do., 1873 ; TraumkOnig und
sein Lieb, for soprano, female chorus, and
small orchestra ; Des Kaiserheeres Rom-
fahrt, for male chorus and orchestra ; Over-
ture to Prinzessin Use, for orchestra ; do. to
Brachvogel's drama Narciss ; Trio fur piano-
forte and strings ; Sonata for pianoforte and
violin ; Albumbliitter, for do. ; 5 choruses
for male voices, a cappella, op. 26 ; Reise-
bilder, for pianoforte ; Nordseebilder, for
do. (four hands); Songs. — Mus. Wochenblatt
(1879), 453, 407, 478.
ERE LONG DEATH. See Puritans
Daughter.
EREjVHTA, GIULIO, born in Ferrara
about 1550, died about 1600. Organist ;
real name Giulio Giusberti, but called Ere-
mita, because he belonged to the order of
Camaldolite Eremites. Works : Primo libro
de'madrigali a 6 voci (Ferrara, 1584; Antwerp
1600) ; Madrigali a cinque, lib. i. (Venice,
1597) ; 11 secondo libro de' madrigali a cin-
que (ib., 1599). His madrigals are also in
Italian and Flemish collections, such as :
Melodia olympica (Pierre Philipps, Ant-
werp, 1594) ; Trionfo di Dori (Venice, 1596 ;
Antwerp, 1596, 1601, 1014) ; II Paradiso
musicale (Venice, 1595 ; Antwerp, 1596) ;
Madrigali di diversi eccellenti e famosi
autori (Antwerp, 1595) ; and in the collec-
tions of Schad, Bodenschatz, and Domfri-
dus. — Fetis ; Mendel.
ERFURT, KARL, born at Magdeburg in
1807, still living, 1888. Pianist, pupil of
Miihling at Magdeburg, where for many
years he taught music, until called to Hil-
desheim as musical director. He has com-
posed more than fifty works for pianoforte,
and songs. — Fetis ; Mendel.
ER GEHT UND LASST DICH MEINEM
SCHUTZ. See Hicvzi.
ERHEBE DICH, GENOSSIN MEINER
SCHMACH. See Lohengrin.
ERINNYES, LES (The Furies), antique
drama in two parts, text by Leconte de
Lisle, after the "Orestes" of iEschylus,
music by Jules Massenet, represented at the
Si.
ERK
Odc'on, Paris, Jan. 6, 1873. The incidental
music of this tragedy, as first performed,
was composed of au introduction, two inter-
ludes, and a melodrama. On its reproduc-
tion at the Oj^era National, May 15, 1876,
the music was more developed, with some
additions and new instrumentation, but
the effect was not increased. — Clement et
Larousse, 845.
EllK, LUDA\1G CHRISTIAN, born in
"Wetzlar, Jan. G, 1807, died in Berlin, Nov.
25, 1883. Sou and pupil of Adam Wil-
helm Erk (1779-1820), and pupil of J. B.
Spiess, L. Eeinwald, and A. Andre. He
became a teacher in the seminary of Meurs
in 1829 ; started musical festivals at Eem-
scheid and other towns ; was called in 1835
to the Royal Seminai'y for City Schools in
Berlin, where he led the liturgic choir of
the cathedral in 183G, but gave it up in
1838 for want of support. In 1836-38 he
was a teacher in the family of Prince Karl
of Prussia ; in 1843 he founded a Miiuuer-
gesangverein ; in 1852 a Gesangverein for
mixed chorus ; in 1857 became musical di-
rector ; and in 1877 retired from the Ber-
lin Seminary. Besides his own compo-
sitions, he published many collections.
Works : Liederkranz, Singvogelein, Deut-
scher Liedergarten, Musikalischer Jugend-
freund, Siingerhain, Siona, Sangesbliithen,
Volksklunge, Deutscher Liederhort, Deut-
scher Liederschatz, Turuliederbuch, and
many other collections of jjopular songs,
amounting to about forty, and mentioned
more fully hj Mendel, some of them in
conjunction with his brothel', Friedrich
Albrecht Erk, and his brother-in-law, W.
Greet. — Mendel ; Grove ; Riemauu ; Schil-
ling, Supplement, 118.
ERKEL, FERENCZ, born at Gyula,
Hungary, Nov. 7, 1810, still living, 1888.
Pianist and dramatic composer, first in-
structed by his father, who was an able
amateur musician. ^Yhen twenty-four he be-
came musical director of the opera company
at Kaschau, and with it went to Buda ; at
the opening of the National Theatre at
Pesth, in 1837, he was appointed its Kapell-
meister, and afterwards received the title
of director general of music, having won
great distinction as the creator of an ex-
cellent orchestra, and as conductor and com-
poser. His numerous songs, in which the
character of national melodies is hapjiily
blended with the requirements of the more
elevated modem style, but especially his
operas, have made him extremely popular
in Huugarj-. Among the latter, Hunyady
Laszlo obtained the greatest success, and
may preeminently be considered the na-
tional opera of Hungary, although Bank
Ban is probably his master work. In 18GS,
when he conducted the great Hungarian
music festival at Debreczin, he was made
honorary director for lifetime of all the
singing societies of Hungary. Works —
Operas : Bathory M;uia, given at Pesth,
1840 ; Hunyady Laszlo, National Theatre,
1844 ; Erzst'bet, ib., 1857 ; Kunok, ib., 1858 ;
Bank Bi'in, ib., 1861 ; Sarolta, ib., 18G2 ;
Dozsa GyOrgy, ib., 1867 ; Brankovics Gy-
Orgy, ib., 1874 ; King Stephen, ib., 1874.
— Wurzbach.
ERiaiNNE MICH, IMEIN HUTER,
choral to the melody " 0 Haupt voll Blut
und Wunden," in E major, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's Passion nach Matthiius,
Part I.
EEL.ANGER, JULES, born at Weissen-
burg, Alsace, June 25, 1830, still living, 1887.
Pupil at the Paris Conservatoire of Hale-
vy. After publishing pianoforte music and
bringing out several operettas in Paris, he
devoted himself to business. Works :
L'Ai'bre de Robinson, operette in one act,
Boufies Parisiens, Oct. 19, 1857 ; Mes-
dames de cceur volant, ib., April 16, 1859 ;
Les musiciens de I'orchestre, opera-bouSe
in two acts (with Delibes), ib., Jan. 25,
1861 ; La servante a Nicolas, operette in
one act, ib., March 11, 1861 ; Pianoforte
music ; Songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 305.
ERLEBACH, PHILIPP HEINRICH,
born in Essen, July, 25, 1657, died in Ru-
I dolstadt, AiJril 17, 1714. He received his
EKLKUJS'IG
nmsical education in Paris, and was Kapell-
meister in Kudolstadt from 1G83 until his
death. Works ; Chamber, organ, and vocal
music. — Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 223 ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling.
ERLKONIG, DER (The Erl King), bal-
lad by Goethe, music by Schubert, written
in 1815 or 181G, published as op. 1 by
Cappi and Diabelli, Vienna, 1821, with a
dedication to Count Moriz von Dietrich-
stein. The original sketch, now in the
Royal Library, Berlin, differs from the
published copy in having the accompani-
ment in groups of four instead of in
triplets for the right hand. The song was
sung only at private gatherings for several
years, Schubert being unable to find a pub-
lisher, and it was not given in pxiblic until
Jan. 2.5, 1821, when it was sung at the Mu-
sikverein by August von Gymnich, with a
success which added materially to the com-
poser's fame. It was published the follow-
ing month bj' private subscription, and after
its performance by Vogl at the Kilrnthner-
thor Theater, March 7, 1821, it had a rapid
sale. Arranged by Liszt for voice and
small orchestra ; published, score and parts,
by Forberg (Leipsie). Arranged also by
Berlioz for voice and orchestra. — Hellborn
(Coleridge), i. 59, 307.
ERLKONIGS TOCHTER (The Erl-
king's Daughter), cantata for solo voices,
chorus, and orchestra, by Neils W. Gade,
op. 30, written in 1852. Tiie story varies
somewhat from Goethe's poem. Sir Oluf,
on the eve of his wedding-day, is enticed
away by the Erl King's daughter, and rides
home iu the morning to die at the castle
gate.
ERMEL, LOUIS CONSTANT, born in
Ghent, Dec. 27, 1798, died in Paris during
the siege of 1870. Pianist, pupil at the
Paris Conservatoire under Zimmerman,
Eler, and Lesueur. He won the grand 23rix
de Rome, 1823, for his cantata Thisbe ; the
gold medal of the Sociote des Beaux-Arts,
Ghent ; and the bronze medal in 1818 for
a national chorus for which eight hundred
musicians competed. His opera-comique,
Le testament, was given iu Liege in 1836,
and in Brussels in 1838. Author of " Sol-
fyge chorale transpositeur." — Fetis, ii. 152 ;
do.. Supplement, i. 306 ; Mendel.
ERMIONE, Italian opera, music by Ros-
sini, represented at the Teatro San Carlo,
Naples, in Lent, 1819. Though well sung,
it was not a success. — Edwards, Life of R.,
201.
ERNANI, tragic opera in four acts, text
by F. M. Piave, music by Verdi, first repre-
sented at the Teatro Fenice, Venice, March
9, 1814:. The libretto is an adaptation of
Victor Hugo's drama, " Hernani." Before
its production in Venice the i^olice, refus-
ing to permit the representation on the
stage of a conspiracy, caused the libretto
and parts of the music to be changed. It
was played at Her Majesty's Theatre, Lon-
don, March 8, 1815. When about to be
given in Paris, Victor Hugo objected to the
use of his drama, and to please him the
libretto was rewritten. The title was
changed to II proscritto, the scene removed
to Venice, and the bandit Ernani made into
Oldrado, an Italian corsair. In this guise
the opera was produced at the Theatre
Italien, Jan. 6, 181G ; but the poet was
finally appeased, and it was given later in
its proper form. The scene is laid in Ai'a-
gon, time 1519. Characters represented :
Ernani (T.) ; Don Carlos, King of Spain
(Bar.) ; Don Ruy Gomez de Silva (B.) ; El-
vira (S.) ; Johanna (M.S.) ; Don Riccardo
(T.) ; lago (B.). Ernani, son of the Duke
of Segovia, but under a ban and chief
of a band of brigands, is in love with
Elvira, a noble lady betrothed to the
Duke de Silva, and plans to carry her
off. Don Carlos, the King, also loves her
and tries to abduct her. Her cries bring
to her rescue Ernani, who defies the King,
and Silva, who challenges him, but begs
for pardon when he discovers his iden-
titj'. The King finally carries off Elvira
and Silva challenges Ernani. The latter
refuses to fight, and induces Silva to aid
EENANI
him in taking vengeance on the King, at
the same time giving him a horn and prom-
ising to take his own life whenever Silva
shall wind it. In the third act the conspii--
ators are plotting in the catacombs when
the King appears suddenly among them
and orders the nobles to execution. Er-
nani, as a noble, demands the right to share
their fate, when the King pardons all and
bestows Elvira upon Ernani. In the fourth
act, in the midst of the festivities attending
their wedding, the fatal horn is heard and
Ernani parts from Elvira, and keepis his
word by killing himself. Among the prin-
cijial numbers are, in the first act, Elvira's
aria, " Ernani, iuvolami ; " Don Carlos's
aria, " Bella come un primo amore ; " the
duet between them, '' Fiero saugue d' Ara-
gona ; " and Silva's bass solo, " Infelice ! e
tu credevi." In the second act, the duets
between Ernani and Elvira, " Ah ! morir
potessi adesso," and " La vendetta piu tre-
menda." In the third act the grand septet
and chorus " O sommo Carlo," well known
in its English form as " Crowned with the
Tempest," is one of the composer's best ef-
forts. In the last act the duet between Er-
nani and Elvira, '• Cessaro i suoni," is full of
dramatic feeling. — Hanslick, Moderne oper,
220.
EKNANI, INVOL.A.M. See Ernani.
ERNELINDE, PRINCESSE DE XOR-
VEGE, tragic opera in three acts, text by
Poinsinet, music by Philidor, represented
at the Academic Royale de Musique, Paris,
Nov. 24, 17G7. The text is an adajstation
of an Italian libretto entitled Ricimero,
which was set to music by Pergolesi (Na-
ples, 1731) and by Jommelli (Rome, 1740).
Eruelinde, which is Philidor 's best work,
was reproduced in Paris, Jan. 21, 1769,
under the title of Sandoniir, prince de Dane-
mark ; and again, Dec. 11, 1773, with the
text remodeled bv Sedaine.
ERNEMANfN, 'mORITZ, born in Eisle-
ben in 1800, died in Breslau, Aug. 8, 18GG.
Pianist, pupil in Berlin of Ludwig Berger.
He went, in 1820, with Prince Radziwill to
Poland, and lived several years in the house
of Prince Zamoiski, in Warsaw. Then he
became a teacher in the Warsaw Conserva-
tory ; resided in Breslau in 1833-36 ; and
later returned to Warsaw. Works : Piano-
forte music; Songs. — -Mendel; Fetis, iii.
152 ; do., Supplement, i. 306 ; Sowiuski,
Musiciens polonais, 183.
ERNST II., Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
born at Coburg, June 21, 1818, still living,
1888. Dramatic composer, pupil of Breid-
enstein at Bonn, and of Reissiger at Dres-
den, where his musical education was much
furthered by intercourse with ^lendelssohn,
Moscheles, Wagner, Liszt, and others. The
fact that his operas continue in the reper-
tories not only of Germany, but of other
countries, seems to prove that their success
is due to something more than the com-
poser's exalted station. Works— Operas :
Zaire, given at Gotha, 1846 ; Toni, about
18.50 ; Santa Chiara, Coburg, 1854, Paris,
1855 ; Casilda, Brussels, 1855 ; Diana von
Solanges, Coburg, 1858, Dresden and Go-
tha, 1859 ; Imraer Liebe, cantata, with or-
chestra ; AUer Seelen, do. ; Fackeltauz, for
full orchestra and brass instruments ; Die
deutsche Tricolore, hymn for male chorus
and brass instruments (prize at Music Fes-
tival, Dreux) ; Fantasia for pianoforte, vio-
loncello, and iioolodion ; many other instru-
mental works, and several books of songs.
— Mendek
ERNST, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB, born
at Silberberg, Silesia, Feb. 2, 1778, died (?).
Organist, pupil in Breslau of Neugebauer
and Berner, became organist in 1798 at
Ohlau, where he did much towards the de-
velopment of musical life. He set to music
several psalms, and published sonatas for
the pianoforte and violin, organ music, etc.
— Fotis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
ERNST, FRANZ ANTON, born at Geor-
geuthal, Bohemia, Dec. 3, 1745, died in Go-
tha, Jan. 13, 1805. Violinist, was choir-boy
in Neuzell and later violinist to the Jesuits
in Sagan ; after studying law at Prague
Uniyersity, he held an office in his native
24
ERNST
place, but soon became secretary to Count
von Salm, and finally, on tlie advice of Lolli,
made concert tours. He was influenced by
Stad in Strasburg ; returned to Prague in
1773 ; and in 1778 was appointed ducal
Conzertmeister in Gotba. He devoted some
attention to improving the construction of
violins, and was an industrious composer of
violin music. — Wurzbacli, iv. 72 ; ]\Iendel ;
Fetis ; Schilling ; Biemanu ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 214.
ERXST, HEINRICH WU^HELM, born
at BriUni, Moravia,
in 181-1, died in
Nice, Oct. 11:, 1865.
Violinist, pupil at
the Vienna Conser-
vatorium u n d e r
Biibm for violin,
and Sej'fried for
composition ; i n -
structed later by
M a y s e d e r. His
playing was greatly
influenced by Paganini,
teen he made his tirst concert tour ; studied
several years in Paris under Charles de Be-
riot ; and in 1834-50 travelled over almost
all Europe with wonderful success. In Hol-
land alone he gave two hundred concerts. In
1850 he settled in London, but latterly had
to give up playing in public, and his last
years were embittered by an incurable spinal
disease. As a violin virtuoso his playing was
marked by brilliancy, passion, mastery over
all technical difficulties, and great beauty
of tone. His compositions are effective
At the a"e of six-
and extremely difficult. Works : 2 noc-
turnes ; El'egie for violin and jjianoforte ;
Fantasia on Rossini's Otello ; Concertino in
D ; Polonaise de Concert ; Variations on
Dutch national air ; Pirata, Caijpriccio ;
Rondo Papageno ; Concerto (Allegro pathe-
tique) in F-sharp minor ; Carnaval de Ve-
nise, in imitation of Paganini ; Erl King ;
Bolero ; Variations on Hungarian airs ; 2
quartets ; Etudes. — Allgem. d. Biogr. vi.
325 ; Wurzbacli, iv. 73 ; Grove ; Mendel ;
Wasielewski, Die Violine, 315 ; Futis, Sup-
plement, i. 306 ; Hart, The Violin, 435.
ERO E LEANDRO (Hero and Leander),
opera seria, text by Arrigo Boito, music by
Giovanni Bottesiui, represented at the Royal
Theatre of Turin, Jan. 11, 1879. This work,
sung by Barbacini, Roveri, and Mine Brus-
chi-Chiatti, had a considerable success.
EROE CINESE, L' (The Chinese Hero),
Italian o^jera, text by Metastasio, first set
to music by Bonno and represented at
the Imperial Theatre at SchOnbrunn, 1752.
Scene near the city of Singana (See-Ngan),
capital of the jjrovince of Chen si (Shen-See),
China. Characters represented : Leango,
ruler of China ; Prince Siveuo, bis supi)osed
son, in love with Lisinga ; Miuteo, a man-
darin in command of the army ; and Lisinga
and Ulauia, Tartar princesses, the one in
love with Minteo, the other with Siveno.
The libretto has been set to music also by
Perez, Lisbon, 1753 ; Hasse, Dresden, 1753 ;
Gluck, Schunbrunn, 1754 ; Rauzzini, Mu-
nich, 1770 ; Sacchini, Munich, 1771 ; Majo,
Naples, 1771 ; Cimarosa, Naples, 1783 ; Por-
togallo, Turin, 1788; Checchi, Leghorn,
1810.
EROICA. See Sinfonia Eroica.
EROSTRATE (Erostratus), opera in two
acts, text by Mery and Pacini, music by
Ernest Reyer, first represented at the
theatre of Baden, Aug. 21, 1862. In the
libretto, the story of Erostratus, who is
known to history only as the incendiary of
the temple of Diana, at Epbesus, is mingled
with much fable, in which Athenais the
courtesan, Scopas the sculptor, and the
Venus of Milo are made to j)lay parts.
The opera was given in Paris, at the Opera,
EROTIKON
Oct. 16, 1871, but was withdrawn after two
representations.
EROTIKON, Lieclercyelus by Adolf Jen-
sen, op. 44.
EESCHALLET, FEIERKLANGE. See
Jiienzi.
ERSTEHE, HOHE ROMA, NEU. See
Rienzi.
ERTEL (Ertelius), SEBASTIAN, German
composer of the early part of the ITtli cen-
tury. He was a Benedictine monk at "\Vei-
henstephan, near Freisiug, and later in the
Convent of Gersten, Upper Austi'ia. He
published church music. — Mendel ; Futis ;
Gerber.
ERSTE WALPURGISNACHT, DIE (The
Fii'st Walpurgis Night), ballad for solo
voices, chorus, and orchestra, poem by
Goethe, music by Mendelssohn, op. GO.
The composition was begun in April, 1831,
and was nearly finished before May. The
first version was completed in Milan, July
15th, except the overture, called by the
composer Saxon Overture, which bears the
date, Feb. 13, 1832. This fii'st version was
brought out in Berlin in January, 1833.
Ten years later, Mendelssohn returned to
the work, making several changes, and re-
scoring the whole. This second and final
version was given with an English transla-
tion by Bartholomew, by the Philharmonic,
in London, July 8, 1844, and at the Ge-
wandhaus in Leipsic, March 1, 1845. Ber-
lioz's account of being at the last rehear-
sal for this performance (Mi'moires, 2G3) is
in'obably wrong, as Berlioz was in Leipsic
in Februarj', 1843, and in Paris and Vienna
in the early part of 1845 ; but his account
of the work is worth reading. The full and
pianoforte scores are published by Kistner
(Leii^sic). — Lampadius, 2d ed., 134 ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitung, xlviii. 1G5.
ERYTHRAUS, GOTTHARD, born in
Strasburg about 15G0, died about 1G17. In
1587 he became Magister in Altdorf, in 1595
Cantor and music teacher of the Gymnasium
there, and in 1G09 rector of the Stadtschule.
His principal compositions are sacred songs.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Win-
terfeld, Der evaug. Kirchengesang, i. 376.
ESCHBORN, KARL, born early in the
19th century. Dramatic composer, Con-
zertmeister in the court theatre orchestra
of Mannheim in 1830, music director in
Cologne in 1842, and dramatic director in
Aix-la-Chapelle in 1845. Works : Bastaids
oder das Stiergefecht, opera in three acts,
text by Wiedeufeld, given at Amsterdam,
February, 1847 ; Songs. — Mendel ; Fetis.
ESCHJIANN, JULIUS K.VRL, born at
Winterthur, Switzerland, April, 1826, died
in Ziirich, Oct. 27, 1882. Pianist, pupil of
Mendelssohn ; lived in Cassel until 1852,
when he settled in Zurich as a teacher.
He composed chiefly didactic music for
pianoforte and violin. — Mendel ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 306 ; Eiemanu.
ESCI OM.AI. See Nozze di Figaro.
ESCOBEDO (Escovedo), B.^ETOLO-
Mfi, born in Spain about 1510, date of
death unknown. Church composer and
learned contrapuntist ; first studied in Sala-
manca, then went to Rome, where he became
a member of the Pontifical Choir in 1536.
He was afterwards (1554) a priest in Segovia,
and was one of the judges in the musical
dispute between Vicentini and Vincenzo Lu-
sitano. His motets are found in Eslava's
Lira sacro-hispana, and some of his church
music was preserved in the royal chapel at
Madrid, notably 2 Miserere and a IMagui-
ficat, which were considered very fine. — Fe-
tis, iii. 156 ; Hawkins, Hist., iii. 91 ; Schil-
ling ; Ambros, iii. 569.
ESCOVAR, JOAO DE, Portuguese com-
poser of the beginning of the 17th century.
His motets were published in Lisbon in
1620. He was the author of "Arte de mu-
sica theorica y practica." — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Gerber.
ESCRIBANO, JUAN, Spanish musician
of the IGth century. His compositions are
found in the Papal Chapel, Rome, where he
officiated as singer after having received a
musical education at Salamanca. — Futis,
Supplement, i. 307.
36
ESILIATI
ESILIATI DI SIBERIA, GLI. See Elisa-
beth.
ES 1ST DIR GESAGT, Ccantata for Dom.
viii. ijost Trinit., by Joliann Sebastian
Bach. PublisbeJ by the Bach-Gesellschaft,
Church Cantatas (1860), vol. v., No. 45 ; and
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, full and pianoforte scores (F. E. C.
Leuckbart, Breslau).
ES 1ST GENUG ! bass air of Elias in
jMeiulelssohu's Elicit, Part 11.
ESLAVA, Don iHGUEL HELARIO, bom
at Banlada, near Pampeluua, Spain, Oct. 21,
1807, died in Madrid, July 23, 1878. Dra-
matic composer, first instructed in solfeggio
and singing when a choir-boy in the Ca-
thedral of Pampeluna, then pupil of Julian
Prieto on the pianoforte and the organ, and
of Francisco Seccanilla in composition. In
1828 he became maestro de capilla of the
cathedral at Ossuna, where he took orders ;
by Louise Angelique Bertin, Paris, 1836 ;
Mazzucato, Mantua, 1838 ; Dargomysky,
Moscow, 1847 ; Prince Poniatowski, Leg-
horn, 1847 ; William Henry Fry, Philadel-
phia, 1864 ; Wilhelm Wetterhahn, Chem-
nitz, 1866 ; Friedrich Miiller, Laibach,
1867 ; Campana, St. Petersburg, 1869.
— Athenffium (1883), i. 417.
ES MUSS DOCK FRUHLING WER-
DEN, symphony in E minor, op. 67, com-
monly called the Spring symphony, by Fer-
dinand Hiller, 1840.
ESPADERO, N. RUIZ, born in Ha-
vana, Cuba, in 1835. Pianist, pupil of
Aiizti ; published brilliant pianoforte mu-
sic in the style of Gottschalk. He was
Gottschalk's musical executor, and edited
the jjosthumous works of that composer,
published by Ohver Ditson & Co. (Boston
and New York). Works : Souvenir d'autre-
fois, op. 11 ; Chant de I'ame, op. 13 ; Plainte
in 1832 of the Cathedral of Seville, where J du ijoiite, op. 14 ; Partez, ingrate, melodie,
he was consecrated a priest, and in 1844 ; op. 15 ; Barcarolle, op. 18 ; Cantilene, op.
of the royal chapel at Madrid. Order of 19 ; Ballade, op. 20 ; Innocence, caprice,
Charles HI, 1848. Works— Operas : II so-
litario, given at Cadiz, 1841 ; La tregua
di Ptolemaide, ib., 1842 ; Pietro il crudele,
ib., 1843 ; Spanish operas. More than 150
church compositions, comprising masses.
o]}. 23 ; Tristesse, nocturne, op. 53 ; Ossian,
polka de salon ; Deusieme ballade, o\). 57 ;
Scherzo, op. 58 ; Valse ideale, op. 60 ; Chant
du Gnargiro, sc5ne caracteristique cubaine,
op. 61. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 307 ; Mendel,
psalms, hymns, motets, etc. He published Ergilnz., 98,
also Lira sacro-hispana, and Museo organico
espanol, collections of church music by old
and new Spanish masters, and in 1862
wrote, for the Revue de musique sacree
(Paris), an interesting survey of the history
of church music in Spain. — Fetis ; Grove ;
Mendel.
ESMERALDA, opera in four acts, text
by Marzials and Randegger, after Victor
Hugo's romance " Notre-Dame de Paris,"
music by Arthur Goring Thomas, first rep-
resented at Drury Lane Theatre, London,
March 26, 1883. The work was well re-
ceived and has since been given in Ger-
many. In 1887 Mr. Thomas rewrote the
fourth act, and restored the tragic close in
accordance with the original idea of Victor
Hugo. The same subject has been treated
ESPENT, PIERRE, born in Marseilles,
Aug. 28, 1832, still living, 1888. Blind or-
ganist and composer, pupil at the institu-
tion for the blind in Paris, and received a
composition prize from Adolph Adam. Be-
came a teacher of solfege and of the pi-
anoforte, director of a music class in a
school for the blind, in 1858, at Nancy, and
in 1865 at Marseilles, and organist at No-
tre Dame de la Garde. He has composed
overtures, masses, cantatas, orchestral mu-
sic, etc.— Fetis, Supplement, i. 307; Men-
del, Ergilnz., 98.
ESPIN Y GUILLEN, JOAQUIN, pianist
and organist, born at Velilla, Spain, May
4, 1812, died in Madrid, June 24, 1882.
He wrote popular zarzuelas, and in 1842
published " La Iberia musical," the first
27
ESSER
musical paper published in Sjiaiu. He be-
came second organist in the royal cliapel
in 1855 ; professor of solfeggio at the Con-
servatorio ; director of the chorus at the
Koyal Theatre, 1872.— Fetis, Supplement, i.
308 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 98.
ESSER, HEINRICH, born in Mannheim,
July 16, 1818, died in Salzburg, June 3,
1872. Violinist, pupil of Franz Lachner
and of Sechter in Vienna ; became Conzert-
meister and theatre conductor in Mannheim,
director of the Liedertafel in Mainz in 1812,
and Kapellmeister of the theatre there in
184G In 1817 he was called to Vienna as
Ka2)ellmeister of the Imperial Opera, was
director of the Philharmonic concerts for
some time, and in 18G7 was appointed art-
member of the board of directors of the
Opera, but retired in 18G9 on a pension.
He was loved as a man, respected as an
artist, and some of his songs became very
popular. His widow and children were
pensioned by the Emperor. Works — Op-
eras : Silas, given at Mannheim, 1839 ;
Riquiqui, Aix-la-Chapelle, 1843 ; Die beiden
Priuzen, Munich, ISll. String quartet ; 2
suites ; 3 symphonies ; about 40 books of
songs ; 2 sonatas ; Trio with pianoforte,
and other music, in all 81 opus numbers.
His orchestral transcrijitions of Bach's C
minor Passaeaglia, and Toccata in F, have
been much played in German}' and America.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 382 ; Mendel ; Grove;
Fotis. iii. 159 ; Supplement, i. 308 ; Rie-
niaim.
ESSER, KARL MICHAEL, Bitter VON,
born in Aix-la-Chapelle about 1736, died
after 1791. He became first violin of the
court orchestra of Cassel about 1756, and in
1759 began a concert tour which lasted
many years and covered nearly all Eu-
rope. The Pope made him a knight of the
Order of the Golden Spur in 1772. He
travelled in Spain in 1786. Works : Die
drei Piichter, opera, given in Gotha, 1791 ;
Violin unisic, much unpublished. — Mendel ;
Fotis ; Schilling ; Wasielewski, Die Violine,
218. . .
ESSEX, TI]\IOTHY, born at Coventry,
Warwickshire, 1780, died ('?). Organist ;
Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1806 ; Mus. Doc, 1812.
Works : Rondos ; 6 duets for two flutes ;
Pianoforte and organ music. — Fetis ; Men-
del.
ESTE (Est, East, Easte), HHCHAEL, born
in England, latter part of 16th century, died
after 1638. Organist, conjectured to have
been the son of Thomas Este (died after
1624), the most important of the enrlj Lon-
don music publishers. He first appears in
print as the author of the five-part madrigal.
Hence, stars, too dim of light, published in
'"The Triuniphes of Oriana " in 1601. Be-
tween 1610 and 1618 he obtained his degree
of Mus. Bac, Cambridge ; and he became
master of clioristers of Lichfield Cathedral.
Works : First set of Madrigals (London,
1604) ; Second set (ib., 1606) ; Third set of
Bookes, wherein are Pastorals, Anthems,
Neapolitaues, Fancies, and Madrigals, to
5 and 6 parts (ib., 1610) ; Madrigals, An-
thems, etc (ib., 1618) ; Anthems (ib., 1624) ;
Duos and Fancies for Viols (ib., 1638).
— Gi-ove ; Hawkins, History, iv. 25 ; Bur-
uey. History, iii. 133 ; Mendel.
ESTELLA. See Les Bhicts.
ESTHER, oratorio in three acts, text by
Alexander Pope (?), music by Handel, first
performed at Cannons, the residence of
the Duke of Chandos, Aug. 20, 1720. The
original work, Handel's first English ora-
torio, for which he received .£1,000, is in
one part of six scenes, and was probably
first called Haman and Mordecai. It was
sung first in London, Feb. 23, 1732, by the
Children of the Chapel Royal, on Handel's
forty-seventh birthday. The success of tliis
private performance led to the announce-
ment of a rival representation by a specu-
lator, April 20, 1732, and this induced Han-
del to give a public performance at the
King's Theatre, May 2, 1732, when the
work was given enlarged to three acts. For
this new version the text was rearranged
by Samuel Humphreys, and Handel rewrote
much of the original music, composed much
ESTOCART
new music, and borrowed freely from tbe
Coronation Anthems. Tbe MS., iu Buck-
iugbam Palace, wants tbe overture and tbe
last page ; but two complete conducting
scores are in tbe same collection, and au-
otber one is at Hamburg. Characters rep-
resented ; Abasuerus, Haman, Habdonab,
Esther, Mordecai, Chorus of Persian Sol-
diers, Ciiorus of Israelites. The overture,
one of the best Handel ever wrote, is also
one of tbe most popular, and tbe cho-
ruses are superb. Tbe airs were published
by Walsh (1733), and by Arnold (1794) ;
text with pianoforte score, edited by J. J.
Maier (Leipsic, ■ 1858) ; full score, Handel
Society (London, 1844-45) ; original score
(Haman and Mordecai), and revised score
(Esther), Hilndelgesellschaft (1 vol., Leipsic,
1882).— Eockstro, Handel, 106, 169 ; Eeiss-
mauu, 69 ; Scboelcber, 59, 104 ; Chrysan-
der, ii. 209.
ESTOCART. See L'Estocarl.
ESTR1':E, jean T>\ French composer of
the 16tb century. Duverdier styles him
joueur de bautbois du Ptoi. His composi-
tions are published in four books entitled :
Livres de danseries, contenant le chant des
bransles communs, etc., de Champagne, de
Bourgogne, de Poictou," etc. (Nicholas du
Chemin, Paris, 1564).— Fetis ; Mendel
ES WIRD EIN stern AUS JACOB
AUFGEHN, chorus in Mendelssohn's Chris-
tus.
£TIENNE MARCEL, gi-and-opera iu four
acts and six tableaux, text by Louis Gallet,
music by Camille Saint-Saons, first rep-
resented at the Lyons Theatre Feb. 8,
1879. The characters represented are :
Etienne Marcel, provost of the merchants ;
his daughter Buatrix, and bis wife Mar-
guerite ; Robert de Loris, equerry to the
Dauphin, iu love with Bc-atrix ; Eustaobe, an
adventurer ; Jean Maillard, district police
officer ; The Dauphin ; Robert de Clermont,
marshal of Normandy ; Robert Lecocq, Bish-
op of Laou ; Pierre, friend of Robert de
Loris. The action turns on tbe events of
an insurrection of tbe populace led by
Marcel, in which be eventually loses his
life.
ETHEEIDGE, GEORGE, English com-
poser of the 16th century, born at Thame,
Oxfordshire. He wrote anthems, madri-
gals, and songs.
ETOILE DU NORD, L' (Tbe Star of the
North), opera in three acts, text by Scribe,
music by Meyerbeer, first represented at
the Opera Comiciue, Paris, Feb. 16, 1854 ;
Kiven iu Italian as La Stella del Nord at
Caroline Duprez, as Catherine.
Covent Garden Theatre, London, July 19,
1855. It includes several numbers from an
earlier work by Meyerbeer, Das Fddlager
in Schlesien (Tbe Camp of Silesia), given
iu Berlin, 1843. The libretto is weak, but
the music is brilliant and stirring, and full
of singular orchestral effects. It opens at
Viborg, Finland, where Pierre (Peter the
Great), working iu the disguise of a ship-
carpenter, makes tbe acquaintance of Da-
nilowitz, a pastry-cook, and of Catherine, a
cantiniere, to whom be becomes betrothed,
though she does not know bis rank. A
S9
£toile
conscription takes place and Catherine, to
save her brother George, who has just mar-
ried Prascovia, disguises herself as a soldier
and volunteers in his j)lace. In the second
act, which opens iu a Russian camp, Cath-
erine, while doing duty as a sentinel, peeps
into a tent where she sees Pierre and Da-
nilowitz drinking and making love to two
girls. Shocked at this, she neglects her
duty, insults au officer, and is condemned
to punishment. A mutiny among the
Battaille, as Pierre.
soldiers and news of the coming of the
enemy ai'ouses Pierre, who makes himself
known to his men and quells the revolt.
In the third act, Pierre and Danilowitz ap-
pear in the Czar's palace, but Catherine
has disappeared and cannot be found. She
is at last discovered by Danilowitz, wander-
ing around bereft of her reason. After
many etforts, Pierre succeeds in arousing
her by playing on his flute familiar airs,
her senses are restored, and the two are
united. The original cast at the Opera
Comique in 1854 was as follows :
Pierre Battaille.
Catherine Caroline Duprez.
Danilowitz Henuaim-Leon.
Gritzenko Lemercier.
Nathalie Mile Loocadie.
— Edwards, Lyrical Drama, i. 274 ; Hans-
lick, Moderne Oper, 151.
ETOILE DE SEVILLE, L' (The Star of
Seville), opera in four acts, text by llippo-
lyte Lucas, music bj- Balfe, represented at
the Academie Eoyale de Musique, Paris,
Dec. 17, 1845. The subject is from "La
Estella de Sevilla" of Lope de Vega, which
had previously been adapted for the French
stage by Lebrun, under the title of " Le Cid
d'Audalousie." Balfe was commissioned to
write this work, which ran twenty succes-
sive nights, by the director of the Opera,
he being the first English composer who
had been thus honoured. He received for
it 15,000 francs and 250 francs for each
performance. It was sung by j\luie Stoltz,
Mile Nau, Baroilhet, Gardoni, Paullin,
Menghis, and Bn'moud. — Barrett, Balfe,
172.
ETT, KASPAPi, born at Erling, Bavaria,
Jan. 5, 1788, died iu Munich, Nov. 17, 1847.
At the age of nine he sang iu the choir of a
Benedictine monastery, and in Munich was
the pu2)il of Joseph Schlett and Joseph Griitz.
He was the organist of St. Michael's in Mu-
nich from 1816 until his death, and did ex-
cellent service by reviving the sacred music
of the IGth, 17th, and 18th centuries, which
he took as models for his deeply religious
masses, requiems, and other church music.
His woi'ks number about 200, only a small
portion of wliicli have been published. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., vi. 392 ; Mendel ; Fc'tis ; Rie-
mann.
ETTLING, l5:\nLE, born in Germany
about 1820, resident of France, 1888. His
operettas, Un jour de uoce, 1864 ; Le nain,
1873 ; Le tigre, 1873 ; L'oeil de monsieur
I'expert, 1874 : En maraude, 1877, have
been given at the minor theatres of Paris.
— Fetis, Supplement, i. 301).
30
Etudes
£TUDES SYJIPHONIQUES en forme
(le Variations for j^i^^uoforte, by Robert
Hchumaim, op. 13, dedicated to William
Sterndale Bennett, composed in 1834, pub-
lished in August, 1837. Twelve variations
on a theme the melody of which was de-
rived from the father of Ernestine von
Fricken, the friend of his youth. All the
etudes are instinct with originality and
strength, and are full of fancy. The whole
concludes with a brilhant movement, in
which the theme of the variations appears
only in a subordinate position, the opening
motive being taken from a song in Marsch-
ner's opera Temjjler imd -Jiidin, which con-
tains the words, Du stolzes England, freue
dich. The adoption of this theme for the
finale was intended by Schumann as a com-
jsliment to Sterndale Bennett, who had just
come to Leipsic, when the variations were
composed. In the second edition, pub-
lished 1852, he changed the title to the
far more appropriate one of Etudes en
forme de Variations. — Maitland, 53 ; Kie-
mann, 61.
EUCH LtJETEN, DIE MEIN KLA-
GEN. See Lohengrin.
EUGEN (FRIEDRICH KARL PAUL
LUDWIG), Duke of Wiirtemberg, born at
Oels, Silesia, Jan. 8, 1788, died at Karlsruhe
Manor, ib., Sept. IG, 1857. Amateur dra-
matic composer of considerable ability, en-
tered at an early age the service of his uncle,
the Czar Paul of Russia, took part in the
campaigns of 180G-7 in East Prussia, and
1810 in Turkey, and distinguished himself
as a general in the wars of independence,
and in 1828 against the Turks. After re-
tiring from military service he lived mostly
on his estate Karlsruhe, in Silesia. His
compositions, comprising songs, instru-
mental works, and operas, among which
especially Die Geisterbraut, were widely
known and popular.
EUGENIUS, TRAUGOTT, German com-
poser of the 15th centurj'. He was cantor
at Thorn about 1100, and was one of the
oldest German contrapuntists whose name
has survived. He published songs. — Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Fetis.
EULE, C. D., born in Hamburg in 1776,
died there in 1827. The son of an actor, he
brought out an opera at the age of twenty,
and became later the musical director of
the theatre of his native citj'. Works : Die
verliebten Werber, opera, Hamburg, 1796 ;
Das Amt- und Wirtshaus, opera, ib., about
1800 ; Giafiar und Zaide, opera, ib., 1800 ;
Der Unsichtbare, opera, text by Costenobel,
ib., about 1800 ; Music for pianoforte. — Men-
del ; Schilling ; Fetis.
EULENSTEIN, ANTON HEINRICH SI-
GORA, Edler VON, born in Vienna in
1772, died there, Nov. 14, 1821. He was a
government official ; for a short time took
lessons of Mozart, and became the leader
of an amateur orchestra. Works : Der Per-
riickeumacher, opera, given in Vienna, about
1800 ; Vetter Damian, opera, ib., about 1800 ;
Die Wauderschaft, ib., about 1800 ; Der
gebesserte Lorenz, opera, ib., about 1810;
Sonatas; Quartets; Songs, etc. — Mendel;
Fetis ; Schilling.
EUMENE (Eumenes), Italian opera, mu-
sic by Ziaui, represented at Venice in 1696.
The subject is the same as that of Antigono
(Antigonus). It has been musically treated
also by Albinoni, Rome, 1717 ; Porpora,
Rome, 1721 ; Jommelli, Naples, 1746 ; Man-
na, Turin, 1750 ; Sacchini, Rome, 1763 ;
Borghi, Turin, 1778 ; Buroni, Stuttgart,
1778 ; Bertoni, Venice, 1784.
EUilENIDES, choruses and incidental
music to the tragedy by iEschylus, by
Charles Villiers Stanford, op. 24, first
given at Cambridge, England, Dec. 1, 1885.
— Athenaum (1885), ii. 740, 741.
EUPHROSINE ET CORADIN, ou le
tyran corrige, opcra-comique in three acts,
in verse, text by Hoffmann, music by Mehul,
first represented at the Theatre Italien,
Paris, Sept. 4, 1790. Mehul, then twenty-
seven years old, had struggled with fortune
until the production of this work, which
' met with gratifying success and insured
; his future. The duet in the second act,
31
EUPJDIGE
" Gardez-vous de la jalousie,"' is a master-
piece of dramatic expression.
EURIDICE, musical drama, text by Otta-
vio Einucciui, music by Jacopo Peri and
Giulio Caccini, represented at the Palazzo
Pitti, Florence, on tbe occasion of the mar-
riage of Henri IV. of France with ilaria de'
Medici, December, 1600. This work, found-
ed on the story of Ori^heus and Eurydice,
was the first opera ever performed in jjub-
lic. Peri's earlier drama, Dafne, having been
performed only privately. Both composers
wrote music to the whole test, indepen-
dently of eacih other, but at the performance
2)art of Peris score and part of Caccini's
were used. Peri's Euridice was published
in Florence in 1600 and reprinted at Venice
in 1008 ; and a new edition was ijublished
in Florence in 18G3. Caccini's Euridice
was also published separately in Florence
in 1660. Peri's Euridice was given in Paris,
at the Petit Bourbon, 1017, by a company
of Italian singers invited to France by Car-
dinal Mazarin. — Ambros, iv. 253; Naumann
(Ouseley), i. 524.
EURYANTHE, gi-and romantic opera in
three acts, test by Helmina von Chezy (born
von Klencke, 1783-1856), music by Carl
Maria von Weber, first represented at the
Court Opera House, Vienna, Oct. 25, 1823.
The cast was as follows :
Euryanthe (S ) Frl. Henrietta Sontag.
Eglantine (M.-S.) Frau Griinbaum.
Lysiart (B.) Herr Forti.
Adolar (T.) Herr Heitzinger.
Ludwig M. (B.) Herr Seipelt.
The libretto is from a French romance en-
titled : " Histoire de Gerard de Nevers et
de la belle et vertueuse Euryant de Savoj-e,
sa mie," which both Boccaccio and Shake-
speare (" Cymbeline ") had previously used.
Adolar, Count de Nevers, is betrothed to
the beautiful Euryanthe de Savoy. Eglan-
tine, her rival, in league with Lysiart,
Count de Forest, succeeds in arousing
Adolar's suspicious in regard to Eglantine's
faith, and Adolar himself conducts his
betrothed into the wilderness and leaves
her to perish. Lysiart gets possession of
Adolar's estates and marries Eglantine, but
the latter, tortured by remorse, confesses
the deceit practised upon Adolar, and is
stabbed by Lysiart. Adolar challenges the
robber of his inheritance, but the combat is
pi'evented by King Ludwig, who declares the
oft'ender forfeited to the law, and reinstates
Adolai-. Euryanthe, who has been found
in the wilderness by huntsmen, I'eturns and
brings joy to all. The performance was
conducted by the composer in person, who
Henrietta Sontag.
was received with a storm of apj^lause ; but
enthusiasm soon grew cold, and the ojjera
was given only seven times. It was given
later in Vienna with Schrikler-Devrieut in
the chief part, and again, under the admin-
istration of Count Gallenberg. It was pro-
duced with success in Berlin, Dec. 23,
1825 ; then in Weimar and Dresden ; in
Paris, at the Opera, April 6, 1831, with in-
terpolations from Oberon and generall}' dis-
aiTansred bv Castil-Blaze ; in London, at
Covent Garden, June 29, 1833 ; and again
in Paris, at the Theatre Lyrique, Sept. 1,
1857, with a new libretto. The opera was
32
EUTITIITS
played in New York about 18G3, but the
first proper representation was at the j\Iet-
rojiolitan Opera House, Dec. 28, 1887, when
it was sung in German, witli Lilli Lehmann
in the title-role. — Max M. von Weber, Carl
M. von W. (Leipsic, 1864), ii. 352, 451 ;
HcUborn (Coleridge), Life of Schubert, i.
21G ; Hauslick, INIodcrue Oper, G'J ; Kreh-
biel. Review (1887-1888), 62.
EUTITIUS, AUGUSTIN, Polish com-
poser of the 17th century. A Minorite, at-
tached in 1613 to the chaisel of Ladislaus
IV., of Poland. He comj)osed church music.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Sowiuski, 184
EVANS, CHARLES SMART, born in
Loudon in 1778, died there, Jan. 4, 1849.
A chorister in the Chajjel Royal under Dr.
Ayrton, he was admitted as gentleman of
tlie Chapel Royal in 1808. The Glee Club
awarded him a prize, in 1811, for "Beauties,
have you seen a toy?," and in 1812 for " Fill
all the glasses." He took the Catch Club
prize, in 1817, for the best setting of
William Liuley's " Ode to the Memory of
Samuel Webb," the eminent glee composer ;
and obtained another prize in 1821 for his
glee, " Great Bacchus." He was the com-
poser of anthems, two of which were
printed ; and of several motets written for
the choir of the Portuguese Ambassador's
Chapel, some of which are printed in No-
vello's Collection of IMotets. — Grove.
iiVE, a mystery iu three parts, text by
Louis Gallet, music by Jules Massenet, first
given in Paris, March IS, 1875.
i5VE (D^ve), ALPHONSE D', born near
Courtrai, France, about the middle of the
17th centurj'. Church composer, priest, and
niaitre de chapelle of Notre Dame, AutwerjJ,
from 1718 to 1725 ; and for many years
leader of the choir of the Church of Saint-
Martin, Courtrai. His motets and other
church music in MS. are preserved in the
Church of Sainte-Walburge, at Audenarde.
— Fetis ; Vander Straeten, ii. 128 ; iii. 6 ; v.
145 ; Biog. nat. de Belg., vi. 740 ; Mendel.
E^T^RAERTS, PIERRE FRANCOIS,
born in Louvaiu iu 1816, still living, 1888.
Dramatic comjjoser, pupil of Brigode, maitre
de cliapelle of St. Peter's, Louvaiu. He has
served as bandmaster in several Belgian reg-
iments, and became in 1844 professor of the
bugle, trumpet, and coruet-a-pistous at the
Conservatoire, Liege. Works : L' Avalanche,
opera ; Hommage a Gretrj-, dramatic over-
ture ; much military and church music pub-
lished iu Liege. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 309.
EVERS, KARL, born iu Hamburg, April
8, 1819, died in Vienna, Dec. 31, 1875.
Pianist, pupil of Jacques Schmitt ; played
in public at the age of twelve ; then made a
concert tour of Denmark and Sweden. He
studied theorj' under Zieger in Hanover,
and Karl Krebs iu Hamburg, and received
in 1839 some instruction from Mendelssohn
in Leipsic ; visited Paris, where he was well
received by Chopin and Auber ; then went
to Vienna, and settled in Gratz as music-
dealer iu 1858, but returned to Vienna in
1872. Works : 4 pianoforte sonatas ; Chan-
sons d'amour, or 12 songs without words
characterizing different nations ; Fantasias ;
Fugues ; Songs ; in all, more than one hun-
dred works. — Mendel, iii. 442 ; Ergiinz., 98 ;
Fetis, iii. 165 ; do., Supplement, i. 309 ;
Wurzbach, iv. 114 ; Grove ; Riemann.
EV'RY VALLEY, tenor air in E, in Han-
del's 3Iessiah, Part I.
EXNER, GUSTAV HERMANN, born at
Berbisdorf, near Hirschberg, Silesia, Oct.
28, 1815. Organist, jjupil of his father,
who was a Cantor ; finished his education
in Hirschberg, Jena, and Bunzlau. He
was organist and director of musical soci-
eties iu Goldberg in 1841-45, and then in
Sagau. His compositions are mostly vocal
church music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
EYBLER, JOSEPH, Edler VON, boru
at Schwechat, near Vienna, Feb. 8, 1765,
died in Schonbrunn, July 24, 1846. Pupil
of his father and of Albrechtsberger iu Vi-
enna. He adopted law as a profession,
but changed to music when his parents be-
came poor, and was assisted by the friend-
ship of Haydn and Mozart. He attended
Mozart in his last illness, and was commis-
33
EYKEN
sioned by his widow to finisli tlie Requiem,
but gave up the tcask. lu 1792 he became
choir-master of the Carmelite Church in
the Vienna subm-b of Leoj)oldstadt, in 1793
of the Schotteu monastery in Vienna, in
1801 music-teacher to the irajierial princes,
in 1804 vice-Kapelhueister ; 1824, on Sa-
lieri's retirement, Kapellmeister to the Em-
peror of Austria. He was ennobled in 1834.
While conducting Mozart's Requiem in
1833, he was struck by aploplexy, which
compelled him to renounce the active prac-
tice of his profession. He took Mozart's
advice in composing mostly church music.
His works show a devotional spirit, in sjjite
of great mobility and occasionally too heavy
instrumentation, and bear some likeness
to the compositions of ISIichael Haydn.
Works : Das Zauberschwert, opera, 1803
(not represented) ; Die Mutter der Gracchen,
pantomime ; Die Hirten bei der Krippe zu
Bethlehem, cantata, sung in 1794 ; Die vier
letzteu Dinge, oratorio, performed in 1810 ;
32 masses (7 printed) ; Requiem ; 7 Te De-
um ; 30 offertories ; 35 graduals ; 7 piano-
forte sonatas ; Symphonies ; Concertos ;
Overtures ; Chamber music ; Songs. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., vi. 453 ; Wurzbach, iv. 120 ;
Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Riemann ; Grove.
EYKEN (Eijken), GERRIT JAN VAN,
born at Amersfoort, Netherlands, May 5,
1832, still living, 1889. Organist, pupil of
his father, Gerard van Eyken, organist, of
his brother, Jan Albert, and (1851-53) at
the Leipsic Conservatorium and at Dres-
den of Johann Schneider and Magnus
Bohme. After his return to Holland he
settled first at Amsterdam, and in 1855 at
Utrecht, where he became organist of the
Waalsche kerk, and Kapelraeester of the
schutterij. Works : Het Krooningsfeest
van keizer Karel V. te Bologna, opera,
given at Amsterdam, May 14, 1858, Utrecht,
Nov. 20, 1859 ; Sonata for j^ianoforte and
violin ; 3 sonatinas for pianoforte ; Songs.
— Viotta.
EYKEN (Eijken), JAN ALBERT VAN,
born at Amersfoort, Netherlands, April 29,
1823, died at Elberfeld, Sept. 24, 18C8.
Organist, pupil of his father, Gerard van
Eyken, organist ; subsequently at the Leip-
sic Conservatorium in 1845-46. On Men-
delssohn's recommendation he finished his
organ studies under Johaun Schneider, in
Dresden. Ho gave organ concerts in Hol-
land in 1847, became organist in the Church
of the Remonstrants, Amsterdam, in 1848,
and professor of the organ in the music
school of Rotterdam in 1853. In 1854 he
went to Elberfeld as organist of the Re-
formed Church. He received prizes for
the following compositions written for the
Netherlands Society for the Encouragement
of Music : Quartet for jiianoforte, violin, vi-
ola, and violoncello ; 2 organ sonatas ; music
for a Dutch drama, Lucifer ; and songs for
four male voices. He arranged Goudiniel's
150 psalms for the Reformed Church for
choir and organ, besides composing church
music and Lieder with pianoforte accompa-
niment, hymns for men's voices, etc. — Fi'tis ;
Riemann ; Mendel.
EYKENS, JEAN SIMON, born at Ant-
werp, Oct. 13, 1812, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic com]50ser, pupil of Ravets, organist
of the church of the Augustiues, Antwerji,
and at the Conservatoire, Liege, of Jalheau
on the pianoforte, and of Danssoigne-Mchul
in harmony. Returned to Antwerp in 1831,
devoted himself to teaching the jjianoforte,
became conductor of the Reunion lyrique
anversoise in 1843, and president of the
Reunion des socictes lyriques in 1848.
Member of the Societe royale des sciences,
Antwerp, and of the Societo d'emulation,
Lic'ge. Works : Le depart de Grctry, op-
eretta, given at Liege, 1829 ; Le bandit,
opera, Antwerp, 1836 ; La cle du jai-din,
ib., 1837 ; Cantata for the unveiling of the
statue of Rubens, ib., 1840 ; Masses and
other church music ; Pianoforte pieces ;
Choruses for male voices, with or without
orchestra ; Songs, etc. — Fetis ; Viotta.
EYRE, ALFRED JAMES, born at Lam-
beth, London, Oct. 24, 1853, still living,
1889. Organist, impil at the Royal Acad-
34
EYSEL
emy of IMusic under Maefarren, Westlake,
ami Smith, and on the organ under Hoyte
and Cooper. He has served as organist of
several metropolitan churches, lastly of St.
John Evangelist, 1881 ; was organist of the
Crystal Palace, 1880. Works : Commun-
ion Service in E-flat ; Evening Service for
the Salisbury Diocesan Choral Associa-
tion ; The 12Cth Psalm for four voices ;
String quartet ; Pianoforte music ; Songs,
etc.
EYSEL, JOHANN PHILIPP, born at
Erfurt, 1G98, died there, 17G3. Amateur
violoncellist, and composer of more than
ordinary ability ; published several cantatas,
a great number of motets (Nuremberg,
1738-16), solos for violin, and flute, with
thorough bass.— Mendel ; Schilling.
EZIO (^tius), Italian opera in three
acts, text by Metastasio, first set to music
by Auletta and represented in the Teatro
delle Damme, Rome, Dec. 2G, 1728. The
libretto, founded on incidents in the career
of ^tius, the famous general of the Western
Empire and conqueror of Attila, is one of
Metastasio's best works. Scene in Rome.
Characters represented : Valentiniano III.,
emperor, in love with Fulvia ; Fulvia, daugh-
ter of Massimo, betrothed to Ezio ; Ezio, lover
of Fulvia ; Onoria, sister of Valentiniano,
secretly in love with Ezio ; Massimo, father
of Fulvia, confidant and secret enemy of
Valentiniano ; Varo, jDrefect of prretorians
and friend of Ezio. The libretto has been
set to music also by Porpora, Venice, 1728 ;
Handel, London, Jan. 15, 1732 ; Lampu-
gnani, Venice, 1737 ; Jommelli, Bologna,
174:1, and Naples, 1748 ; Pescetti, Venice,
1747 ; Bonno, Vienna, 1749 ; Traetta, Rome,
1754 ; Perez, London, 1755 ; Graun, Ber-
lin, 1755 ; Gassraann, Italy, about 1760 ;
Schwanberg, Brunswick, 17G3 ; Gluck, Vi-
enna, 1763 ; Felice Alessandri, Verona,
1767 ; Johann Christian Bach, about 1770 ;
Pietro Guglielmi, London, 1770 ; Sacchiui,
Naples, about 1770 ; Gazzaniga, Venice,
1772 ; Bertoui, Venice, 1777 ; Mortellari,
Milan, 1777 ; Calvi, Pavia, 1784 ; Tarchi,
Vicenza, 1790 ; Mercadante, Turin, 1826 ;
Celli, Florence, 1830.
EZIO, Italian opera in three acts, text by
Metastasio, music by Handel, first rep-
resented at the King's Theatre, London,
Jan. 15, 1732. The MS., preserved in
Buckingham Palace, is undated, the last
sheet being missing. The text of Metas-
tasio is much abridged and altered. The
principal charactei-s were sung by Senesino,
Montagnana, and Signora Strada. It was
given five times. Published first by Walsh ;
full score by Hilndelgesellschaft (Leipsie,
1880).— Rockstro, Handel, 167 ; Schoilcher,
103 ; Chrysander, ii. 248.
FABER, BENEDICT, born at Hildburg-
hausen about the end of the 16th
century, died (?). Church comp)Oser
of distinction, in the service of the Duke of
Saxe-Coburg about the first quarter of the
17th century. Works: The 148th Psalm
(in Latin), for 8 voices (Coburg, 1602) ; Sa-
crpe cautiones, 4, 5, G, 7 et 8 vocibus conci-
nendiB (ib., 1G05) ; Gratulatio musica ex
primo capite, etc. (ib., 1607) ; Canticum
sex vocibus in festivitatem nuptiarum (ib.,
1607) ; The 51st Psalm, Miserere mei Deus,
for 8 voices (ib., 1G08) ; Adhortatio prima
Christi, etc. (ib., 1609) ; Cautio nuptialis ex
psalmo Davidis, etc. (ib., 1609) ; Cantiones
sacra;, 4-8 voc. (ib., 1610) ; Triumphus mu-
sicalis in victoriam resurrectiouis Christi, 7
vocibus compositus (ib., 1611) ; Zwei neue
Hochzeits Gesilnge mit 5 Stimmen ; Gratu-
latorium musicale 6 vocum (ib., 1631). — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
FABRE D'OLIVET, ANTOINE, born at
Ganges (Herault), Dec. 8, 1768, died in
Paris, April, 1825. Dramatic composer ; he
endeavoured to reproduce the old Hellenic
system of music in an oratorio written for
the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1804.
His system was analogous to Blainville's
mode mixte, or the mode plagal. Works :
Le sage de llndostan, philosophical drama
with choruses, given in Paris, 1796 ; Ro-
FABIII
mances ; Quartets for two flutes, viola, and
bass (1800). — Fetis ; Larousse.
FABRI, STEFANO, tbe elder, bom latter
half of tbe IGth century. He was maestro
di cappella of tbe Vatican in 1599-1601,
visited Germany in 1601-2, and was maes-
tro di cajjpella of S. Giovanni in Laterano,
Rome, in 1G03-7. He 'wrote two books,
Duodecim modi musicales, etc. (Nurem-
berg, 1602) and Trieinia sacra, etc. (ib.,
1607), and other church music. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
FABRI, STEFANO, the younger, born in
Rome in 160G, died there, Aug. 27, 1658.
Composer of the Roman school, pujjil of
Naniui. He was maestro di cappella of S.
Luigi de' Frances!, Rome, in 1648, and in
1657 of Santa Maria Maggiore. "Works :
Motets for two to five voices (Rome, 1G50) ;
Salmi concertati, five parts (ib., 1G60). — Fc-
tis ; Mendel.
FABRICIUS, WERNER, born at Itzehoe,
Holstein, April 10, 1633, died at Leii)sic,
Jan. 9, 1679. Organist, first instructed by
his father, who was organist at Flensburg,
and by the cantor Karl Moth ; then pujail of
Heinrich Scheidmann and in composition
of Sellius at Hamburg. In 1G50 be went to
Leipsic to study, and afterwards to pi-actise
law ; in 1656 he was made director of mu-
sic at the Paulinerkircbe, and two years
later organist at St. Nicolai. Works : De-
licite harmouite, musikalische Gemiithser-
gotzung in Paduanen, Allemanden, Couran-
ten, Balletten, Sarabanden, etc. (Go), zu 5
Stimmen fiir Violen und andere lustru-
mente (Leipsic, 1656) ; Geistlicbe Lieder
(Jena, 1659) ; Geistlicbe Alien, Dialogen,
Concerten, etc., fiir 4-8 Vocalstimmen (Leip-
sic, 1662) ; Motets, etc. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
vi. 525 ; Fetis ; Monatshefte fiir Musikge-
schichte (1875), 180 ; Winterfeld, ii. 477.
FABRIZI (Fabrizio), PAOLO, born at
Spoleto in 1809, died in Naples, Maix-h 3,
1869. Dramatic composer, pupil at tbe
Naples Conservatorio, and especially of Zin-
gareUi in composition. Works — Operas :
La vedova d'un vivo, given at Naples, Te-
atro Partenoi^e, 1833 ; La festa di Carditi-
eUo, ib., Teatro Nuovo, 1833 ; R Blondello,
ib., 1834 ; La caravana del Cairo, il conte
di Saverna, ib., 1835 ; L' inganuo uon dura,
ib., 1836 ; R giorno degli equivoci, ib., 1837 ;
II portator d'acqua, ib., 1840 ; Lara, o il ca-
valiere verde, Cristina di Svezia, Sjjoleto,
1844. — Ft'tis ; do., Supislement, i. 310.
FABRIZI, VINCENZO, born in Naples
about 1765, time of death not known.
Dramatic comjioser, probably pupil at the
Conservatorio, Naples, where he had his
permanent residence, although be spent a
goodly portion of his life travelling, to
bring out his ojDeras, which were very suc-
cessful. Works — Comic operas : I due
castellani burlati, given at Bologna, 1785 ;
La sposa in^dsibile, Rome, 1786 ; La neces-
sitii nou ha legge, Dresden, 1786 ; La con-
tessa di nova luna, Bologna, 1767 ; I pun-
tigli di gelosia, Florence, 1786 ; Chi la fa
I'aspetta, Bologna, 1787 ; La nobiltii viUana,
1787 ; Gli amanti trajspolieri, Naples, 1787 ;
II cafe di Barcelona, 1788 ; II Don Gio-
vanni, ossia il convitato di pieti-a, Fano,
1788 ; L' incontro per accidente, Naj)les,
1788 ; La tempesta, ossia da uu disordine
ne nasce un ordiue, Rome, 1788 ; R Colom-
bo, 1789 ; La moglie capricciosa, Milan,
1799.— FiHis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
F.ICCIO, FRANCO, born in Verona,
Jlarch 8, 1841, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Conservatorio, ililan,
1855-1861, under Roncbetti and Mazzucato.
He obtained a subsidy from tbe govern-
ment which enabled him to travel and
study. With his friend and co-labourer,
Arrigo Boito, he pursues a progressive
course, deviating from the trodden path of
the Italian oi^eratic style. He was professor
of harmony at tbe Milan Conservatorio,
1868, and subsequently of counterpoint and
fugue, and maestro concertatore and maes-
tro di cajipella at La Seala, being consid-
ered tbe best conductor in Italy since
Marlani. Works : Concert overture, 1860 ;
Le sorelle d' Italia, cantata (with Boito),
18G2 ; I profughi Fiamminghi, opera, text
FACKELTANZ
by Praga, given in Milan, La Scala, Nov.
10, 1863 ; Amleto, do., text by Boito, Flor-
ence, 1865, Milan, 1871 ; Cantata for the
inauguration of tlie Turin Exhibition, 1884 ;
Album nielodico (Milan, Eicordi) ; Cinque
cauzonette veueziane (ib.). — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 311 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 99 ; Eie-
mann.
FACKELTAXZ (Torch Dance ; Fr.,
^larche aux lianibeaus), a procession with
torches and military music, customary at
some of the German courts on the occasion
of the marriage of a member of the royal
famih'. Meyerbeer wrote the music — a Po-
lonaise in march tempo — for four : 1. For
the wedding of the King of Bavaria, 1846 ;
2. For the wedding of the Princess Char-
lotte of Prussia, 1850 ; 3. For the wedding
of the Princess Anne of Prussia, 1853 ; 4.
For the wedding of the Princess Eoj-al of
England and the Crown Prince Friedrich of
Prussia, Jan. 25, 1858. Spontini, Flotow,
and others, have also written them. — Men-
del ; Grove.
FAGO, NICOL(X called II Tarentino,
born at Taranto in 1674, died in Naples
after 1729. Dramatic composer, j)upil of
Scarlatti at the Conservatorio de' Poveri,
Naples, and of Proveuzale at the Conserva-
torio de' Turchini. He succeeded Proven-
zale as maestro, and had as pujsils Nicola
Sala, Leonardo Leo, and other celebrated
musicians. Of his several operas the name
of one only, Eustachio, is preserved. As-
tarte, a lyrical drama, was produced at Na-
ples, Teatro Sau Bartolomeo, in 1709. His
church music includes masses, motets, lita-
nies, Te Deum, two Magnificat, a Benedic-
tus, psalms, etc. Some are in the MSS. of
the National Library, Paris, others in the
archives of the Naples Conservatorio and
other musical libraries in Italy. Bassevi's
collection contains an oratorio, Faraone
sommerso, for four voices and instruments.
— Fetis ; do., Supph'ment, i. 311 ; Mendel ;
do., Ergiinz., 99 ; lliemann.
FAHEBACH, JOSEF, born in Vienna,
Aug. 25, 1804, died there, June 7, 1883.
Virtuoso on the flute and guitar, self-taught ;
was for years first flute in the orchestra of
the Opera in Vienna, then conductor of an
orchestra for dance music. He has written
a large number of fantasias, variations, pre-
ludes, transcriptions, etc., for flute solo, and
with other instruments, and dance music for
orchestra ; also Methods for oboe (op. 27)
and flute. — Fetis ; do., Suiiplcmeut, i. 312 ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FAHEBACH, PHILIPP, the elder, born
in Vienna, Oct. 25, 1815, died there, March
31, 1885. Dramatic, church, and dance
composer, pujnl of Lanner ; conducted for
years a well-trained orchestra in Vienna,
and was afterwards Kapellmeister of a regi-
mental band. AVorks : Der Liebe Opfer,
opera, given in Vienna, 1844 ; Das Scliwert
des Konigs, do., ib., 1845 ; Church music,
and more than 150 works of dance music.
— AUgem. wiener Musik-Zeitung (1845),
394, 504 ; Wurzbach.
FAHEBACH, PHILIPP, the younger,
born in Vienna in 1843, still hving, 1889.
Dance music composer, son and pupil of
Philipp Fahrbach, the elder, in whose or-
chestra he played first violin, then first
flute, and in 1865 shared the conductor-
shii5 with his father, before organizing an
orchestra of his own, when he rapidly won
the reputation of an able conductor. In
1870 he became Kapellmeister of a regi-
ment, and in 1872 instituted at Pesth well-
attended concerts, at which he plays his
own compositions, now numbering more
than 300, which are almost as much in de-
mand as those of Strauss. — Mendel, Er-
giinz., 99 ; Fetis, SuiJjilement, i. 312.
FAIDIT (Faydit), GAUCELM, born at
Uzerche (Correze), France, about 1150, died
about 1220. Eichard Cceur de Lion called
him to his court, and he accompanied that
monarch to the Holy Land, and wrote a dirge
at the time of his death (1199). He lived
subsequently at the court of the Marquis de
Montferrat, and at that of Eaymond dA-
goult. About fifty of his songs are pre-
served.— Fetis ; Larousse ; Gerber ; Men-
faig:xient
del ; Brockbaus ; Allgera. d. Biogr., vi.
575 ; Ambros, ii. 226 ; Viotta, i. 49G.
FAIGNIENT, NOE, Dutcb contrapuntist
of tbe 16tb centuiy. He lived in Antweip
about 1570 ; his airs, motets, and madrigals
were printed in Paris and Antwerp (1567-
1595). His works, written in the style of
Orlando Lasso, are in the collections of that
time, some of tliem in the Antwerp col-
lection of the Brussels library, in the Livre
septieme des chansons vulgaires. — Fetis ;
Van der Straeten, i. 95 ; v. 283 ; Burney,
Hist., iii. 262 ; Mendel ; AValther, 328 ;
Viotta, i. 497.
FAffiFAX. See Fayrfax.
FAmLAMB, JAMES EEinXGTON,
born, of American parentage, in Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, Jan. 23, 1837, still liv-
ing, 1889. Organist, pupil of his mother,
and of Charles Boycr, then organist of St.
Steijheu's Church, Philadelphia. Before he
was sixteen years old he became organist
of the Western Methodist Episcopal Church,
Philadelphia ; a year later of the Tabernacle
Baptist Church, and four years afterwards
of the Clinton Street Presbyterian Church,
where he remained two years. In 1858
he went to Europe, and studied, at the
Paris Conservatoire, singing under Michel
Masset and Madame Bockholtz-Falconi, and
harmonj" under Adolphe Dauhauser, and
at Florence, singing under Mabellini. In
1860 he settled in Washington, D. C, as
organist and choir-director of the Church
of the Epiphany, but returned in 1861 to
Europe as United States Consul at Ztlrich,
Switzerland, where he remained four years,
durinjr which he received from the King of
Wiirtemberg the grand gold Medal of Art
and Science. In 1865 he returned to the
Church of the Epiijhany, Washington, but
a year later removed to Philadelphia, and
in 1870, became organist of St. John's
Episcopal Church, Washington, and later
of the Assembly Presbyterian Church in
the same city. During his residence in
Washington he organized an amateur ojjera
company, which produced Balfe's Bohemian
Girl, Gounod's Faust, and his own opera,
Valerie. The organization was subse-
quently changed into a choral society. In
1878-81 he was organist of St. John's
Church, Elizabeth, N. J., then of Grace
Church, Jersey City, in 1883 of Ascension
Church, New York, and in 1884 of St.
Ignatius Church in the same city, which
position he still retains. He has published
about 150 comjjositions, of which nearly
100 are songs and about 40 are sacred
choral works ; the remainder, pianoforte
pieces. He has written also a grand opera,
Valerie, in four acts.
FAHl ROSAMOND, English opera in
four acts, text by C. Z. Barnett, music by
John Barnett, first represented at Drury
Lane Theatre, London, Feb. 28, 1837. It
is full of charming music, but owing to a
poor libretto had indifferent success.
FAISST, IM MANUEL (GOTTLOB
FRIEDRICH), born at Esslingeu, AViirtem-
berg, Oct. 13, 1823, still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, self-taught ; served as organist when
nine years old, went to Berlin in 1844, and
was advised by Mendelssohn, to whom he
showed some of his compositions, to jjursue
his studies independently. Having given or-
gan recitals in several cities, he settled in
184G, at Stuttgart, where he founded in 1847
the Union for classical church music, in 1849
the Suabian Silngerbund, and in 1857 with
\ Lebert the Conservatorium, at which he
taught the organ and composition, and of
which he assumed the directorship in 1859.
He is also organist of the Stiftskirche. Tlie
university of Tubingen conferred on hira
the degree of doctor, and the King of Wiir-
temberg the title of professor. His com-
positions consist of cantatas, motets, cho-
ruses, songs, organ and pianoforte music.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
FAITHFUL SHEPHERD. See Pastor
fido.
FALANDRY, ALEXIS GERjMAm, born
at Lavalette (Aude), France, April 28, 1798,
died in 1853. Composer of church and
chamber music, pupil of Fetis at the Paris
38
FALCONE
Conservatoire, 1824-1827 ; became maitre
de cbapelle in Southern France. Of his
church music and romances were published
in Paris (Canaux) : Mass for three voices,
with two violins, viola, and bass ; Memorare,
motet for four voices, and organ ; Domine
nou secundum, for three voices and organ ;
O sacrum couvivium, do. ; Ecce panis, do. ;
Attende Domine, do. ; Ave vcrum, for two
voices ; Hymn to St. Vincent de Paule,
for do. ; Organ pieces, and many romances.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FALCONE, ACHILLE, Italian contra-
puntist of the end of the 16th century, died
at Cosenza, Italy, Nov. 9, 1600. He was
maestro di cappella at Caltagirone. His
name is well known in musical history from
the long musical discussion as to the supe-
riority of his merits over those of his rival,
Sebastiano Eaval ; several of the best musi-
cians of the time, including Nanini and So-
riano, were made umpires. Baiui accords
him much praise. His madrigals were pub-
lished after his early death. — Fctis ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Ambros, iii. 591.
FALCONIO (Falconius), PLACIDUS,
Benedictine monk, born at Asola, died in
the beginning of the 17th century. Church
composer, entered the convent of his order
at Brescia in 15-19. Works : Missai iutroi-
tus per totum annum (Venice, 1575) ; Pas-
sio, S. Voces hebdomadse sanctpe (ib.,
1580) ; Eesponsoria hebdomadaj sanctte, etc.
(Brescia, 1580) ; Turbarum vocis, etc. (ib.,
1580) ; Magnificat octo touorum (ib., 1588).
— Ft'tis ; Gerber (1812), ii. 73 ; Mendel ;
Ambros, iv. 79.
FALEGNAiNIE DI LIVONIA, IL (The
Carpenter of Livonia), Italian comic opera,
text by Eomani, music by Donizetti, repre-
sented at the Teatro di San Luca, Venice,
1819. The same libretto, set to music by
Giovanni Pacini, was given at Milan in
1819, and at Bergamo in 1832.
FALKNERS BRAUT, DES (The Fal-
coner's Bride), German opera, music by
Heinrich Marschner, given at Leipsie,
1832.
FALLANI, DO MEN I CO, Neapolitan
church composer, maestro di capisella at
Pozzuoli in the second half of the 18th
centurj'. He wrote masses, vespers, and
psalms for three and four voices, with two
violins, viola, and bass. His Orazione di
Geremia, for a solo voice, with violins, viola,
and organ, suggesting the style of Pergolesi
and Leo, is commended as a masterpiece.
—Fctis.
FALL BABYLONS, DER (The Fall of
Babylon), oratorio in two parts, text by
Oetker after the English of Edward Taylor,
music by Spohr, composed 1840, iirst per-
formed at Cassel, Good Friday, 1811 ; Mu-
sic Festival, Norwich, 1812 ; Exeter Hall,
London, 1843, conducted by Spolir in per-
son.— Spohr's Autobiography (English ed.),
ii. 247.
FALL'N IS THE FOE, chorus in D mi-
uoi", in Handel's Judas Maccabwus, Part II.
FALLOUARD, PIERRE JEAN IMICHEL,
born at Honfleur (Calvados), France, July
11, 1805, died there, April 16, 1865. Organ-
ist, pupil of Delaporte, whose successor he
became at St. Catharine's, Honfleur, in 1825,
and of Godefroi at Rouen. He then studied
the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven,
and formed many able jjupils. Works :
6 series of marches, pas-redoubles, etc., for
military band ; 6 valses brillantes for piano-
forte ; 2 quadrilles for 4 hands ; Variations
for clarinet ; 3 duos concertants for 2 clar-
inets ; Romances, with pianoforte ; Organ
and pianoforte music, and songs. — Fetis.
FAXiSTAFF, Italian comic opera in two
acts, text by Manfredo Maggioni, music by
Balfe, represented at Her Majesty's Thea-
tre, London, July 19, 1838. The libretto
is an adaptation from Shakespeare's " Merry
Wives of Windsor." The music was en-
tirely written within two mouths. Sung by
Grisi, Albertazzi, Caremoli, Lablache, Ru-
bini, and Tamburini, it won an unqualified
success. The trio, " Vorrei parlar," and the
melody, " O mia gioia," were very popular
and are still found in programmes. — Bar-
rett, Balfe, 122 ; Kenney, Memoir, 126.
FAMILLE
FAMELLE SUISSE, LA, opera-comique
iu one act, text bj Godart d'Ancourt (Saint-
Just), music by Boieldieu, reinesented at
the Theatre Feydeau, Paris, Feb. 12, 1797.
This, the composer's first work of impor-
tance, had a successful run of thirty nights,
alternately with Cherubini's Medee. — Pou-
gin, Boieldieu, 48.
FAMINZIN, ALEXANDER SERGIE-
VITCH, born at Kaluga, Russia, in 1841,
still living, 1888. Dramatic composer, pu-
2)il of Jeau Vogt in St. Petersburg, of Haupt-
mann, Richter, and Riedel in Leipsic (18G2-
Go), and of Seifriz at LOwenberg. In 1860
he was made jjrofessor of musical history
and aesthetics at the Conservatory of St.
Petersburg, and in 1870 secretary of the
Russian Music Society. Since 1869 he has
edited the Russian perioilical Musical Sea-
son, and he contributes also to other papers.
Works : Sardanapal, opera, given iu St.
Petersburg, 1875 ; Uriel Acosta, do., ib.,
1883 ; Triumph of Dionysos, symphonic
poem ; Russian rhapsody for violin and or-
chestra ; Quintet with pianoforte ; String
quartets ; Pianoforte pieces and songs.
— Mendel, Ergiinz. ; Riemann.
FAN.\TICO BURL.\TO, IL (The Fanatic
Ridiculed), opera buffa, music by Cimarosa,
performed at the Teatro del Foudo, Naples,
1787. It is probably identical with II fa-
natico in berliiia (The Fanatic iu the Pillory),
given iu Milan, 1792.
FANCHETTE, ou I'heureuse eprcuve,
opera-comique in three acts, text bj- Des-
fontaines, music by Dalayrac, rejiresented
at the Opera Comique, Paris, Sept. 13,
1788. An opera-comique of the same title,
in one act, text and music by Eugene De-
jazet, was produced at the Theatre Dejazet,
Paris, Feb. 4, 1860.
FANISKA, German opera in three acts,
text by Sonnleithner from the French, mu-
sic by Cherubini, represented at the Kiirnth-
nerthor Theater, Vienna, Feb. 25, 1806. It
had an immense reputation, being consid-
ered at one time superior to Beethoven's
Fidelio.
FANNA, ANTONIO, born in Venice in
1795, died there, March 15, 1845. Pianist,
wrote fantasias for pianoforte, caprices, etc.,
besides romances and canzonets for the
voice. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Viotta, i. 499.
FANTASIE mT CHOR, for pianoforte,
with orchestra and chorus, text by Christian
Kuffuer, music by Beethoven, op. 80, in C
minor, composed 1808, first performed iu
Vienna, Dec. 22, 1808 ; dedicated to King
Maximilian Josejih I. of Bavaria. Pub-
lished by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1811).
— Thayer, Verzeichniss, 77 ; Lenz, Bee-
thoven, ii. 188.
FANTASIO, opera-comique in three acts,
text after the comedy of Alfred de Musset,
music by Otfeubach, represented at the
Opera Comique, Paris, Jan. 18, 1872. The
role of the buffoon was played by Slme
Galli-:Marie ; Elsbeth by Mile Priola.
FANTASTIC SYMPHONY. See Epi-
sode de la vie d'un artiste.
FANTE, ANTONIO DEL, died in Rome,
Jlarch, 1822. He was maestro di cappella
of S. M. Maggiore, Rome, from 1817. He
left church and chamber music in MS.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FANTON, NICOLAS, maitre de musique
of the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1757. He bad
previously held a similar position at the
Cathedral of Blois. He comiioscd motets,
and phyed at the Concerts Spirituels from
1754. His best compositions are in La-
lande's style. They were never published.
—Fetis ; Mendel.
FANUCCHI, DO:\IENICO, born in Lucca,
Italy, about 1795, died there, June 24, 1862.
Organist, pupil of Domenico Quilici, and of
Domenico Puccini. He became one of the
best performers of his tiine ; was maestro
of the Seminario of S. Martino. Works :
Masses ; Psalms ; Motets ; Hymns, etc.
(1820-1840).— Fetis, Supplement, i. 313 ;
Mendel, Ergilnz., xii. 100.
FARAMONDO (Pharamond), Italian op-
era in three acts, text by Apostolo Zeno,
but considerably altered, music by Handel,
fii'st performed at the King's Theatre,
40
FxiKEWELL
London, Jan. 7, 1738. The MS., in Buck-
ingliam PaLice, is dated, at the beginning,
Nov. 15, 1737, and at the end, Dec. 24,
1737. Within this time Handel wrote also
the Funeral Anthem for the obsequies of
Queen Caroline. The opera, the principal
parts in which were sung by the famous
artificial soprano Gaetano Majorauo (1703-
1783), called Caffarelli and by Madame
Elizabeth Duparc, called La Francesina, was
given but five times. Characters repre-
sented : Faramondo, Clotilde, Rosimonda,
Gustavo, Adolfo, Gernaudo, Teobaldo,
Childerico. It was first published by
"Walsh, 1738 ; full score, Htindelgesellschaft
(Leipsic, 1884). Ojseras of the same title
had been given previously by Pollarolo,
Venice, 1699 ; and Pori^ora, Naples, 1719.
■ — Schoelcher, Handel, 192 ; Eockstro, Han-
del, 208 ; Chrysander, ii. 447.
FAEEWELL OF HIAWATHA, THE,
ballad for baritone solo, male chorus, and
orchestra, by Arthur Foote, op. 11, first
given in the Boston (Mass.) Music Hall by
the Apollo Club, May 12, 188G. The text
is from Longfellow's poem.
FAEEWELL SYMPHONY. See Ab-
schieda sinfonie.
FAELi, LLTZ DA COSTA E, born at
Guarda, Portugal, Oct. 14, 1679, died (?).
He studied at the Theological Seminary,
took orders in 1724, and held important
offices in the province of Jlinho. Works :
Zarzuelas and vilhancicos, of which he wrote
words and music. — Fetis, Supplement, i.,
313 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 100 ; Vasconcellos.
FAEINA, CAELO, born in Mantua, Italy,
about 1.580, died (?). He was solo violinist
at the court of Savoy, and one of the earli-
est to write solo music for his instrument.
He published at Dresden, in 1G27, a collec-
tion of galliards, courants, etc., the best
part of which is appropriately called " Ca-
priccio Stravagante," wherein the violin is
made to imitate animal sounds, tlie fife, and
the guitar. A copy of this book is in the
Dresden Library. — Hart, Violin and its
Music, 172.
FAEINELLI, GIUSEPPE, born at Este,
Venetia, May 7, 1769, died at Trieste, Dec.
12, 1836. Eeal name Finco. Dramatic
composer, pupil in his native city of Do-
menico Liouelli, then in Venice of Marti-
nelli, and in Naples at the Conservatorio
della Pieta de' Turchini (where he changed
his name to Farinelli), of Barbiella in sing-
ing, of Fugo in thorough bass, and of Sala
and Tritto in composition. He pursued
also special studies under Picciuni, Fena-
roli, and Guglielmi. In 1808 he brought
out iu Venice the cantata II nuovo destino,
lived in Turin from 1810 to 1817, then for
a time in Venice, and in 1819 was appointed
maestro di cappella of San Giusto cathedral
and of the Teatro Grande in Trieste. His
operas, mostly comic, are in the style of
Cimarosa, and obtained great success ; he
was repeatedly invited to Vienna and Lis-
bon. As one of the last disciples of the
masters mentioned, he adhered strictly to
the old Neapolitan school, and was averse to
modern Italian music. Works — Operas :
La locandiera scaltra, Italy, about 1790,
Paris, 1805 ; L' amor sincero, about 1790 ;
Bandiera d' ogui vento, 1791 ; II finto sordo,
1791 ; La Pamela maritata, Venice, 1791 ;
Oro seuza oro, ib., 1792 ; LaGiulietta, 1792 ;
La finta sposa, about 1793 ; Teresa e Clau-
dio, Venice, 1793 ; L' amico dell' uomo,
about 1793 ; Uu effetto naturale, 1793 ;
41
FARINELLI
Odoardo e Cailottti, do. ; II colpevole salvato
dellacolpa, 1793; Aiiiietta.ossiavirtu trionta,
1794 ; L' iudoleute, about 1795 ; L' iucognita,
1795 ; La terza lettera ed il terzo martinel-
lo, Veuice, 1795 ; II duello jjer comi^limeuto,
1795 ; Idomeueo, 1796 ; Attila, 1797 ; L'
uomo iudolente, Najsles about 1797 ; 11
Cid delle Sjjagne, do. ; La Ginevra degli
Almieri, Turin, 1798 ; Lauso e Lidia, about
1798 ; II matrimonio per concorso, about
1799 ; Climeue, 1800 ; II trionfo d' Emilio,
about 1800 ; La caritea, 1801 ; II dotto-
rato di Pulcinella, 1802 ; La contadina di
spirito, 1803 ; H nuovo savio della Giecia,
1804 ; Raggiri a sorpresa, 1804 ; I riti d'
Efeso, 1804 ; L' inganno non dura, Naples,
1806 ; Adriano in Siria, Milau, 1815 ; Scij)i-
one in Cartagine, Turin, 1815 ; Zoraide,
Venice, 1816 ; La Cbiarina, Milan, 1816 ; II
testameuto a sei cento mille fraucbi, Turin,
1816 ; La donna di Bessarabia, Venice, 1819 ;
II nuovo destino, cantata, Veuice, 1808. — Nu-
volato, Storia di Este e del suo tenitorio
(Este, 1851), 563; Fotis, iv. 230; Grove;
Meudel ; Schilling ; do., Supjslement, 123 ;
Wurzbacli.
FARINELLI, serio-comic opera in two
acts, text by C. Z. Barnett, music by John
Barnett, represented at Druiy Lane Thea-
tre, London, Feb. 8, 1839. The part of
Farinelli (Carlo Broschi) was sung by
Balfe.
FARMER, JOHN, EngUsh composer of
the 16th century. Nothing is known of his
life. In 1591 he published a tract entitled
'"Divers and Sundrie waies of two Parts iu
one, to the number of fortie upon one
playn Song," etc., and he was one of the ten
composers employed by Este to harmonize
the tunes for his " Whole Book of Psalms "
(1592). In 1599 he published his "First
Set of English Madrigals to Foure Voyces,"
and in 1601 contributed to the " Tri-
umphes of Oriaua " the six-part madrigal,
"Faire uimphes I heard one telling."
— Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, Hist., iii. 134 ;
Hawkins, Hi.st., iii. 400 ; Meudel ; Ritter,
Music iu England, 40.
FARMER, THOiLVS, Euglish composer
of the 17tli centurj-. He was originally
one of the Waits of London, aud received
the degree of Mus. Bac, Cambridge, in
1684. He conti'ibuted songs to the "The-
atre of Music" (1685-1687) and to D'Urfey's
" Third Collection of songs " (1685) ; pub-
lished a " Consort of Musick in four parts,
containing 33 Lessons beginning with an
Overture " (1868) and a " Second Consort of
Musick, iu four jjarts, containing eleven
Lessons beginning with a Ground " (1G90).
PurceU composed an Elegy, text by Nahum
Tate, on his death, from which it is inferred
that he died young. — Grove ; Fetis ; Haw-
kins, Hist,, V. 18 ; Meudel.
FARNABY, GILES, born in Truro,
Cornwall, England, second half of 16th cen-
tury, died ('?). Comjjoser, graduated at
Oxford as Mus. Bac, July 9, 1592. He was
one of the composers employed by Thomas
Este to harmonize the tunes for the " Whole
Book of Psalms " (1592). Works : Canzonets
to foure voyces with a song of eight parts
(Loudon, 1598); Madrigal, "Come, Cha-
ron, Come," in MS. ; Music iu Queen Eliza-
beth's Virginal Book, preserved in the Fitz-
william Museum, Cambridge. — Grove; Fetis;
Larousse ; Bumey, Hist., iii. 112 ; Hawkins,
Hist., iii. 367 ; Ritter, Music iu England, 129.
FARNACE (Pharnaces), Italian opera,
music by Caldara, represented in Venice,
1703. The hero is Pharnaces, son of Mith-
ridates. King of Pontus, whose revolt led to
his father's death. The same subject has
been treated also by Pollarolo, Venice, 1718 ;
Bononcini, London, 1723 ; Vinci, Venice,
1724 ; Vivaldi, Venice, 1726 ; Riualdo da
Capua, Italy, about 1740 ; Arena, Rome,
1742 ; Traetta, Naples, 1750 ; Perez, Rome,
1750 ; Guglielmi, Italy, about 1765 ; Sarti,
Veuice, 1776 ; Sterkel, Naples, 1780 ; Ur-
bani, Dublin, 1784.
FARRANT, RICHARD, born in first half
of 16th century, died at Windsor, Nov. 30,
1580. He was one of the Gentlemen of the
Chapel Royal up to 1564 ; Master of the
Children of St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
42
FARREXC
q^.
aucl probably organist, in 1564-69 ; and
again Gentleman of the Chapel Eoj-al, from
1569 until his death. Works : High Ser-
vice, in G minor and A minor, in Tudway's
Collection, British Museum ; The anthems,
"Call to remembrance," and, "Hide not
Thou thy Face, O Lord," i^reserved in the
collections of Barnard and Boyce. The
anthem, "Lord, for Thy tender mercies'
sake," assigned to him, is attributed by ear-
lier writers to John Hilton ; and the anthem,
" OLord Almighty," is questionably assign-
ed to him by Tudway. — Grove ; Fe-
tis ; Burney, Hist., iii. 11; Hawkins,
Hist., iii. 249 ; Bitter, Music in Eng-
land, 39 ; Naumanu (Ouseley), i. 679.
F.ARRENC, JEANNE LOUISE,
(Dumont) in Paris, May 31, 1804,
there, Sept. 15, 1875. Pianist, pupil of
Moscheles, Hummel, and Reicha. In 1821
she married Aristide Farrenc (born at Mar-
seilles, April 9, 1794, died in Paris, Feb. 12,
1869), flutist and writer on music, with whom
she made several professional journeys. She
was professor of the pianoforte at the
Conservatoire, Paris, from 1842 to 1873.
Works : Etudes, sonatas, etc., for the piano-
forte ; Sonatas for pianoforte, violin, and
violoncello ; Duos ; 2 quintets ; a sestet ; a
nonet ; 2 symphonies ; and 3 overtures for
full orchestra. lu 1869 she was awarded by
the Academie des Beaux-Arts the prize for
chamber music. Her Tresor des Pianistes
(20 parts, Paris, 1861-72) contains master-
pieces of all the classical writers from the
16th century downwards. Her daughter.
Naumburg, for which he composed three
operas, then visited Italy, and after his re-
turn to Leipsic went to Darmstadt to study
harmony and counterpoint under Graupner
and Griiuewald. Having occupied different
positions at Gera (1715), Zeitz (1720), and
in the service of Count Morzin in Bohemia
(1721), he was appointed Hof kapellmeister
at Zerbst in 1722. Works : Berenice, op-
era, given at Zerbst, 1725 ; 2 sacred canta-
tas, for four voices and orchestra ; Orato-
rios ; Masses ; Motets ; Passions. In the
•'ivw
.^a
born 1 Royal Library at Dresden are in MS. : 45
died concertos for violin, flute, oboe, bassoon,
etc., with accompaniment ; 61 overtures for
orchestra ; 12 trios, and 13 symphonies for
string- and wind-instruments. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 576 ; Fetis ; Marpurg, Histo-
rischkritische Beitriige (Berlin, 1757), iii.
124 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FASCH, KARL FRIEDRICH CHRIS-
TIAN, born in
Zerbst, Nov. 18,
1736, died in Ber-
lin, Aug. 3, 1800.
Son and pupil of
Jobann Friedrich
Fasch in organ
and theory, of
HOckli for violin,
and in Strelitz of — ' "
Hertel in all branches. He became in 1756
Victorine Louise Farrenc (1826-1859), was , accompanist to Frederick the Great, his
also a pianist and wrote music for her in- duty being, alternately with C. P. E. Bach,
to play the harpsichord to the king's flute.
In 1774-76 he directed the Court Opera. In
strument. — Fctis, iii. 186; do., Supplement,
i. 314 ; Grove ; Larousse.
FASCH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born at 1792 a small choral society for which he had
Buttelstiidt, Saxe-Weimar, April 15, 1688, ^ written pieces obtained a haU in the Acad-
died at Zerbst, Anhalt, in 1758 (1759?).
Dramatic comj)oser, pupil of Kuhnau at the
amy building, and became the Berlin Sing-
akademie, the prototj'pe of many such insti-
Thomasschule in Leipsic (1702-7), where he tutions all over Germany. He was its first
became a good pianist, and studied compo- artistic director, and was succeeded by his
sition from the works of Telemann. In , pupil Zelter. Shortly before his death he
1710 he accepted a call to the court of , caused to be burned all his compositions
43
FASCIIINGSSCHWANK
written previous to the mass for 16 voices.
Works : Vasco da Gama, opera, given in
Vienna, 1792; Mass for 16 voices; Chorals ;
Psahns ; Requiem ; Funeral cantata ; Can-
ons ; Cantatas ; Harpsichord pieces. Some
of his manuscript music is in the Berlin
Rojal Library-. His principal works were
2)ublished by the Singakademie in 1839.
— Zelter, K." F. C. Fasch (Berlin, 1801) ;
AUgem. d. Biogr., vi. 576 ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FASCHINGSSCHW.YNK AUS WIEN
(Carnival Jest from Vienna), for jjianoforte,
by Robert Schumann, op. 26, composed 1839.
It consists of five movements, three of which
are among the brightest and most attrac-
tive creations of the composer. The jjoiut
of the jest lies iu the first movement, in
which the Marseillaise, at that time inter-
dicted in Vienna, is surrej^titiously intro-
duced. External influences are easily recog-
nizable iu the other three movements, where
certain moods are represented iu the firmly
fixed forms of the Romance, the Scherzino,
and the Finale iu rondo form. — Maitland,
60 ; Riemann, 72.
FASTRli, JOSEPH, born at Flushing,
June 22, 1783, died at The Hague, April 13,
1812. Instrumental and vocal composer;
entered the service of a French regiment
in 1803, was stationed at Flushing and at
Dunkirk iu 1804, went with the regiment
to Germany in 180.5, and took part iu the
battle of Austcrlitz ; returned home in 1806,
and, having afterwards lived at Alkmaar and
Middelburg (1807), settled a"t The Hague,
where he became a member of the I'oyal
orchestra, and i^rofessor at the Conserva-
toire in 1830. AYorks : 12 songs for 2
voices ; 12 do. for 3 voices ; 6 do. for 2 so-
pranos and contralto ; Compositions for flute,
clarinet, and jjianoforte. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 316 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 101 ; Viotta.
FAT.\L OATH. See Oberon.
FATINITZA, operetta in three acts, text
by Zell and Genue, music by Franz von
Suppe, first represented in Vienna, Jan. 5,
1876. The libretto is an adaptation of La
Circassienne, opera-comique by Scribe and
Auber. On its production iu Paris, the
same year, a French text was supplied by
A. Delacour and Victor Wilder, in which a
woman inlays the riile of the young Russian
officer of Scribe's libretto. Fatinitza was
given in London in 1878.
FATTORIXI, GABRIELE, born at Fa-
enza, Roman States, lived in the begiuuing
of the 17th centiuy. A work by him, in the
Lyceo, Bologna, entitled: "I Sacri Con-
eerti a 2 voci col basso generale " (1608),
is supposed to be a reprint of his Sacri Con-
cert! a 2 voci commodi da cantare col or-
gano (Venice, 1600). This is interesting
as being one of the first works of the kind
ever produced, it marking the origin of the
new forms of religious music. His masses
are iu the Royal Librai'y, Munich. — Fe-
tis ; Gerber ; Mendel.
FAUBEL, JOSEF, born at Aschaffen-
burg, June 12, 1801, still living, 1889 (?).
Virtuoso on the clarinet, attached, when only
ten years old, to the orchestra of the Grand
Duke of Frankfort. In 1813, when that
State ceased to exist, he w-as enrolled in a
regiment of the city of Frankfort, and took
part in the campaign against France in
1811. After his return he devoted himself
to a thorough study of his instrument, and
in 1816 appeared wdth great success in
Frankfort, and in 1818 in Munich, where he
was at once engaged as court musician for
the royal orchestra. There Biirmann became
his great model, and his perseverance in
emulating him won him much well-deserved
applause ou concert tours in North Ger-
many (1825), Vienna (1831), Switzerland
(1833), Paris (1837), and Holland (1811).
He has composed solos, variations, duos,
etc., for his instrument.— Fetis ; Mendel.
FAUCON, LE, opera-comique in one
act, text by Sedaine, music by Monsigny,
represented at the Italiens, Paris, March
19, 1772. The subject is from Boccaccio.
FAUCONIER, BENOIST CONSTANT,
born at Fontainc-rEveque, April 28, 1816,
died at Thuiu, Feb. 16, 1877. Pianist, pu-
pil at the Brussels Conservatou-e, under
44
FAUGUES
Miclielot and Fotis, and became accom-
panist at the Conservatoire in 1839. After
making a professional tour with his wife
and Fi'Hx Godefroid, he settled in Paris
in 1840, but was in Rome in 18iG-1848.
AYorks : Uu an d'avenir, opera-comique, one
act, given in Brussels about 1850 ; La pa-
gode, opera-comique, two acts, text bj*
Saint-Georges, Paris, Sept. 26, 1859;
Masses, op. 88, 89, 90, 91, 117 ; Quartets
for violin, pianoforte, etc., with orchestral
accompaniment ; Pianoforte music ; Violin
music ; Hymns, songs, etc. — Fetis ; do.. Sup-
plement, i. 317 ; Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 101.
FAUGUES (Fauques, Fagus, La Fage),
VINCENT, Flemish composer, born about
1415. He was a disciple of Guillaume Du-
fay and a writer of considerable merit.
His masses were much used during the
pontificate of Nicholas VL (1417-55).
Ambros gives part of his "Omme Anne,"
a mass preserved in MS. in the Pontifical
Chapel. — Fetis ; Kiesewetter, Gesch. ; Men-
del ; Nauraann (Ouseley), i. 317.
FAURE, GABRIEL^ French composer,
contemporary. Pianist, pujjil at the Ecole
de Masique Religieuse, Paris, where he won
the first prize for jiianoforte, and a prize for
harmony, 18G0, and one for composition in
1861. Works : Symphony for orchestra ;
Cantique de Racine, chorus ; Sonata for
violin and pianoforte ; Duos for 2 female
voices ; Vocal melodies. — Fetis, Supjjle-
ment, i. 320 : Mendel, Ergiinz., 102.
FAURE, JEANBAPTISTE, born at Mou-
liiis (Allier), France,
Jan. 15, 1830, living in
Paris, 1889. Baritone
singer and composer,
pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire in 1843 in
solfege, then at the
Maitrise of the Ma-
deleine under Trevaux,
and subsequently of
Ponchard and Moreau-
Sainti at the Conservatoire. In 1852 he
won the 1st prize for singing and the 1st
prize for opera-comique. He made his de-
but, Oct. 20, 1852, at the Opera Comique
as Pygmalion in Masse's Galatee, sang in
London in 1860, in Berlin in 1861, and in
the same year made his first appearance at
the Opera, where he soon acquired great
reputation in leading roles, especially in
Don Giovanni, L'Africaine, Thomas's Ham-
let, and Gounod's Faust. He alternated
many years between Loudon and Paris, and
has sung also in Italy and Russia. He was
for a time in 1857 professor of singing at
the Paris Conservatoire and in 1874 at that
of Brussels. He is a man of wide general
culture and his eomj)ositions are highly
creditable. Works : 25 melodies for voice
and pianoforte ;
20 melodies for CA
do. ; Church
music ; Piano-
forte music. — Fetis ; do., Supplement, i.
318 ; Larousse ; Grove, i. 571 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., xii. 101.
FAUSSE MAGIE, LA, opera-comique in
two acts, in verse, text by Marmontel, mu-
sic by Gretry, rej)resented at the Comedie
Italienne, Paris, Feb. 1, 1775. It contains
a famous duet between two old men,
" Quoi ! c'est vous qu'elle prefere ! " which
was long popular. La fausse magie was re-
produced in 1828 and again in 1863. It
has been reinstrumented by Eugene Pre-
vost.
FAUST, German opera in two acts, text
by J. C. Bernhard, music by Spohr, first
represented at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in
1818. The oi^era was written at Vienna, in
1813, for the Theater an der Wien, but for
some reason was not produced. The li-
bretto has little resemblance to Goethe's
poem, the first part of which had been pub-
lished in 1805, but follows more closely the
popular legend. It was successful, and was
soon produced at Cassel, Berlin, and else-
where. It was given in London by a German
company, at the Prince's Theatre, May 21,
1840. in 1852, Spohr went to London to
adapt the work for the Italian stage. He
45
FAUST
composed for it recitatives in place of tbe
spoken dialogue, and made other additions
and alterations. In this new form it was
produced with great success, under his own
direction, at Covent Garden, July 15, 1852,
with Castellan, Eonconi, Formes, and Tam-
berlik in the principal parts. The first mu-
sical-dramatic representation of the Faust
legend seems to have been the English -pcin-
tomime, The Necromancer ; or, Harlequin
Dr. Faustus, bj' John Ernest GalUard, j)ro-
duced in London, 1723. Other early ones
are : Doktor Fausts Zaubergiirtel (JNIagic
Girdle), by Phanty, Vienna, 1790 ; Harle-
quin and Faustus, Samuel Arnold, London,
1793 ; Doktor Faust, by Ignaz Walter, Han-
over, 1797 ; Fausts Leben und Thaten (Life
and Acts), Josef Strauss, 1815 ; Fausts
Leben, Thaten, und Hollenfalu-t (Descent to
Hell), by Lickl, Vienna, 1815 ; Faust, by
Wenzel MiiUer, Vienna, 1818 ; do., by J.
von Seyfried, Vienna, 1820 ; do., by Beau-
coui't, Paris, 1827 ; do., by Angelique Ber-
tin, ib., 1831 ; do., by Liudpaintner, Stutt-
gart, 1832 ; do., ballet, by Adolph Adam,
Paris, 1832 ; do., by de Pellaert, Brussels,
183i ; do., by Eietz, Diisseldorf, 1836 ;
Fausto, by Gordigiani, Florence, 1837 ;
Faust and Marguerite, by "Wilhelm Meyer-
Lutz, London, 1855 ; Faust, musical drama
iu four acts and prelude, by Hcini-ich Zoll-
ner, given with success in Munich, Oct. 19,
1887. There have been many burlesques of
the legend, and it has also been a prolific
theme for a great deal of incidental music,
iu the form of overtures, symjjhonies, etc.
— K. Engel, Bibhotheca Faustiana (Olden-
burg, 1874) ; Edwards, Lyrical Drama, i.
149.
FAUST, grand opera in five acts, test by
jMichel Carre' and Jules Barbier, music by
Charles Gounod, first represented at the
Theatre LjTique, Paris, March 19, 1859 ;
and at the Academie Impuriale de Musique,
March 3, 1869. The libretto, an adapta-
tion of Goethe's jjoem, follows the first part
jjretty closely. The original cast in Paris
■was as follows :
Faust M. Barbot.
Mcphistoplielus M. Balanque.
Marguerite Mme Miolan-Carvalho.
Valentin M. Ismael.
Siebel JMlle Faivre.
Marthe Mme Duclos.
The same parts were sung at the Academie,
iu 1869, by Colin, Faure, Nilsson, Devoyod,
and Mauduit. This work at once placed
Gounod iu the front rank of living compos-
ers. It had even a greater success on the
Continent than in Paris, and it has been per-
formed on all the principal stages of the
world. It was first given in London, at
Her Majesty's Theatre, June 11, 1863, and,
Miolan-Carvalho. as Marguerite.
in an Italian version, as Faust e Margherita,
at Covent Garden, July 2, 1863. An Eng-
lish version, text by Chorley, was played at
Her Majesty's Theatre, Jan. 23, 1864. It
was first performed in Germany at Darm-
stadt, 1861, as Faust, and in Berlin, 1863, as
Margarethe. Its fii'st representation in New
York took place at the Academy of IMusic,
Nov. 25, 1863. The first act, which is in the
nature of a prelude, introduces Faust iu his
study with Mt'phistopheles. In act second is
the Kermesse, in which Marguerite is intro-
duced. In the third is the garden scene,
which leads to Marguerite's fall. In the
fourth, or cathedral act, occurs the death
of Valentin and his malediction upon his
46
FAUST
sister. Tlie fiftb, or prison act, includes
Marguerite's deatli in j^rison and her apo-
theosis. Tlie most popular of the numbers
are the weird drinking song of Mophisto-
plielos, " Veau d'or ; " the phrase of the old
man at the Ivermesse, "Aux jours de di-
manche;"the cavatiua bj' Faust, "Salut, de-
nieure chaste et pure ; " the ballad sung by
Marguerite at the S2)inning-wheel, "II etait
un roi de Thule ;" the love scene, "Lais-
sez-moi coutempler ton visage ; " the pas-
sionate duet between Faust and Marguerite,
"O unit d'amour, ciel radieux ; " and the sol-
diers' chorus, " Gloire immortelle de iios
a'ieux." The role of Marguerite, created by
Mme Carvalho, has been since worthily
filled by Patti, Lucca, Nilsson, and Valleria.
• — Edwards, Lyrical Drama, i. iG, 1G.5.
FAUST, musical portrait, for full orches-
tra, by Anton Eubinsteiu, op. GS. Pub-
lished by Siegel.
FAUST, CARL, born at Neisse, Silesia,
Feb. 18, 1825, still living, 1880. Dance
music composer, jjupil of Herrling at Anua-
berg, was bandmaster in two regiments
from 18.53 to 18G5, when he left the mili-
tary service to conduct a concert-orchestra
at Breslau ; in 18G9 he was appointed city
music director at Waldenburg. His com-
positions, consisting exclusively of dances
and marches, number more than 200, and
are popular in North Germany, but will
not bear comparison with those of the Vien-
nese comjiosers. — Fetis, Suiipk'ment, i. 321 ;
Mendel.
FAUST-OUVERTURE, EINE (A Faust
Overture), for orchestra, by Richard Wag-
ner, written in Paris, 1839-40 ; first per-
formed in Dresden, July 22, 1814. This
work, the first in Wagner's true style, was
conceived after a rehearsal of Beethoven's
Ninth Symphony at the Conservatoire. It
was intended as the first movement of a
Faust symphony, but was finally laid aside
until 1855, when it was revised, given at a
concert in Zurich, and published. It is a
masterpiece of instrumentation. It was
given in New York, by the Philharmonic
Society, in 1S5C-7, and in Boston, by the
Philharmonic Societ}', Jan. 3, 1857. — Grove,
iv. 35 L
FAUST, SCENEN AUS GOETHE'S
(Scenes from Goethe's Faust), for soli,
chorus, and orchestra, by Robert Schu-
mann, comjiosed in 1844, 1847, 1849, 1850,
1853, published in 1858 (Breitkopf & Hiir-
tel). In musical importance, as in extent,
this is to be regarded as the greatest work
of the composer's later years. It is divided
as follows : Part I. No. 1. Scene im Garten
(Garden Scene), 1849 ; No. 2. Gretchen vor
dem Bild der Mater dolorosa (Margaret
before the picture of the Mater dolorosa),
1849; No. 3. Scene in Dom (Cathedral
Scene), 1849. Part 11. No. 4. Ariel, Sou-
nenaufgang (Sunrise), 1849 ; No. 5. Mitter-
nacht (Midnight), 1850; No. G. Faust's
Tod (Faust's Death), 1853. Part IH. No.
7. Faust's Verkliirung (Faust's Transfigura-
tion), subdivided into seven scenes (April,
1847). The third part contains the most
valuable numbers, and in it aU Schumann's
noblest qualities as a composer are seen to
the best advantage. His purity of emotion,
his keenness of spiritual insight, here find
their j^roper sphere. The airy, incorjDoreal
world of spirits in which this portion takes
place is most faithfully reproduced in the
music. This third part includes the whole
last scene of the second part of Goethe's
poem ; Schumann wrote two versions of the
concluding Chorus Mysticus, one to be used
when the whole work was given, the other
when the third part was performed sepa-
rately. Begun at the height of his maturity
(1844), various portions were finished at dif-
ferent times, and the overture was written
in 1853. The first part was performed in
Leipsic, Dresden, and Weimar, Aug. 29,
1849, on the 100th anniversary of Goethe's
birth. The first performance of the com-
plete composition took place in Leipsic, at
the Gewandhaus, under the direction of
Carl Reinecke, Dec. 4, 18G2.— Maitland, 92,
Reissmann, 198 ; Ambros, Bunte Blatter,
ii. 169 ; Samml. mus. Vort., i. 121.
FAUST
FAUST-SYMPHONIE, EINE (A Faust
Hyrupboiiy), iu three cbaracter-pictures, af-
ter Goethe, and a chorus, for orchestra and
men's voices, by Franz Liszt, dedicated to
Hector Beriioz. Part I. Faust; II. llar-
garete ; III. Mephistopheles. Published in
score and parts ; also for pianoforte, two
hands (Schuberth). — Tretbar, Analytical
Eeview of A Faust Symphon}'.
FAUST, ZWEI EPISODEN AUS LE-
NAU'S (Two Episodes from Lenau's Faust,
i.e., Nikolaus Lenau's drama of that title),
for orchestra, by Fi-anz Liszt. I. Der
nachtliche Zug ; II. Der Tanz in der Dorf-
schenke (Mephisto-Walzer). Published in
score and parts ; also for pianoforte, two
and four hands (Schuberth).
FAUVEL, ANDEfi JOSEPH, surnamed
the elder, born in Bordeaux iu 1756. Vio-
linist, studied under several masters, par-
ticularly Gervais. He had Rode for a i)upil
iu 1782, and went with him, in 1787, to Paris,
where he was a member of the orchestra
of the Opera in 1814-34. Published violin
music and a Symphouie Concertaute which
was played at the Lycee des Arts iu 1800.
— Fetis.'
FAVAEGER, REXfi, born iu France
about 1815, died at l5tretat, near Havre,
Aug. 3, 18G8. Pianist, lived for many years
in London, where he was in great demand
as a teacher. He composed many morceaux
de genre, some of which became popular
even outside of France. — Fetis, Suppk'meut,
i. 321.
FAVORITE, LA, grand opera in four
acts, text by Alphonse Royer and Gustave
Wai'Z (Van Niewenhuysen), music by Doni-
zetti, represented at the Academic Royale
de Musique, Paris, Dec. 2, 1840. The work
was written originally in three acts, under
the title of L'ange de Nisida, Tlu'utre de la
Renaissance, and on the closing of that the-
atre was transferred to the Academie, where
a fourth act was added with the collabora-
tion of S(!ribe. The subject is an adajstation
of Baculard-Darnaud's tragedy, Le comte
de Commiuges. Fernand, a novice in the
Convent of St. James of Compostella, is
about to take monastic vows when he sees
and loves at sight a lady worshipping in the
cloisters. He confesses his love to Baltha-
sar, his superior, renounces monastic life,
and goes out into the world. The lady who
has inspired his passion is Leonore de Gus-
man, the favourite of Alphonse XI., King
of Castile, who has resolved, though threat-
ened with excommunication, to repudiate
I #-^ ,.
M
Rosine Stolz, as L6onore.
his queen anil marry her. Fernand, who
does not know her relations with the king,
seeks her retreat, declares his love, and begs
her to fly with him. She reciprocates his
passion but refuses to follow him, and urges
him to go to the wars and win honours for
her sake. He performs signal services
against the Moors, and returns to demand
as a recompense the hand of Li'onore. The
king, who has discovered that his mistress
loves Fernand, gives her to him, and hast-
48
\r
FAWCETT
ens the marriage, meanwhile intercepting
a message sent to Fernaud by Lt'ouore to
inform him of her relations with the king,
and begging his forgiveness. Fernaud dis-
covers his dishonour when too late, breaks
his sword, and returns for consolation to
his convent. Leonora follows him thither,
and dies at his feet as he comes from the
church where he has pronounced eternal
vows. The music of La Favorite is dramatic,
passionate, and full of melody. Among the
best numbers are the cavatina, " Uu ange,
une femme iuconnue ; " the duo, " Idole si
douce et si chere ; " the aria, " O mou Fer-
naud " (Ital., O mio Fernando) ; the chorus,
" Freres, creusons I'asile ; " and the romanza,
"Ange si pur" (Spirto gentil), the last trans-
ferred from Donizetti's opera, Le Due
d'Albe. lu the original cast Mme Stolz
sustained the part of Lconore ; Duprez, Fer-
naud ; Baroilhet, Alphouse ; and Levasseur,
Balthasar. Up to 1876 it had had 481 rep-
resentations in Paris. The opera was pro-
duced in Italian, as La Favorita, in London,
at Her Majesty's Theatre, Feb. IG, 18i7.
— Larousse, viii. 1G7 ; Liszt, Ges. Schr., iii.
110.
FAWCETT, JOHN, born at Bolton-le-
Moors, Lancashire, in 1789, died there, Oct.
26, 1SG7. Originally a shoemaker, he be-
came a musician iu his native town, and
composed three sets of psalm and hymn
tunes, popular iu Lancashire, entitled, The
Voice of Harmony, The Harp of Zion, and
Miriam's Timbrel. He also arranged the
accompaniment of a collection of psalm and
hymn tunes, selected by Jose^jh Hart, called
" Melodia divina "(1810), and wrote an ora-
torio, Paradise, which was published in
1853.— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FAWCETT, JOHN, boru iu Bolton-le-
Moors iu 1824, died in Manchester, July 1,
1857. Organist, son and pupil of the pre-
ceding. He became organist of St. John's,
Farnworth, in 1835, and of the parish
church, Bolton, in 1842. In 1845 he en-
tered the Academy of Music, London,
studied under Sterudale Bennett, and was
organist of Curzou Chapel in 1845-46. Mus.
Bac, Oxford, 1852. Works : Supplication
and Thanksgiving, cantata (degree exercise) ;
Anthems ; Glees ; Songs, etc. — Grove.
FAY, ETIENNE, born at Tours (ludre-
et-Loire) iu 1770, died at Versailles, Dec.
6, 1845. Dramatic singer and composer,
made his musical studies while a chorister
in the MetroiJolitau Church of his native
city. He made his debut as a tenor at the
Theatre de la rue de Louvois, Paris, in
1790, entered up)on an engagement at the
Theatre Favart iu 1792, aud at the Feydeau
about 1795 ; upon the fusion of these two
enterprises into the Opera Comique, in 1801,
he went to Brussels, came back to Paris in
1804, to bring out an opera, and again, in
1819, to sing at the Of)era Comique, having
meanwhile travelled and sung for a long
time iu the provinces. In 1820 he went to
Holland, aud the year after was engaged
at the Theatre du Gymnase in Paris, but
soon returned to Belgium, and lived there
until 1856, when he finally settled iu Paris.
Works — Ojoeras : Flora, given at the The-
atre Louvois, 1791 ; Le projet extravagant,
Le bon pere, ib., 1793 ; L'interieur d'un me-
nage rejiublicaiu, vaudeville, Theatre Favart,
1794 ; Les rendez-vous espaguols, ib., 1795 ;
Emma, ou le soupjon, Clementine, ou la
belle-mere. Theatre Feydeau, 1795 ; La
famille savoyarde, ib., 1800 ; La bonne
aventure. Theatre des Jeunes Eleves, 1802 ;
Julie, Opera Comique, 1804. — Fetis ; do.,
Supplement, i. 321.
FAYRFAX (Fairfax), ROBERT, born at
Bayford, Herts, in the latter jxart of the
15th century, died at St. Alban's. He is
supposed to have been organist, or chanter,
at St. Alban's Abbey, early in the 16th cen-
tury. In 1504 he was given the degree of
Mus. Doc. at Cambridge, and iu 1511 at
Oxford. In the British Museum is a vol-
ume of part-songs for two, three, and four
voices, in MS., once belonging to Dr. Fayr-
fax, which contains some of his own among
other compositions, and which is probably
\ the oldest collection of English secular part-
49
FAZZKI
songs in existence. Four tbree-part songs
by him are preserved in Smitli's "Musica
Antiqua," and others in Burney and Haw-
kins. Several of his sacred compositions
are in MS. in the Music School, Oxford.
— Grove ; Naumann (Ouseley), i. 668 ; Am-
bros, iii. Hi ; Fetis.
FAZZINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
in Eome. Singer in the Pontifical Chapel in
1760. A distinguished composer in the old
Roman style, he was successively maestro
di cappella of Sta. Cecilia, of Sta. Margarita,
and of Sta. ApoUonia in Trastevere. His
masses were in the Sautini collection. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
FEBURE. See Lefibure.
FEDE EICONOSCIUTA, LA, Italian
opera, text and music by Benedetto Mar-
cello, represented at Vicenza, 1702 and
1729.
FEDELE. See Treu.
FEDELI, RUGGIERO, born in Italy about
1670, died in Cassel in 1722. He was Ka-
pellmeister of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cas-
sel in 1700, and was afterwards in the service
of the Iving of Prussia. He ■wi-ote operas,
even the titles of which are forgotten. His
funeral mass for the death of the queen
was considei'ed his best work (Berhn, 1755).
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FEDERICI, FRANCESCO, born in
Rome, lived there in the second half of
the 17th century. Priest and composer.
Works : Santa Christina, oratorio (1676) ;
Santa Catarina di Siena, oratorio (1676).
Burney gives airs from one of these. He
published also songs. — Fetis ; Burney, Hist.,
iv. 117 ; Mendel.
FEDERICI, VINCENZO, born at Pesaro
in 1764, died in Milan, Sept. 26, 1826.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Angelo Gadani
at Bologna ; at the age of sixteen he went
to England, and thence to America ; re-
turned to London, where he taught music,
and derived inspiration from the works of
Handel and the old Italian composers. En-
gaged as pianist at the Italian opera, he be-
came familiar with the works of Cimarosa,
Paisiello, and Sarti, but was incited, partic-
ularly by Haydn's symphonies, to the serious
study of composition, and went to Italy in
1785 to become a pupil of Francesco Bian-
chi. After another sojourn in London, 1792
-1802, he returned to Italy, and in 1809 was
appointed professor of counterpoint at the
newly erected Conservatorio, and in 1826
succeeded IMinoja as its censore (director).
In 1812 he visited Paris to bring out an
opera. Works — Operas : Olimpiade, Turin,
1790 ; Demofoonte, Zenobia, London, about
1792 ; Nitteti, ib., about 1793 ; Didone ab-
bandonata, ib., about 179-4 ; Castore e Pol-
luce, II giudizio di Numa, Milan, 1803 ;
Oreste in Tauride, ib., 1804 ; La Sofonisba,
Turin, 180.5 ; Idoraeneo, Zaira, Milan, 1806 ;
La couquista dell' Indie, Turin, 1808 ; Ifi-
genia in Aulide, Milan, 1809 ; Virginia,
Eome, 1809 ; La locandiera scaltra, Paris,
1812. Teseo, cantata ; Other cantatas ;
Sonatas for pianoforte, and other instru-
mental pieces. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
FEEN, DIE (The Fairies), romantic
opera in three acts, text and music by
Richard Wagner, written in 1833, first rep-
resented at Munich, June 29, 1888. The
overture alone was played at Magdeburg in
1834. The original score, dedicated to liis
patron, King Ludwig H. of Bavaria, was
found among that monarch's effects after his
death. The libretto is a German version of
an Italian tale by Gozzi, which deals with
the difficulties attending the love of Ai'indal,
a mythical jsrince, and Ada, a fairy. — Mus.
Wochenblatt (1887), 325, 337 ; Athena"um
(1888), ii. 41.
FELDLAGER IN SCHLESIEN, DAS
(The Camp of Silesia), German opera in
three acts, text by Rellstab, music by
Meyerbeer, represented in Berlin at the
opening of the new opera-house, Dec. 7,
1844 (the old one was burned, Aug. 18,
1843). In this opera, the subject of which
is an episode in the life of Frederick the
Great, Jenny Lind made a wonderful success
in the character of Vielka, which was writ-
60
FELICI
ten especially for her. Mosclieles, writing
(Jan. 10, 1845) of her performance, says :
" Jenny Lind Las fairly enchanted me ; she
is unique in her way, and her song with two
concertante flutes is perhaps the most in-
credible feat in the way of bravura singing
that can possibly be heard." She achieved
Jenny Lind.
a still more extraordinary success in Vienna,
where she appeared in the same role, Feb.
17, 1817, as much as eighty florins being
paid for seats. The oj^era has never been
given out of Germany, but the composer
transferred many of its best numbers to
h'^toile du Nord.
FELICI, BARTOLOMEO (Alessandro ?),
born in Florence about 1730, died ('?).
Dramatic composer. His operas, L' amante
contrastato, 1768 ; L' amore soldato, 1769 ;
and La cameriera astuta, 1769, were per-
formed in many of the Italian theatres. He
wrote quartets for the violin, and psalms
with orchestral accompaniment. His school
of composition, opened in Florence in 1770,
was celebrated. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i.
322 ; Mendel.
FELIS, STEFFANO, born at Bari, Italy,
about 1550, composer, canon, and maestro
of the cathedral in 1583. He went to
Prague with his patron Philippe Domi-
nique de Cro}', and jJublished masses there
(1588). He published also motets, mad-
rigals, etc.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Walther, 212 ;
Viotta, i. 505.
FELIX, ou I'enfant trouve (The Found-
ling), comedy in three acts, text by Sedaine,
music by Monsigny, represented at the
Italiens, Paris, Nov. 24, 1777, after a private
performance (Nov. 10th) before the court
at Fontainebleau. Although Monsigny was
but forty-eight years old, this was his last
work. He said, on the day when he finished
this score, that music was dead for him.
The subject of the opera, Felix, a found-
ling brought up by an honest villager, loves
Therese, the daughter of his foster-father,
but flies from his house on account of the
hatred of his son. He saves the life of an
unknown seigneur, who turns out to be his
father and the owner of a considerable sum
of money in the hands of the villager. The
money is restored, Felix marries Thuruse,
and all ends happily.
FELL, ANTONIO, died at Palermo in
1867. Dramatic composer, pupil of Eai-
mondi ; composed several operas, among
which are especially commended : Eufemia,
and La sposa d' Abido ; also several masses
and many other works of various kinds.
— Futis, Supplement, i. 322.
FELL RAGE AND BLACK DESPAIR,
soj^rano air in A major, of Michal, in Han-
del's Saul, Part I
FELTON, WILLIAM, born in 1713, died
Dec. 6, 1769. Organist, vicar-choral of
Hereford Cathedral in the middle of the
18th century. He was an able performer
also on the harpsichord. Works : 3 sets of
concertos for organ in imitation of those
of Handel ; also 2 or 3 sets of lessons for
organ. Felton's Gavot was long popular,
and his Funeral Chant is still much sung.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, History, iv. 664.
FELTRE, ALPHONSE CLARKE, Comte
DE, born in Paris, June 27, 1806, died there,
Dec. 3, 1850. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Reicha in 1825 and advised by Boieldieu.
FEMME
He was the third son of the Mart-chal due
de Feltre, and served as an oiScer in the
army until 1829, when he devoted himself
entirely to composition. Works — Operas :
Une aventure de Saiut-Fois (1830) ; La
garde de nuit, given at the Princesse de
Vaudemont's, 1831 (rewritten in part, 1844,
and called Le capitaine Albert) ; Le fils du
prince, Opt'ra Comique, 1834 ; L' incendio
di Babilouia(1841) ; Valorie (unfinished) ; Li-
strumental and vocal music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FEJniE SENSIBLE, ENTENDSTU
LE R.\jMAGE ? See Ariodanl.
F£]MY, FRANCOIS, known as Femy
I'ainc', bom in Ghent, Oct. 4, 1790. Vio-
linist and dramatic composer, pupil of
Kreutzer at the Paris Conservatoire, where
he took the prize for harmony in 1806 and
for violin in 1807. For several years he
was a member of the orchestra of the The-
atre des Variett's, then travelled in France
and Germany, and in 1834 settled at Rot-
terdam. Works : Les trois Hussards, comic
ofiera, given at Antwerp, 1813 ; Der Rau-
graf, German opera, Frankfort, 1827 ; 4
symphonies ; 3 concertos for violin and or-
chestra ; Quartets, duos, romances, varia-
tions, etc., for violin. — Fetis ; do., Sui:)pl(''-
ment, i. 323 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FENAROLI, FEDELE, born at Lanci-
ano, Abruzzi, in 1752, died in Naples, Jan.
1, 1818. Contrapuntist, ^nipil of Durante
at the Conservatorio of Loreto, Naples. He
became maestro of the Conservatorio de'
Turchini, and had many celebrated pupils.
Works : 12 motets ; 4 masses with orches-
tra ; a Requiem mass ; 2 Miserere for four
voices ; Ave Maria for four voices ; Hymns
and psalms for special occasions. He pub-
lished studies in counterpoint and techni-
cal works. — Fetis ; Larousse ; IMendel.
FENZI, MOTOR, born at Naples, died
at Moscow, April, 1827. Violoncellist, and
composer for his instrument ; went in 1807
to Paris, where he played at several con-
cei'ts, and after visiting Germany settled in
Russia. Works : 4 concertos for violon-
cello ; Several pot-pourris ; 2 books of
trios ; 3 do. of airs varies (published in
Paris and Germany). His brother Giu-
seppe was considered the best violoncellist
in Naples, made concert tours in Italj', and
composed concertos and airs varies for his
instrument. — Fetis ; IMendel ; Schilling.
FEO, FRANCESCO, born in Naples
about the end of the 17th century. Dra-
matic composer, jDupil of Domeiiico Gizzi
in singing and composition, and in Rome
of Pitoni in counterpoint. He succeeded
Gizzi in 1740 as director of the singing
school of Naples, and had many famous pu-
pils. Gluck is said to have taken the motif
of a chorus in his Telemaceo from a Kyrie
by Feo, which he afterwards reproduced in
his lijhigenie en Aulide. Some of Fee's
church music in SIS. is jjreserved in the li-
brary of the Conservatoire, Paris. Works
— Operas : L' amor tirannico, ossia Zenobia,
three acts, given in Naples, Jan. 18, 1713 ;
Siface, re di Numidia, three acts, ib., 1728 ;
Ipermestra, Rome, 1725 ; Arianna, ib.,
1728 ; Andromacca, ib., 1730 ; Ai\sace, ib.,
1731. Three intermezzi : Don Chisciotte
della Maucia ; Coriando lo sjjeziale ; II ve-
dovo. An oratorio : La distruzione dell'
esercito de' Cananei con la morte de Sisera,
given in Prague, 1739. A requiem ; Masses ;
Psalms ; Litanies, etc. — Fetis, iii. 200 ;
do.. Supplement, i. 323 ; Mendel, iii. 489 ;
do., Ergiinz., 102 ; SchiUiug ; Gerbei*.
FERAMORS, lyric opera, in three acts,
text by Julius Rodeuberg, music by Anton
Rubinstein, given in Dresden, 18G3. Sub-
ject from Thomas Moore's "Lalla Rookh."
Feramors is the young poet who entertains
Lalla Rookh with poetical recitations while
on her journey from Delhi, to be married to
the sultan. She falls in love with the poet
and finds, to her joy, on her wedding-morn,
that the jjoet and the sultan are one. The
opera was given in Vienna, April 24, 1872.
— Hanslick, Moderne Oper, 325.
FERANDINI, GIOVANNI, born in Ven-
ice, beginning of the 18th century, died in
Munich in 1793. Dramatic composer, pu-
pil of Antonio Bitfi, maestro di cappella of
FERNAND
San Marco. He went to Muuicli as court
oboist, and became director of chamber mu-
sic, and subsequently councillor and Ka-
pellmeister. Works — Operas: Berenice,
given at the Court Theatre iu Munich, 1780 ;
Adriano in Siria, Demofoonte, ib., 1737 ;
Artaserse, ib., 1739 ; Catone in Utica, ib.,
1753; Diana placata, ib., 1758; Talestri,
ib. ; II festiuo, Parma, 175G ; Componi-
nieuto drammatico per 1' iucorouazione di Ca-
rolo VII, etc., Munich, 1742. Many canta-
tas, thirty of which are iu the Royal Library
at Dresden ; Sonatas for the flute (Amstei'-
dam, 1730) ; Comijositions for alto-viol and
lute. — Ft'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERNAND CORTEZ, ou la conquC-te du
Mexiquo (The Conquest of Mexico), opera
in three acts, text by Etienne Jou}', after
Piron's drama, music by Spontini, repre-
sented at the Academie Imperiale de j\Iu-
sique, Paris, Nov. 28, 1809, before the Em-
peror Napoleon and the Kings of Saxony
and "Westphalia. The original text was
written by Jouy. Napoleon hoping to in-
fluence public opinion in favour of his
plans for the Sjiauish war, the Minister of
the Interior desired Jouy to introduce into
the libretto more distinct allusions to the
topics of the day. Jouy declining to alter
the text, a few additions and alterations
were made by Esmenard, the part of Monte-
zuma being suppressed altogether. Though
the opera was a success, it had but twenty-
four representations in seven years. On
May 28, 1817, it was revived, with consider-
able changes by Jouy, the third act be-
coming the first, the first act the second,
and a part of the second the third. The
part of Montezuma was reinstated and the
character of Amazily strengthened. In its
second form Cortez achieved a new success.
It kept the Paris stage up to 1839, when
248 representations had been given. It
was produced in Berlin, April 20, 1818, and
elsewhere soon after. In 1823, when Spon-
tini was Kajjellmeister at Berlin, the third
act was remodelled by the jsoet Thi'auleon,
and in this form the pianoforte score was
published by Hofmeister of Leipsic. The
full score was published in Paris in 1882.
Cortez was produced in Stockholm in 1826
and again in 1838 ; in Vienna, 1854 ; and
in New York, iu German, at the Metropol-
itan Opera House, Jan. 6, 1888. The plot,
in its present form, is as follows : Alvarez,
brother of Cortez, and other Spaniards,
prisoners to the Mexicans and about to be
sacrificed, are preserved by Montezuma as
hostages for the departure of the invaders.
Amazily, sister of Tclasco, the Mexican
commander, has become a Christian and
Alexandrine Branchu.
fled to Cortez, whom she loves, but revisits
the city to endeavour to bring about peace.
Montezuma sends her back to the Spanish
camp to arrange an armistice, and Telasco,
who has been undermining the fidelity of
Cortez's soldiers by presents, follows her
under a flag of truce to second her efibrts.
Cortez quells an insurrection which breaks
out, and holds Telasco as a hostage for the
safety of Alvarez and his companions ; but,
the release of the Spaniards being promised
by the Mexicans, he suffers Tulasco to re-
turn. Telasco opposes the keeiaing of faith
with Cortez, and the prisoners are about to
meet their doom, when Amazily swims the
lake and offers her life for them. But the
S3
FERNANDO
sacrifice is unnecessary, for Cortez storms
the city, saves all, and peace is made.
Oeigujal Cast at the Opera, Paris, 1809.
Amazily (S.) Mme Braucbu.
Fernand Cortez (T.) M. Laino.
Telasco (Bar.) M. Lais.
Alvar (T.) M. Laforet.
Le Grand Pretre (B.) M. Derivis.
c.ast at the metropolitan opera house,
New York, 1888.
Amazily (S.) Frl. Meisslinger.
Feruaud Cortez (T.) Herr Niemann.
Montezuma (Bar.) Herr Elmblad.
Tulasco (Bar.) Herr Robinson.
Alvarez (T.) Herr Alvary.
High Priest (B.) Herr Fischer.
— Le Monestrel (1874), Sept. G, 13, 20, 27,
Oct. i ; 11. Eocliette, Notice liistorique . . .
de Spontiui (Paris, 1852) ; Grove, iii. G68 ;
Krehbiel, Review (1887-88) ; N. Y. Evening
Post, Jan. 7, 1888.
FERNANDO, German operetta in one
act, text by Albert Stadler, music by Franz
Schubert, written in Vienna, 1815, but nev-
er represented. It was composed in six
days. The original score is in the posses-
sion of Dr. Eduard Schneider, Vienna.
FERR.\BOSCO (Ferabosco), ALFONSO,
Italian musician, settled in England in the
middle of the 16th century. He composed
motets, madrigals, and pieces for the virgin-
als, and ranked as one of the first musicians
of the Elizabethan era. His Madrigali a 4
voci were published iu Venice in 1542, and
his Madrigali a 5 voci in 1587. Many of
his madrigals were printed in the two
books of Musica Transaljnua (1588, 1597) ;
and several are extant in MS. — Fctis ;
Grove ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERRABOSCO, ALFONSO, born at
Greenwich, England, about 1580, died in
1652. Sou of the preceding ; one of the
grooms of the privy chamber of James I.
and instructor in music of Prince Henry.
Works : Volume of " Ayres," which contains
many of the songs in Ben Jonson's plays
(London, 1G09) ; Lessons for 1, 2, and 3
viols (London, 1609) ; Fancies for viols,
etc. A song by him, " Shall I seek to ease
my grief ?," from the " Ayres," is published
by Dr. Rimbault (Novello). — Fc'tis ; Grove.
" FERRABOSCO (Ferrabosehi), DOMENI-
CO :M.YRIA, born in Rome, first half of the
16th century. He was maestro of the chor-
isters in the Vatican Chapel from 1547 to
1548, when he became maestro di cappella
of S. Petronio, Bologna. Called to Rome to
become a member of the Pontifical Choir, in
1550, he was obliged to resign in 155G, in
accordance with the Pope's decree that none
but priests could belong to the college, he
having meanwhile married. His motets are
published in Gardane's collection (Venice,
1554). His celebrated chanson, lo mi son
giovinetta, is in Vincenzo Galilei's Fronimo,
and in Eler's collection in the Conservatoii-e,
Paris. His MSS. are preserved in the Vati-
can Library. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERR.\i30SC0, JOHN, English com-
poser of the 17th century, died in 1682.
Probably a son of Alfonso Ferrabosco the
younger. He was organist of Ely Cathedral
from 1G62 until his decease, and was
awarded the degree of JIus. Bac. at Cam-
bridge in 1671, per literas regias. A hymn
of his is still sung at Canterbury and in
other English cathedrals. Eight comjjlete
services and eleven anthems by him are pre-
served iu MS. in Ely Cathedral. — Grove ;
Fc'tis ; Mendel.
FERRADINI (Ferrandini), ANTONIO,
born in Naples in 1718, died in Prague in
1779. Church composer, studied in Naples,
lived in Prague about thirty years, and died
in great poverty and unknb wn. A Stabat Ma-
ter, performed there after his death, 1780,
was considered a masterjjiece. In the court
library at Vienna is a Credo in four parts,
and in the royal library at Dresden are five
arias and four duets, of his composition.
— Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERRANTI, ]\IARCO AURELIO Z.\-
NI DE, born in Bologna in 1802. Virtuoso
on the guitar ; pupil on the violin of Gerli
64
FERRARI
in Lucca, and became an accomplished
player when only sixteen, but soon aban-
doned that instrument for the guitar, on
which he became equallj' skilful. In 1820
he went to St. Petersburg as secretary to
Prince Narischkin, and perfected there his
guitar playing, and in 1824 went to Ham-
burg. He gave concerts there, and in Brus-
sels, Paris, and London from 1825 to 1832,
visited America with Sivori, and finally set-
tling in Brussels as professor of Italian at
the Conservatoire from 181G to 1855 ; he
returned afterwards to Italy. He has pub-
lished fantaisies, airs varies, etc., for the gui-
tar.—Fctis, iii. 240 ; Mendel, iii. 495.
FEERAEI, BENEDETTO, born at Reg-
gio, Italy, 1597, died at Modena, Oct. 22,
1681. Dramatic composer, called Delia
Tiorba, from his skiU on the theorbo or
lute ; studied in Rome. He was a poet as
well as a musician, and his opera Andro-
meda, music by Manelli da Tivoli, repre-
sented at the Teatro S. Cassiano, Venice, in
1637, was the first performed in public in
that city. It was largely owing to him that
the dramma musicale took such deep root
in Italy and in Germany. In 1639 was pro-
duced his Armida, of which he wrote both
text and music. In 1644 he left Venice for
Vienna at the invitation of the Emperor
Ferdinand. In 1653-62 he was maestro di
cappella to Alfonso I., Duke of Modena,
and in 1674-81 to his successor, Alfonso H.
Works : Armida, given at Venice, Teatro
SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 1639 ; II pastor re-
gio, ib., S. Mose, 1640 ; La ninfa avara, ib.,
1641 ; Proserpina rapita, intermezzo, ib.,
1641 ; H principe giardiniero, ib., SS. Gio-
vanni e Paolo, 1644 ; Vittoria d' Himeneo,
ballet, Modena, 1648 ; Dafne in alloro, do.,
Vienna, 1651 ; L' ingauno d' amore, Ratis-
bon, 1653 ; Amori d' Alessandro Magno e di
Rossaue, Venice, 1656 ; Licasta, Parma, 1664 ;
Garadegli elementi, Ferrara, 1666 ; Musiche
varie a voce sola, collection of songs (Venice,
1638). — Fctis ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Schilling.
FERRARI, CARLO, born at Piaceuza in
1730, died at Parma in 1789. Virtuoso on
the violoncello, acquired great reputation
in 1758, in Paris, where he appeared with
brilliant success in the Concerts Spirituels ;
in 1765 he entered the service of the court
of Parma. He composed solos for his in-
strument.— Mendel.
FERRARI, CARLOTTA, born at Lodi,
Italy, Jan. 27, 1837, still Hviug, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil of Strepponi and
Panziui ; and at the Conservatorio, Milan,
in 1844-50, of Mazzucato in comijosition.
She is a poet as well as musician, and writes
her own librettos. Works : Ugo, opera,
represented in Milan, July 24, 1857 ; Sofia,
opera in three acts, Lodi, Milan, Turin,
1866 ; Eleonora d' Ai-borea, opera, Cagliari,
Jlarch, 1871 ; Grand mass for Cathedral of
Lodi, 1868 ; Requiem for anniversary of
death of Charles Albert, Turin Cathedral,
1868 ; Songs, etc. — Fetis, Sujaj^lement, i.
325 ; Mendel, iii. 496 ; do., Ergiiuz., xii. 102 ;
Riemann.
FERRARI, DOMENICO, bornatPiacenza
in the early part of the 18th century, died
in Paris in 1780. Violinist, jiupil of Tartini ;
after living several years in Cremona, he
began to travel in 1749, and met with much
success in Vienna, where he was considered
the greatest living violinist. In 1754 he
visited Paris, and was afterwards a mem-
ber of the band of the Duke of Wiirtem-
berg in Stuttgart. He is said to have been
murdered on a second visit to Paris.
Works : 6 violin sonatas (London, Paris,
1758). His brother. Carlo Ferrari (1730-
1789), was a noted violoncellist at Parma.
— Fetis ; Grove ; Buruey, Hist., iii. 562,
573 ; Mendel.
FERRARI, GIACOMO GOTIFREDO,
born at Roveredo, Tyrol, in 1759, died in
London, December, 1842. Dramatic com-
l^oser, pupil at Verona of the Abbate Cubri,
Marcola, and Borsaro ; subsequently learned
the flute, violin, oboe, and double-bass at
Roveredo, theory under Pater Marianus
Stecher, at the Convent of Mariaberg, near
Chur, and later studied two years under La-
tilla at Naples. In 1791 he became accom-
FERRAEI
paiiist at the Theatre Feydeau, Paris. After
the breaking out of the Eevohition he \Yeut
to Brussels, and finally settled in London as
a singing teacher. Works — Operas : Les
evenements imprevus, Paris, about 1794 ;
La villanella rapita, London, 1797 ; I dui
Suizzeri, ib., 1798 ; L' eroiua di Eaab, ib.,
1799. Ballets : Borea e Zeffiro ; La daina
di sjsirito. Sonatas ; Concertos for various
instruments ; Six English canzonets ; Solos ;
Songs. He published, also : " Studio di
musica pratica e teorica " ; " .i\jieddoti,"
etc. (London, 1830) ; and other treatises.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FEEPtARI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
in Venice, died there young, Aug. li, 1845. '
Dramatic composei'. Works : Maria d' In-
ghilterra, given at La Scala, Milan, 1840 ;
Saffo, Venice, Teatro Fenice, 1841 ; Candi- j
ano IV'., Florence and Milan, 1842 ; Gli
ultimi giorne di Suli, Venice, 1843. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
FERR.ARI, SERAFINO DE', born in
Genoa in 1824, died there, March 31, 1885.
Pianist, organist, and dramatic composer ;
jjupil of Bevilacqua, Scrra, and Sciorati in
Genoa, and later of Mandanici in I\Iilan.
Engaged as maestro concertatore in Am-
sterdam, he wrote the music of au opera, I
Catilina, which has never been produced.
On his return to Italy he became director
of singing in several of the theatres, and
produced an opera, Don Carlo, at the Carlo- [
Felice Theatre, Genoa, in 1853 ; he rewrote
this opera later, and produced it as Filippo
n., but it was not so successful as at first.
Works : Pipele, opera bufifa ; H matrimonio
per concorso, do., Venice, 1858 ; II menes-
trello, do., Genoa, Teatro Paganiui, 18G1 ; H
cadetto di Guascogna, do., ib., Teatro Carlo-
Felice, 1864 ; Several masses ; Some songs,
among which are. La croce della Mamma,
and a mazurka, Fiori d' Aprile ; Delia,
ballet, abovit the same time. — Fi'tis, Supple-
ment, i. 246 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 79.
FERRARO, Padre ANTONIO, born at
Polizzi, Sicily, in the second half of the
16th century. Church composer, Carmelite
I monk, and organist of his monastery at Ca-
tania. Works : Sacnic cantiones, collection
of 32 motets for 1—4 voices (Rome, 1617) ;
Ghirlauda di sacri fiori (Palermo, 1623).
—Fetis; Mendel.
FERRER, MATEO, known as Matenet,
born at Barcelona, Feb. 25, 1788, died
there, Jan. 4, 1864. Organist of great re-
nown, pupil of Fi-ancisco Queralt ; having
studied several instruments from his earli-
est youth, he became organist of the cathe-
dral at Barcelona when quite young, and
soon after assumed also the functions of
maestro de capilla. At the same time he
played in the orchestra of the Teatro de
Santa Cruz, and in 1827 was appointed its
conductor. By one of his biographers he
is jjraised as one of the greatest contrai^unt-
ists of the century. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
326.
FERRETTI, GIOVANNI, born iu Venice
about 1540, died ('?). He was a jjrolific
composer of madrigals and of canzoni alia
napolitana, which, says Fetis, are full of
originahty and worthy of more repute.
Works : 5 books of five-part canzoni (Ven-
ice, 1567-91) ; 2 books of six-part canzoni
(ib., 1576-86) ; 1 book of five-part madri-
gals (ib., 1588). His madrigal, Siat' avvertiti,
for five voices, is in Webb's madrigals.— Fe-
tis ; Grove ; Mendel.
FERROUD, J. DENIS, born in France
about 1810, still living, 1889 (?). Pupil at
the Conservatoire, Paris, of Reieha and Fe-
tis ; in 1846 he was settled at Bordeaux, as
professor of harmony and composition, and
left that city in 1856, since when nothing
has been heard of him. Works : L'Ecos-
sais, comic opera ; Several ballets ; Clovis,
ode symphony, Bordeaux, Grand Theatre,
1853 ; Jerusalem, ode-symphony ; Cantata ;
Stabat Mater ; Le papillon, chorus ; Le
retour aux montagnes, do.; Choruses for the
synagogue of Bordeaux. — Fetis, Sujjple-
ment, i. 327.
FESCA, ALEXANDER ERNST, born at
Carisruhe, May 22, 1820, died at Bruns-
wick, Feb. 22, 1849. Dramatic comjjoser
S6
FESCA
and pianist, son of Friedricli Ernst Fesca ;
pupil of Marx on the pianoforte, then at
Brunswick of Kapellmeister Wiedebein in
theory, and from 1834 in Berlin of Rungen-
hagen, August Wilhelm Bach, and Johann
Julius Schneider in harmony and composi-
tion, and of Taubert on the pianoforte. He
returned to Carlsruhe in 1838, made con-
cert tours through Germany, Austria, and
Hungary in 1839-40, was made chamber
virtuoso to Prince Furstenberg in 1841, and
settled at Brunswick in 1842. His songs
were, and still are, popular in Germany.
Works — Operas : Marietta, given at Carls-
ruhe, 1839 ; Die Franzosen in Spanieu, ib.,
1841 ; Der Troubadour, Brunswick, 1847 ;
Ulrich von Hutteu, five acts, Brunswick,
1849 ; 2 septets for pianoforte and string
instraments, op. 2 and 28 ; Sextet for do.,
op. 8 ; 6 trios for do. ; 3 quartets for strings ;
Duos for i^ianoforte and viohn ; Grand so-
nata for do., op. 40 ; Fantasias, rondos,
etc., for pianoforte ; Songs (collection of
48, Brunswick, Litolff, 1872).— Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 722 ; Fetis ; Ledebur, Ton-
kunstler Lexikon Berlins, 151 ; Mendel ;
Weech, Badische Biogr., i. 243.
FESCA, FRIEDRICH ERNST, born at
Magdeburg, Feb. 15,
1789, died at Carls-
ruhe, May 24, 1826.
Violinist, pujiil in
Magdeburg of Lohse
on the violin, and of
Zachariii and Pitterlin
in theory ; went to
Leipsic in 1805 to
study under August
Eberhardt Midler and
Matthiii, and also entered the Gewandhaus
and Theater orchestras. In 1806 he became
a member of the ducal orchestra at Olden-
burg, in 1808 solo violinist at Cassel, in
1814 visited Vienna, and in 1815 was called
to Carlsruhe as first violin and later as
Conzertmeister. Though ill several j'ears
before his death, some of his last works
were among his best. Opinions differ as to
the merit of his compositions ; while they
show no peculiarly original style, they are
evidently the work of an earnest student of
classic models and of a master of technique.
Works : Cantemira, opera, 1819 ; Omar und
Leila, romantic opera in three acts, Carlsruhe,
1823 ; 20 quartets ; 5 quintets ; 3 symphonies ;
4 overtures ; 4 violin pot-pourris ; Vater Un-
ser for soli, chorus, and orchestra ; and sev-
eral psalms and songs. A complete edition
of his 25 quartets and quintets has been
published in Paris (Rimbault). — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 722 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xxviii.
545, 701 ; xxxii. 215 ; xxxix. Ill ; vii.-xlvii.;
Fetis ; Mendel ; Rochlitz, Fiir Freunde der
Tonkunst, iii. 73 ; Schilling ; Weech, Ba-
dische Biogr., i. 240.
FESCH. See Defesch.
FESSY, ALEXANDRE CHARLES, born
in Paris, Oct. 18, 1804, died there, Nov. 30,
1856. Pianist and organist, pupil in 1813
at the Conservatoire ; studied the organ
under Benoist, taking 1st prize in 1834.
He was organist of I'Assomption, Paris, and
chef-d'orchestre successively of the concerts
of the rue Vivienue, of the Theatre Lyrique,
and of the Theatre du Cirque. Works : Or-
gan music ; Pianoforte music ; and L'Or-
ganiste fran9ais. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FESTA, COSTANZO, born, probably in
Rome, near the close of the 15th century,
died there, April 10, 1545. He was elected
a member of the Pontifical Choir in 1517,
and afterwards appointed maestro at the
Vatican. It is more than probable that he
studied under a Netherlandish master. He
ushered in the great epoch of Italian music
which culminated in Palestriua, and may be
called the first great composer of the Ro-
man school. His compositions consisted
of church music a cappella, and madrigals.
Most of his published pieces are in the col-
lections published in Venice by Gardane
and Scotto about the middle of the 16th
century. His madrigal, " Quando ritrovo
la mia pastorella " (Down in a flowery vale),
is very popular in England. Works : 1.
Madrigali a tre voci, libro primo (Venice,
57
FESTA
Ant. Gardaue, 2d ed., 1556 ; 3d, 1559) ; 2.
Motetti a 3 voci (Venice, 1543) ; 3. Litaniae
Deiparse Virgiuis Marise (Munich, Adam
Berg, 1583). Seijarate pieces are found in
collections published in Venice and else-
where during the 16th century. — Ambros,
iii. 565 ; Sehelle, Die sixtinische Capelle
(Vienna, 1872), 259 ; Eituer, 550.
FESTA, GIUSEPPE MARIA, born at
Trani, Naples, in 1771, died at Naples, April
7, 1830. Violin virtuoso, pupil of Giardini
and LoUi on his instrument, and of Gar-
gano and Fenaroli in counterpoint ; accom-
panied Loi"d Hamilton, the English ambas-
sador, to Constantinople about 1799, and
after his return lived for a time at Milan.
In 1802 he became maestro di cappella at
Lodi, but returned to Naples in 1805 and
entered the orchestra of the Teatro Sau
Carlo as first violinist ; in 1812 he visited
Paris for about eight months, and after his
return to Naples was appointed maestro di
cappella at the Teatro San Carlo, in 1816,
and soon after also of the royal ehaijel and
of the king's private orchestra. Among his
compositions for the violin are 3 works of
duos and 2 works of quartets, published by
Girard at Naples. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FESTGESANG (Festival Song), Schil-
ler's poem, "An die Kiinstler," for male
voices and brass, by Mendelssohn, op. 68,
written for the opening of the first German-
Flemish Vocal Festival at Cologne.
FESTGESANG, for male chorus and
orchestra, by Mendelssohn (no opus No.),
written for the festival of the fourth cen-
tennial celebration of the art of printing,
Leipsic, June 24 and 25, 1840. The words
of the hymn, which was sung at the un-
veiling of the statue of Guttenberg in the
public square, on the morning of the 24th,
were written by Adolphus Prolss, a teacher
in the Freiberg Gymnasium. The work is
sometimes called the Guttenberg Fest-Can-
tate. — Upton, Standard Cantatas, 263.
FESTING, MICHAEL CHRISTIAN,
born in London (?) about 1680, died there,
July 24, 1752. Violinist, puj^il of Richard
Jones and of Geminiani. He became a
member of the King of England's private
orchestra and first violinist of the Philhar-
monic Society of London ; and was made
musical director of Ranelagh Gardens at
their opening in 1742. He was one of the
founders of the Loudon Society of Musicians
and its secretary for many years. Works :
Violin solos ; Symphonies, concertos, and
} sonatas ; Ode on the return of the Duke of
Cumberland in 1745 ; Addison's Ode for
St. Cecilia's Day ; Milton's Song on May
morning ; Cantatas and songs. — Grove ;
Fotis ; Gerber ; Schilling.
FESTIvLANGE (Festival Sounds), No. 7
of Liszt's Symjjhonischr Dichtungen, written
at Weimar, 1856. Published, score and
parts ; also, two pianofortes, and pianoforte
four hands, by Breitkopf & Hiirtel.
FEST-:HARSCH (Festival March), for or-
chestra, by Franz Liszt, written for Goethe's
birthday. Published, score and parts ; also,
pianoforte, two and four hands (Schu-
berth).
FESTilARSCH, GROSSER, zur Erofi'-
nung der hundertjiihrigen Gedenkfeier der
Unabhiingigkeits-Erklarung der vereinig-
ten Staaten von Nordamerika, for grand or-
chestra, by Richard Wagner. Written for,
and first played at the National Centennial
Exhibition, Philadeljjhia, May 10, 1876,
whence called also Centennial March. The
stipulated price for this work was $5,000,
but Wagner received, through the efforts of
American admirers, double that sum, when
he needed the money for the first Baireuth
festival.
FEST-OUVERTURE (Festival Overture),
for orchestra, by Otto Nicolai, written for
the jubilee of the University of Kouigsberg,
1844. Its theme is Luther's " Ein' feste
Burg ist unser Gott."
FEST-OITV'ERTURE, for orchestra, in A,
by Joachim Raff, op. 117. In it, also, " Ein'
feste Burg " is used as a theme. Published
by Kistner.
" FEST-VORSPIEL (Festival Prelude), for
orchestra, by Franz Liszt, written for the
es
f£te
Schiller and Goethe Festival, Weimar, 1857.
Published in score (Hallberger).
FETE DU VILLAGE, LA, opera in one
act, text by Desfontaines, music by Gossec,
represented at the Academic Koyale de
Musique, Paris, May 26, 1778. An opera-
comique in one act, of the same title, text
by Etieune, music by Nicolo Isouard, was
given at the Oj^era Comique, March 31,
1811. La fete du village voisiu, opura-
comique in three acts, text by Sewriu,
music by Boieldieu, was produced at the
Theatre Feydeau, March 5, 181G.
FilTES DE L' AMOUR ET DE BAC-
CHUS, LES, pastorale in three acts, with
prologue, text by Molicre, Beuserade,
Quinault, etc., music by Lulli, represented
by the Academie Eoyale de Musique, at the
Theatre du Bel-Air, Paris, Nov. 15, 1672.
This work, reproduced six times between
1672 and 1738, was the beginning of the
comijoser's successful career. It was first
published by J. B. Christophe Ballard
(Paris, 1727), Fetis being incorrect in speak-
ing of an edition of 1679.
FfiTIS, ADOLPHE LOUIS EUGENE,
born in Paris, Aug. 20, 1820, died there,
March 20, 1873. Dramatic composer, son
of Frau9ois Joseph Fetis, pujsil at the Con-
servatoire at Brussels, then in Paris of
Henri Herz on the pianoforte, and of Halevy
in composition. After his return to Brus-
sels he was put in charge of a course in har-
mony for young ladies at the Conserva-
toire ; for several years he taught harmony
and the pianoforte at Brussels and Ant-
werp, and in 1856 settled in Paris. Works :
Le major Schlagmann, operetta given at
the Bouffes Parisiens, 1859 ; several comic
operas ; Les legendes des siecles, morceaux
de salon, for pianoforte ; Romances sans
paroles, for do. ; 2 caprices d'etude, do. ;
Grand polka et redowa, do. ; Morceaux,
for harmonium and violoncello ; Album de
1861, melodies for 1 and 2 voices, with pi-
anoforte.— Fetis.
FFTIS, FRANgOIS JOSEPH, born at
Mons, Belgium, March 25, 1784, died in
Brussels, March 25, 1871. The son of an
organist at Mons, he learned to play at an
early age the violin,
pianoforte, and or-
gan. He finished
his studies at the
Paris Conservatoire,
where he was the
pupil on the piano-
forte of Pradher
and Boieldieu, tak-
ing the prize for har-
mony in 1803, and,
for the second time, the second prize in com-
position in 1807. In 1806 he married ; on the
loss of his wife's fortune, in 1811, he retired
to the Ardennes. In 1813 he was appointed
organist and professor of music at Douai.
In 1821, on Eler's vacating the post, he was
made professor of counterpoint and fugue
at the Paris Conservatoire and librarian in
1827. In 1833 he was appointed director of
the Brussels Conservatoire and maitre de
chapelle to the King of the Belgians. He
wrote several memou-es for the Belgian
Academic Royale. Fetis was a learned
harmonist and contrapuntist, and was a
noted champion of the old Italian, pure con-
trapuntal style. His operas, and chamber
and orchestral music, have now passed into
oblivion, and most of his church music is
unpublished. His most noteworthy com-
position is his Requiem (1850), written for
the funeral of the Queen of Belgium. But
he won his greatest fame as a musical the-
orist, historian, and teacher. His Treatise
on Counterpoint and Fugue is unquestion-
ably the best and most exhaustive text-
book on the subject in existence ; his Trea-
tise on Harmony, in sjjite of some incon-
sequences and now obsolete views, is still
one of the most remarkable theoretical
works in musical literature. As an histo-
rian he was voluminous, but not always
trustworthy ; his historical works are,
moreover, stained with an uncompromising
dogmatism. His Biographic universelle
des Musicieus (continued after his death by
FEUER-SYMPHONIE
Ai-thur Pougin) is still a standard book
of reference. Works — Operas : L'amant et
le ruari, given at the Opera Comique, Paris,
1820 ; Les sceurs jumelles, ib., 1823 ; Marie
Stuart en Ecosse, ib., 1823 ; Le bour-
geois de Reims, ib., 1824 ; La vieille, ib.,
182G ; Le mannequin de Bergame, ib.,
1832 ; Phidias, not represented. Instru-
mental music : Overtures for orchestra ;
Sonatas ; Sextets ; Quintets ; Duos for piano-
forte and violin. Vocal music : Canzonette ;
Masses ; Vespers, and much other church
music still in MS. Historical and didactic
works : Mi'thode elumeutaire d'harmonie
et d'accompaguement (1824, 1836, 1S41,
translated into English and Italian) ; Traite
de la fugue et du contrapoint (1825, 184G) ;
Traite de I'accompagnement de la partition
(1829) ; Solfeges progressifs precedes de
I'exposition raisonne des principes de la
musique (1827) ; La musique mise a la
portee de tout le moude (1830) ; Curiosites
historiques de la musique (1830) ; Bio-
graphie universelle des musiciens et biblio-
graphie generale de la musique, 8 vols.
(1835-44; 2d ed., 1860-G5 ; Supplement,
Pougin, 1878-80) ; Manuel des principes de
musique, etc. (1837) ; Traite du chant en
choeur, etc. (1838) ; Manuel des jeunes com-
positeurs, des chefs de musique militaire et
des directeurs d'orchestre (1837) ; Methode
des methodes de piano (1837) ; Methode
des methodes de chant ; Esquisse de I'his-
toire de I'harmonie, etc. (1840) ; Methode
elementairc du plain-chant (1843) ; Traite
complet de la theorie et de la pratique de
I'harmonie (1844, 6th ed., 1857); Notice
biographique de Nicolo Paganini, etc.
(1851) ; Traite elementaire de musique, etc.
(1851-1852) ; Antoine Stradivari, etc. (1856);
Histoii'e generale de la musique depuis les
temps les plus anciens jusqua uos jours
(1869-76 ; finished only as far as the 15th
century). He left other works and treatises
unpublished. His eldest son, Edward Louis
Fran(;ois (born at Bouvignes, May 16, 1812),
is a professor in Brussels. He succeeded
his father as editor of the Revue musicale
in 1833-35, edited the fifth volume of
"Histoire generale de la musique," and has
published " Les musiciens beiges " (Brus-
sels, 1848), and other works. — Louis Alvin,
Notice sur F. J. Fetis (Brussels, 1874) ; Am-
bros, Buute Blatter, i. 141.
FEUER-SYMPHONIE (Fire Symphony),
by Joseph Haydn, written in 1770. It is
probably the overture to the opera Die
Feuersbrunst, an unrepresented work by
the composer.
FEUILLETS D'.YLBUM (Album Leaves),
3 songs with pianoforte accompaniment, by
Hector Berlioz, op. 19. — Jullien, Hector
Berlioz (1888), 378.
FEVIN, ANTOINE, born, probably at
Orleans, France, about 1490, died cer-
tainly before 1516. Little or nothing is
known of his life, but his compositions (in
spite of his early death) point to his having
been one of the gi-eatest geniuses between
Josquin Despres and Orlando Lasso. His
reputation, during and after his life, was im-
mense. The opinion that be was a Span-
iard is rejected by the best authorities.
Works : 3 Masses, Sancta Trinitas, ]\[ente
tota, and Ave Maria, from a book of Masses
(Petrucci, Fossombrone, 1515 ; only known
copy in British Museum) ; 3 Masses ; Ave
Maria, Mente tota, and De feria (-'Liber
quindecim Missarum," Rome, 1516 ; copy
in llazarin Library, Paris) ; 6 motets from
"Motetti della coi-ona " (Petrucci, 1514);
Motet, Descende in hortum meum, and a
fugue, Qu;e es ista ("Cautiones selects ul-
tra centum," Augsburg, 1540) ; 2 Lamenta-
tions, Migravit Juda, and Recordare est,
(" Recueil de Lamentations de Jereraie,"
Paris, 1558) ; Detached movements from
masses in Eslava's Lira sacro-hispana ; Mag-
nificat in Attaignant's 5th book for four
voices, and 2 motets in his 11th book (Paris,
1534) ; Chansons franyaisea in "Bicinia gal-
Ffivm
lica, latiiia et germanica " (Wittenberg,
1545) ; 3 masses in the Ambraser Messen,
Vieuua, and 3 motets in MS. in the same
hbrary. A mass in MS., Salve sancta pa-
rens, the only copy, is in the Munich Li-
brary. A song of his, " Je le I'airray," is in
the Harleian MSS., and fragments of two
masses are in Burney's Musical Extracts ;
both in the British Museum. — Ambros, iii.
274 ; Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, Hist, of Mas.,
ii. 530 ; Mendel.
FEVIN, ROBERTUS, born at Cambrai,
latter part of the 15th century, died after
1515. A contemporary of Antoine Fevin, but
of another family. He was maitre de chapelle
to the Duke of Savoy. According to Fetis
his only known composition is a Mass for
four voices on the French chanson, Le vi-
lain jaloux, printed in " Misste Antonii de
Fevin" (Petrucci, Fossombrone, 1515) ; but
Van der Straeten mentions a Mass and an-
other church composition in the catalogue
of the Sixtine Chapel music (1868), in which
he is called Robiuet Fevin. — Fotis ; Van der
Straeten, vi. 4G3, 471, 474 ; Gerber ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
FfiVRE. See Le Fibre.
FIALA, JOSEPH, born at Lobkowitz,
Bohemia, in 1749, died at Douaueschingen
in 1816. Oboist and violoncellist. Origi-
nally a serf, he taught himself the oboe, and
became a member, in Vienna, of Prince Wal-
lenstein's band. In 1777 he went to Mu-
nich, and was engaged by the Elector Max
Joseph for the Electoral Chapel, and subse-
quently served in that of the Prince Bishop
of Salzburg, where he made the acquaint-
ance of Mozart, and through his influence
went to Vienna in 1786. After residing sev-
eral years in Russia, in the service of Count
Alexis Orloff, he returned to Germany,
and in 1792 became Kapellmeister to
Prince Fiirstenberg at Douaueschingen.
Works : 2 sets of quartets for violin (Frank-
fort and Vienna, 1780, 1786) ; 6 duos for vio-
lin and violoncello (Augsburg, 1799) ; 2 sets
of trios for flute, oboe, and bassoon (Ratisbon,
1806).— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FL\.NCISe, LA, opera-comique in three
acts, text by Scribe, music by Auber, first
represented in Paris, Jan. 10, 1829 ; in Ber-
lin, as Die Braut, Aug. 26, 1829. It treats
of bourgeois life. It was revived in Paris,
Feb. 10, 1858. Published by Breitkopf
& Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1829), with pianoforte
accompaniment ; Schott's SOhnen (Mainz,
1829).
FIANCEE DU ROI DE GARBE, LA,
opera-comique in three acts and six tab-
leaux, text by Scribe and Saint-Georges,
music by Auber, re^jreseuted at the Opera
Comique, Paris, Jan. 11, 1864. The sub-
ject is from a tale by Boccaccio, put into
verse by La Fontaine. An opera-comique
of the same title, in three acts and four ta-
bleaux, text by Dennery and Chabrillat, mu-
sic by Henri Litolff, was given at the Folies
Dramatiques, Paris, Oct. 29, 1874. Subject
also fi'om Boccaccio.
FIANCfiE DES VERTS-POTEAUX, LA,
oj^eretta, music by Edmond Audran, repre-
sented at the Menus Plaisirs, Paris, Nov.
8, 1887.
FIBICH, ZDENKO, born at Seborschitz,
Bohemia, Dec. 21, 1850, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, studied music first at
Prague, then at the Leipsic Conservatorium
(1865), and under Vincenz Lachner. In
1876 he became second Kapellmeister at
the National Theatre in Prague, and in 1878
choir-director of the Russian church. He
is one of the most prominent among the
young Czech composers. Works : Buko-
wiu, Czech opera, given at Prague about
1875 ; Blanik, do., ib., Nov. 26, 1881 ; The
Bride of Messina, do., 1883 ; Othello, Zaboj
and Slavoj, Toman and the Nymph, Vesna,
symphonic poems ; Two symphonies ; Sev-
eral overtures ; Two string quartets ; Melo-
dramas, choruses, songs, and pianoforte
pieces. — Riemann.
FIBY, HEINRICH, born in Vienna, May
15, 1834, still living, 1889. Vocal composer
and violinist, pupil at the Conservatoi-ium,
Vienna ; became in 1853 solo violin and
conductor of the orchestra at the theatre in
61
FIDELIO
Laybaeb, Carniola, and in 1857 city music
director at Znaim, Moravia, where be has
done miicb towards tbe regeneration of mu-
sical life and tbe reorganization of cburcb
music. He is most favourably known by
bis choruses for male voices ; and has com-
posed also three operettas. — Mendel, Er-
giinz., 104.
FIDELIO, Oder die ebeliche Liebe (Con-
jugal Love), German opera in two acts, text
by Joseph Sonuleithner, music by Beethoven,
first represented at the Theater an der Wieu,
Vienna, Nov. 20, 1805. The libretto is an
adaptation from the French of Jean Nico-
las BouUly's " Lconore, ou I'amour conju-
gal," which had twice before been set to
music : by Gaveaux, as Leonore, ou I'a-
mour conjugal, given at the Oi^era Co-
mique, Paris, Feb. 19, 1798 ; and by Paer,
as Leonora, ossia 1' amore conjugale, given
at Dresden, Oct. 3, 1804. Beethoven re-
ceived the text in the winter of 1801-5, and
composed his score at Hetzeudorf during
the following summer. The opera, originally
in three acts, was produced under discour-
aging cu-cumstances, the French having just
taken jjossession of the city, which was de-
serted by the court and nobility, and after
three representations (Nov. 20, 21, 22) it
was withdrawn. The work proving too
long, three numbers were di-opped from it
and the libretto was reduced to two acts by
Stephen Breuning. In this form it was
given at the Imperial private theatre, Mai'ch
29 and April 10,1806, and again withdrawn.
In 1811 the libretto was again revised by
Friedrich Treitschke, and Beethoven re-
wrote and rearranged a considerable part of
the music. In this last form it was pro-
duced at the Kiiruthnerthor Theater, May
23, 1811. Beethoven wished the opera
called Leonore, but he was overruled by the
management of the theatre, and it was al-
ways announced under its present name.
Four overtures were written for it : 1. Leo-
nore No. 2, in C, 1805 ; 2. Leonore No. 3,
in C, 180G ; 3. Leonore No. 1, in C (op.
138), 1807 ; 4. Fidelio, in E, 181G. The
action of the opera takes place in a prison
near Seville, Spain, of which Don Pizarro
is governor, and Kocco chief jailer. Flo-
restau is a state prisoner, whose wife, Leo-
nore, has introduced herself into the prison
in male attii'e, under the name of Fidelio,
in hope of etlecting his deliverance. Ja-
quino, the turnkey, is in love withMarzelline,
daughter of Rocco, and she is in love with
Fidelio. Don Pizarro, hearing that Don
Fernando is coming to inspect the prison,
determines to kill Florestan, but is pre-
vented by Leonore. In the last scene Don
Fernando frees Florestan, who is reunited
Schroder-Devrient.
to Leonore, Don Pizarro is led away to pun-
ishment, and Marzelline consents to make
Jaquino happy. Among the most notewor-
thy of the numbers are : In the first act,
Marzelline's aria, "O wiir' ich schon mit dir
vereint," called the Hope aria ; the quartet,
" Mir ist so wunderbar ; " Rocco's song,
" Hat man nicht audi Gold, beineben,"
called the Gold song ; Don Pizarro's aria,
" Ha ! welch ein Augenblick ! " Fidelio's
aria, " Abscheulicher !," full of dramatic in-
tensity expressive of her horror of Don Fer-
nando's proposed crime, and leading into
an adagio, "Komm, Hoffnung,"in which she
describes the power of love. In the second
act Florestan in his dungeon sings an aria,
ez
FIEDLER
" In des Lebens Friihlingstagen," which
closes rapturously with, " Und spiir' Ich
uiclit liude," as he sees Leonora in a vision.
After a furious scene between Don Pizarro
and Leonore, interrupted by the arrival of
Don Fernando, Florestan and Leonore join
in the rajiturous duet, " O Namenlose
Freude." The original cast in 1805 was as
follows :
Don Fernando Herr Weinkopf.
Don Pizarro Herr Meier.
Florestan Herr Demmer.
Leonore (Fidelio) Frilulein Milder.
Eocco Herr Rothe.
Marzelline Friiulein Midler.
Jaquino Herr Cache.
In 1822 \\'ilhelmina Schroder, afterwards
Schroder-Devrient (1805-1860), sang at Vi-
enna the part of Leonore, and achieved such
extraordinary success as to become al-
most identified with the character. Fidelio
was produced in Paris, at the Salle Favart,
1829 and 1830 ; at the Italiens, 1852 ; and
in three acts, French translation by Jules
Barbier and Michel Carre, at the Theatre
Lyrique, May 5, 18G0. It was performed in
London at the King's Theatre, May 18,
1832, and in English at Covent Garden,
June 12, 1835. Its first production in
America was at the National Theatre, New
York, Sept. 9, 1839, when it was given in
English. The German version was sung at
the Metropolitan Ojjera House, New York,
in the season of 1885-86. — Marx, L. van
B., 200 ; Nohl, B.'s Leben, ii. 205 ; Thayer,
Life of B. ; do., Verzeichniss, 61 ; Hanslick,
Moderne Oper, 61 ; Liszt, Gesamml. Schr.,
iii. 10 ; Berlioz, A travers Chants, 68 ; Schu-
mann, Music and Musicians, i. 25.
FIEDLER, AUGUST MAX, born at
Zittau, Dec. 31, 1859, still living, 1889.
Pianist and instrumental and vocal com-
poser, pupil of his father on the pianoforte
and of G. Albrecht in theory and on the
organ, then at the Conservatorium in Leip-
sic (1877-80). Since 1882 professor at
the Conservatorium in Hamburg. He ap-
peared with success as a concert player, and
has composed a sj'mphony, performed in
Hamburg, 1886, a quintet and a quartet for
strings, songs, and pianoforte i^ieces.— Eie-
mann.
FIELD, JOHN (called in England "Rus-
sian Field "), born
in Dublin, Ireland,
July 26, 1782, died
in Moscow, Russia,
Jan. 11, 1837. His
father was a violin-
ist in a theatre or-
chestra in Dublin ;
his grandfather an
organist, who taught
him the rudiments
of music and the pi-
anoforte. His father apprenticed him in
London to Clementi, with whom he studied
the pianoforte until 1801, acting also as
salesman and exhibitor of pianofortes in
the warerooms of Clementi & Co. In 1802
Clementi took him to Paris, where he won
great distinction by his playing of Bach and
Handel, and thence to St. Petersburg, where
he continued to serve in his master's ware-
rooms until 1801, when Clementi left Rus-
sia. He then settled in St. Petersburg as a
teacher, receiving extraordinary j)rices for
his lessons. In 1823 he removed to Mos-
cow, where he won even greater success as
a pianist. After a professional trip through
Russia he returned to London in 1832, and
in 1833 to Paris, passing through Belgium
and Switzerland to Italy, where he lost
money at his concerts in Milan, Venice, and
Naples. Intemperate habits had worn out
his originally feeble constitution, and he was
nine months in a wretched state in a NeajDO-
litan hospital. A Russian family by the
name of Raemanow saved him from this
plight, on condition that he should return
to Russia. Passing through Vienna he elic-
ited the most enthusiastic praise by his
playing, but died almost immediately after
reaching Moscow. As a composer, Field
is to be credited with originating that form
FIEN^'ES
of pianoforte piece known as the nocturne ;
his nocturnes were the models for Chopin
and all later composers, and, among all his
works, they alone have survived. His con-
certos, sonatas, pianoforte quintet, and
other works, much admired in his day,
have all died. His style was marked by
infinite grace, charm, and an intimate
knowledge of the most characteristic re-
sources of the pianoforte. Both as a pian-
ist and composer he was the connecting link
between Clementi and Chopin. Works : 7
concertos for pianoforte and orchestra, in
E-flat (Nos. 1, 3, and -4), A-flat, C (L' incen-
die par I'orage), C, and C minor ; 2 diver-
tissements for do., with accompaniment for
2 violins, flute, viola, and bass ; Quintet for
pianoforte and strings ; Rondo for do. ;
Variations on a Russian air for four hands ;
Grand valse for do.; 3 sonatas, in A, E-flat,
and C minor ; 3 do. in A, B, and C ; Sonata
in B ; 20 nocturnes (only 12 of these were
designated as such by the composer) ; 2 airs
. • en rondeau ; Ron-
^/e_j^j deau ccossais;
_-_,.7 - Fantasias on dif-
y ferent airs ; Polo-
V naises, romances,
rondos, and miscellaneous pieces for piano-
forte ; Two songs, with pianoforte. — Grove ;
Fetis, iii. 244 ; do., Supph'ment, i. 331 ;
Mendel ; Spohr, Selbtsbiographie, i. 43 ;
Weitzmann, Geschichte des Clanerspiels,
92. ; Liszt, Gesamml. Schr., iv. 261.
FIENXES, HENRI DU BOIS DE, born
at Auderlecht, near Brussels, Dec. 15, 1809,
died there, Feb. 15, 1863. Pianist, pupil of
Landwyck, an organist at Brussels, then went
to Paris, where for two years he profited
much by the advice of Henri Herz. After
his return to Belgium he gave concerts
with Bender, Hauman, and D('sargus, and
in 1834 studied composition under Fetis ;
then perfected himself on the pianoforte in
Paris under Kalkbrenner. Settled in Brus-
sels, where he devoted himself to teaching,
he made a concert tour through Holland
and on the Rhine in 1837, and visited Lon-
/
don to hear and be advised by Thalberg,
then at the zenith of his fame. Works :
Two concertos for pianoforte and orchestra ;
Fantaisie romantique ; Morceau de concert ;
Thume varie ; Fantaisies, mt'langes, caprices,
etc., on operatic themes. — Fetis.
FIERO SANGUE D' ARAGONA. See
Ernani.
FIERRABRAS, romantic opera in three
acts, text by Josef Kujjelwieser, music by
Franz Schubert, written in 1823, but never
performed, though Riemann says it was
produced in Vienna in 1861. The work,
in MS. (1,000 pages of written score), in
twenty-three numbers, including the over-
ture, is preserved in the library of the
Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna.
Fragments of it have been played in Vienna
(1858, 1862), and the overture, which is
owned by Herr Spina, Vienna (it has been
published, arranged for j)ianoforte, by Di-
abelli), is frequently played at concerts. It
is decidedly the greatest of Schubert's over-
tures. The subject is from the romances of
chivalry and deals with the wars between
Charlemagne and the Moors. The scene is
laid in Spain. Fierrabras, son of the Moor-
ish prince, is in love with Emma, daughter
of King Charles (Charlemagne), who is also
beloved by Eginhardt, a Christian knight ;
and Florinda, sister of Fierrabras, is loved
by Roland, another Christian knight. Af-
ter many vicissitudes, Eginhardt wins
Emma, and Roland Florinda ; and Fierra-
bras, renouncing his religion, becomes a
follower of King Charles amid a chorus of
joy and exultation. — Hellborn (Coleridge),
Life of Schubert, i. 293 ; Grove, iii. 338.
FIESCO, GIULIO, born in Ferrara in
1519, died in 1586. Lutist, musician of
the chapel of Ercole H., and Alfonso H., of
Este. His madrigals were published in
Venice (1554-1569).— Fetis ; Mendel.
FifiVRE BROLANTE, UNE. See Ei-
chard Cceur de Lion.
FIGARO. See Nozze di Figaro.
FIGHERA, SALVATORE, born at Gra-
vina, Naples, in 1771, died at Naples in
64
FIGLIUOL
1836. Church composer, pupil of Insan-
guine and Fenaroli at the Conservatorio
Santa Maria di Loreto, Naples ; then lived
for a time iu Milan, and after his return
was maestro di cappella of several convents,
for which he wrote numerous compositions.
"Works : La iinta istoria, cantata ; Lo
sdegno e la pace, do. ; 2 masses for double
chorus with orchestra ; Several masses alia
Palestrina ; Miserere for 4 voices with or-
chestra ; Credo for 8 voices in madrigal
style ; La sorpresa, opera buflta, given in
Milan. — Fotis, Sui^plemeut, i. 331 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 104
FIGLIUOL PKODIGO, IL (The Prodi-
gal Son), melodrama in four acts, test by
A. Zanardini, music by Amilcare Ponchielli,
represented at La Scala, Milan, Dec. 26,
1880. This work, sung by Tamagno,
de Reszke, Salvati, and Mmes Angeri and
Prasini, had a great success.
FILBY, WILLIA^M CHARLES, born at
Hammersmith, England, 1836, still living,
1889. Organist, and composer of church,
dramatic, and instrumental music, studied
in France, and was organist successively in
London, at Walworth, Bayswater, West-
bourne Park, Margate, and Stepney.
Works : Your money or your life, operetta,
op. 99 ; Alabama Claims, do., op. 100 ; Mass
in E-flat, op. 24 ; do., in E, op. 28 ; The
twenty-third psalm, op. 36 ; The thirteenth
psalm, op. 71 ; Ouverture fantastique for or-
chestra, op. 101 ; Motets ; Anthems ; So-
nata for pianoforte, op. G6 ; Fantasias and
other pieces for do. ; Organ music, songs,
duets, etc.
FILIPPINI, STEFANO (surnamed 1' Ar-
gentino), Augustine monk, maestro di cajj-
pella of St. John the Evangelist at Ravenna,
in the second part of the 17th century.
His motets, j)salms, masses, etc., were pub-
lished in Ancona and Bologna (1522-1685).
— Ft'tis ; Mendel, iii. 517 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
xii. 105.
FILIPUZZI, AGOSTINO, born in Bo-
logna about 1635, died (?). Organist of the
church of the Madonna di Galiera, and iu
1665 maestro di cappella of the church of
the regular canons of S. Giovanni iu Monte.
On the foundation of the Accademia Filar-
mouica, Bologna, 1666, he was made a mem-
ber, antl he was principe in 1669 and 1675.
He composed masses, psalms, etc., Bologna
(1666-1671).— Fetis ; Mendel.
FILLE DE MADAME ANGOT, LA
(Madame Angot's Daughter), opera-bouffe,
text by Clairville, Siraudin, and Koning,
music by Charles Lecocq, represented at
the Fautaisies Parisienues, Brussels, No-
vember, 1872. Madame Angot's daughter,
Clairette, a pretty flower-girl, whom her
friends wish to marry the hair-dresser Pom-
ponnet, prefers to give her love to Ange
Pitou, a singer. The latter, inconstant, sac-
rifices his love to the beautiful eyes of Mile
Lange, the famous comedienne. Clairette,
after all sorts of trouble, at last consoles
herself for his infidelity and gives her hand
to Pomponnet. The work had a great suc-
cess in Paris, where it was presented, Feb.
23, 1873, at the Folies Dramatiques.
FILLE DES EOIS, A TOI L'HOM-
MAGE. See Africaine.
FILLE DU REGLAIENT, LA (Ital., La
figiia del reggimento, The Daughter of the
Regiment), oi)era-comique iu two acts, text
by Bayard and Saint-Georges, music by
Donizetti, represented at the Opera Co-
mique, Paris, Feb. 11, 1840. Scene, iu the
Tyrol, during its occupation by the French
in Napoleon's time. Marie, picked up
when an infant on the battle-field by Ser-
geant Sulpice, has grown up to be a vivan-
diere and the adopted daughter of the 21st
Regiment. Tony, a Tyrolese peasant, who
once saved her from falling over a precijiice,
loves her, and joins the regiment to obtain
her hand. But the mystery of her birth is
cleared up by the appearance of her mother,
a marquise, who claims Marie as her niece,
and rejects Tony. In the second act the
daughter of the regiment appears in her
mother's chateau, surrounded by everything
belonging to her rank, but regretting Tony
and longing for the freedom of her old
65
FILS
life. She is suddenly cheered up by the
return of the regiment, and Tony, become
an officer, demands her hand. The mar-
quise reveals to Marie that she is her mother
and bids her give up her lover, but at
last, overcome by her daughter's grief, con-
sents to the union. The opera was given
in Italian in London, at Her Majesty's The-
atre, May 27, 18-17, with Jenny Liud in the
title-role ; and in English, at the Surrey
Theatre, Dec. 21, 1847. The French ver-
sion was produced in New York, at Niblo's
Garden, July 19, 1843, by a company from
New Orleans, with Mile Calve as Marie and
Bles as Sulpice. Among the best of the
numbers are : the tyrolienne, " Suppliant,
a genoux ; " the duet between Marie and
Sulpice, commonly called "Le Rataplan;"
the spirited, " Salut a la France ; " and the
song of the regiment, " Chacun le sait,
chacuu le dit." — Edwards, Lyrical Drama,
ii. 37 ; Larousse, viii. 376.
FILS DU BRIGADIER (The Corporal's
Son), LE, opcra-comique in three acts, text
by Eugene Labiche and Delacour, music by
Victor Masse, represented at the Opera
Comique, Paris, Feb. 25, 1867. Sung by
Crosti, Montaubry, Sainte-Foy, Prilleux,
and Allies Girard, Ruze, and Revilly.
FILTZ, ANTON, died at an early age at
Mannheim in 1768. Violoncellist in the
service of the Elector-Palatine at Mann-
heim about 1763, and enjoyed great reputa-
tion as a composer. Works : 6 symjihonies
for 8 instruments ; 6 trios for pianoforte,
violin and bass ; 6 trios for violins ; 6 quar-
tets for 2 violins, viola, and bass. Concertos
for violoncello, flute, oboe, and clarinet,
and duos and solos for violoncello, in MS.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FINAZZI, FELIPPO, born in Bergamo
in 1710, died at Jersbeck, near Hamburg,
April 21, 1776. Singer and compose!-, sang
in Italian opera at Breslau in 1728 ; was
subsequently in the ser\'ice of the Duke of
Modena, returned to Germany in 1737, and
settled at Jersbeck in 1748. He published
six four-part symphonies (1754), and left
the opera Temistocle, the intermezzo La
jsace campestre, a cantata, and other music
in MS.— Fetis ; Mendel.
rmCH' HAN DAL VINO. See Don
Giovanni.
FINCK, HEINRICH, German composer
of the beginning of the 16th century, date
of birth and death unknown. He finished
his studies in Cracow, Poland, where he
was in the service of Kings John Albert in
1492, of Alexander in 1501, and of Sigis-
mund I. in 1506. He retired later to Wit-
tenberg. He is sometimes confounded with
his grand-nephew, Hermann Finck. Works :
SchiJne auserlesene Lieder (Nuremberg,
1536) ; music to 22 Latin hymns in Rhau's
Sacrorum hymnorum, lib. i. (Wittenberg,
1542) ; and compositions in other 16th cen-
tury collections. — AUgem. d. Biogr., vii. 12 ;
Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i. 333 ; Mendel ;
Sowinski, 191 ; Schilling ; Winterfeld, Der
evang. Kirchengesang, i. 186.
FINCK, HERMANN, born in Pirna, Sax-
ony, March 21, 1527, died in Wittenberg,
Doc. 28, 1558. A grand-nephew of Hein-
rich Finck, and a warm supporter of the
Reformed religion. He studied in Witten-
berg, where he became an organist, and
composed chorals, one of which, " O let thy
grace remain," is still sung in German
Protestant churches. He was the author
of a theoretical work, " Practica musica "
(1556). — Riemann ; Naumann (Ouseley), i.
440.
FIN DU MONDE, LA. See Hercu-
lannm.
FINETTI, GIACOMO, Italian composer
of the beginning of the 17th century, born
at Ancona. A Franciscan monk, he was
maestro di cappella of his native town in
1611, and subsequently of San Marco, Ven-
ice. He composed psalms, etc., with Petrus
Lappius, and Jul. Bellus (Frankfort, 1621 ;
Venice, 1611-1622).— Fetis; Mendel.
FINGALS HOHLE. See Die Hehriden.
FINGER, GOTTFRIED, born at Olmiitz,
Moravia, about 1660, died after 1717. He
went to England in 1685 and became musi-
FINI
cian to James II. On obtaining the fourth
prize for his music to Congi'eve's masque,
The Judgment of Paris, in 1701, he was so
displeased that he returned to Germany.
He became chamber musician to Queen
Sophie Charlotte in Berlin in 1702, and
Kapellmeister at Gotha in 1717. Works :
SonatsB xii. p>ro diversis instrumentis
(1688) ; Six sonatas or solos, three for a
vioHn and three for a flute (1690) ; Ayres,
Chacones, Divisions, and Sonatas, for Vio-
lins and Flutes, with John Banister (1691) ;
A set of sonatas in five parts for flutes
and hautboys (with Godfrey Keller) ; So-
natas for violins and flutes ; Music for Theo-
philus Parson's Ode for St. Cecilia's Day ;
Music for Motteux's masque. The Loves of
Mars and Venus (with John Eccles), Lon-
don, 1696 ; Music for Ravenscroft's comedy,
The Anatomist, ib., 1697; Music for Elkanah
Settle's opera, the Virgin Prophetess, ib.,
1701 ; Music for Congreve's masque, The
Judgment of Paris, ib., 1701 ; Sieg der
Schunheit fiber die Helden, opera, Berlin,
1706 ; Eoxane, opera, ib., 1706 (with Strieker
and Volumier). — Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ;
Allgem. d. Biogr., vii. 16.
FINI, mCHELE, born in Naples in
the first years of the 18th century. Dra-
matic composer. Works — Operas: Pericca
et Varrone, Venice, 1731 ; Gli sponsali d'
Enea, ib., 1831 ; I dei birbi, ib., 1732.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FINK, CHRISTIAN, born at Dettiugen,
Wiu-temberg, Aug. 9, 1831, still living, 1889.
Organist, pupil at the Conservatorium in
Leipsic (1853-55), and of Johann Schneider
in Dresden, then lived in Leipsic until
1860, when he was called to Esslingen as
principal instructor of music at the seminary,
and as music director and organist at the
Metropolitan Church. In 1862 the title of
professor was conferred on him. He has
published a considerable number of sonatas,
fugues, preludes, trios, etc., for the organ ;
Psalms, motets, and other church music ;
also pianoforte pieces, and songs. — Eie-
mann.
FINK, GOTTFRIED WILHELM, born
at Suiza, Thuringia, March 7, 1783, died at
Halle, Aug. 27, 1846. Instrumental and
vocal composer and writer on music, pupil
of the cantor Gressler on the jjianoforte and
organ. First wrote for the Allgemeine mu-
sikalische Zeitung in 1808, and was editor of
the paper in 1827—41. Became professor of
music at Leipsic University in 1842, and re-
ceived the doctor's degree. Works : Pieces
for pianoforte and violin ; Songs and bal-
lads ; Terzettos for soprano, contralto, and
bass ; Many part-songs for male voices ;
Hiiusliche Andachten, 3 books (Leipsic,
1810) ; He also published Musikalischer
Hausschatz der Deutschen, a collection of
1,000 songs (Leipsic, 1843) ; Deutsche Lie-
dertafel, a collection of four-part songs
for male voices. — Allgem. d. Biogr., vii.
17 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann, 263 ; Schil-
ling.
FINTA GIAEDINIERA, LA, Italian
opera buffa in three acts, text by Calzabigi
adapted by Coltellini, music by Mozart,
first represented at Munich, Jan. 13, 1775.
—Holmes, Life of M., 89.
FINTA SEMPLICE, LA, Italian opera
buffa in three acts, text by Coltellini, mu-
sic by Mozart, written at Vienna in 1768,
but never represented.
FIOCCHI, VINCENZO, born in Rome in
1707, died in Paris in 1845. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Conservatorio della
Pieta de' Turchini, Naples, under Fenaroli.
Choron says he was organist of St. Peter's,
Rome, but left there at the time of politi-
cal troubles, and went to Paris in 1802 ;
he had then written about 16 operas, which
are now forgotten. He published, with
Choron, Priucipes d'accompagnement des
ecoles d'ltalie (1807). In Paris he brought
out the operas : Le valet de deux maitres.
Theatre Feydeau, 1802 ; Sophocle, Acade-
mie Imperiale de Musique, 1811. He after-
wards wrote several comic operas, which
were not performed. Other works : L'
Addio d' Ettore, cantata, 1797 ; Piramo e
Tisbe, do. ; Francesca d' Aiimiuo, do. ; Aci,
67
FIOCCO
cantatille. — Fi'tis ; do., Suppk'ment, i. 333 ;
Mendel ; do., Ergilnz., lOG.
FIOCCO, JEAN JOSEPH, born at Brus-
sels, died there about 1772. Composer of
oratorios, son and probably pupil of Pietro
Antonio Fiocco, whom he succeeded as
maitre de chaijelle to the royal chapel, and at
Notre Dame du Sablon, Brussels ; held these
offices still in 1749. His oratorios were cele-
brated, and were a new feature in the his-
tory of Netherland music. Works — Ora-
torios : La tempesta de' dolori, performed
1728 ; II Pentimento d' Accabo ; La morte
vinta sul Calvario, 1730 ; Giesh flagellato,
1734 ; II trausito di S. Giuseppe, 1737 ;
Le profezie evangeliche di Isaia, 1738. His
church compositions are numerous. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, vii. 72 ; Van der Straeten,
ii. 132-137 ; v. 149-153 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
107.
FIOCCO, JOSEPH HECTOR, born in
Brussels about 1(590, died after 1752.
Harpsichord player, son antl pupil of Pietro
Antonio Fiocco. He was vice-maitre of the
royal chapel in 1729, and became maitre de
chapclle of the cathedral, Antwerp, in 1731,
but resigned in 1737, to assume the same
function at Saiute-Gudule, Brussels. Both
Joseph Fiocco and his celebrated father
mark a special epoch in the musical his-
tory of the Netherlands. Joseph Hector's
book of harpsichord pieces entitled Pieces
de claveyin dediees i son Altesse Mon-
seigneur le due d'Areuberg, etc. (Brussels,
between 1730-1737), is the oldest collection
of the kind in existence. Van der Straeten
gives an interesting account of this work
and of the progress of music at the coui't of
Brussels, then one of the most brilliant
courts of Europe. Among this composer's
church music is a Mass to St. Cecilia
(1752), and many other masses (Amsterdam,
Antwerp, 1730). His music was long in use
in the Cathedral of Antwerp, and was played
at the Concerts Spirituels in Paris ; some of
his MSS. are in the National Library, Paris.
• — Biog. nat. de Belgique, vii. 73 ; Futis ;
Van der Straeten, ii. 95 ; iv. 293.
FIOCCO, PIETRO ANTONIO, born in
Venice about the middle of the 17th century,
died at Brussels, Nov. 3, 1714. Church
composer, settled at Brussels about 1690,
and was maitre de chapelle at Notre Dame du
Sablon ; then from 1G9G vice-niaitre, and in
170G-14 maitre de la musique, to the court
of Brussels. Composed motets, masses, etc.,
for the royal chapel, and under his direc-
tion several very efl'ective performances were
given at the court, which consisted of relig-
ious dramas. His prologues set to music for
Lulli's operas, jserformed at the court, ai-e
also specially mentioned in the chronicles
of the time ; none of these pieces have sur-
vived. The most important were the pro-
logues to Amadis (1G95), Acis et Galatue
(1G95), Belk'rophou (1G9G), Tlu'sOe (1697).
He was made director of the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, Brussels, founded by the
Electoral Duke of Bavaria, in 1704. His
clun-ch music was played at Sainte-Gudule
until the last part of the 18th century. Pub-
lished flute sonatas. — Biog. nat. de Belgi-
que, vii. 71 ; Van der Straeten, ii. 127-132,
176 ; iv. 293 ; v. 148 ; Fetis ; Becker, Die
Tonwerke des xvi. und xvii. Jahrh.
FIODO, VINCENZO, born at Taranto,
Naples, Sept. 2, 1782, died at Naples in
1863. Dramatic, and church comi^oser,
pupil of Sala and I'aisiello at the Conserva-
torio de' Turchini, Naples. In 1812 he
settled at Pisa to teach vocal music, but
afterwards is said to have given uj) his pro-
fession for a mercantile career until 1820,
about which time he returned to Naples,
and to music, becoming maestro di cappella
in difl'crent convents and churches. In
1846 he was apj)ointed inspector of the ex-
tei'nal schools of the Conservatorio, and in
1858 professor at that institution. Works
— Operas : H disertore, Rome, 1808 ; II
trioufo di Quinto Fabio, Parma, 1809 ; Gi-
ro, Florence, 1810 ; Giuseppe riconosciuto,
oratorio ; Requiem mass for 2 choruses and
2 orchestras ; 2 do. for 3 choruses and 3 or-
chestras ; Many other religious composi-
tions.— Fetis ; do., Suj)2>l'^'iiient, i. 333.
FIORAVANTI
FIORAVANTI, VALENTINO, born in
Rome, November, 1770, died at Capua,
June IG, 1837. Dramatic composer, pupil at
the Couservatorio della Pieta de' Turcbini,
Naples, uuder Sala. His first ojjera was
represented at the Pergola, Florence, in
1791, and was followed by about fifty others,
all comic. In 180G he was invited to Paris,
and produced there, Sept. 2G, 1807, an
opera buffa in two acts. In 181G he suc-
ceeded Jannaconi as maestro di cappella at
St. Peter's, Rome, but his church music was
inferior to his operas. Like other Italian
composers Fioravanti, though jjojiular in
his day, was eclipsed by Rossini. Works —
Operas : Con i matti il savio la perde, rep-
resented at La Pergola, Florence, 1791 ;
Amor aguzza 1' ingegno, about 1792 ; L'
amore immaginario, 1793 ; L' astuta, 1793 ;
La cantatrice bizzarra, about 1793 ; II furbo
contra il furbo, Turin, 1795 ; Lo cantatrici
viilane, Turin, 1795— Paris, 1806, 1842;
Lisetta e Giannino, Naples, 1795 ; II fabro
parigino, Milan, 179G ; Gli amanti comici,
Milan, 1796 ; La capricciosa pentita, Turin,
1797 ; L' iunocente ambizione, Venice,
1797 ; H matrimouio i^er magia, Naples,
1797 ; La fortunata combinazione, about
1798 ; L' inganno cade sojira 1' inganuatore,
about 1799 ; II bello place a tutti, about
1800 ; I viaggiatori ridicoli, Naples, 1800 ;
La schiava fortunata, about 1800 ; H vil-
lauo in angustie, Naples, 1801 ; Amor e dis-
pgtto, Milan, 1802 ; I raggiri ciarlatanescbi,
Naples, 1802 ; L' orgoglio avvilito, Milan,
1803 ; La schiava di due padroni, Milan,
1803 ; II giudizio di Paride, about 1803 ;
Le avventure di Bertoldino, Rome, 1803 ;
I puntigli per equivoco, Naples, 1804 ; La
bella Carbonara, about 1804 ; L' Africano
generoso, 1804 ; Adelson e Salvina, 1804 ; L'
avaro, 1804 ; L' amor per interezza, about
1805 ; L' ambizione pentita, about 1805 ;
Semplicitii ed astuzia, Naples, 1806 ; Vir-
tuosi ambulanti, Paris, 1807 ; Lo sposo che '
piti accommoda, Naples, about 1808 ; Ca-
milla, 1810 ; Adelaide e Comingio, Milan,
ISIO; Raoul di Crequi, Naples, 1811 ; La
foresta d' Hermannstadt, ib., 1812 ; II cia-
battino, ib., 1813 ; Inganni ed amore, ib.,
1814 ; Enrico IV. al passo della Mania,
Rome, 1818 ; Paolina e Suzetta, Naples,
1819 ; La moglie di due mariti, ib., 1820;
Ogni eccesso e vizioso, ib., 1823. — Fetis ;
Grove ; Larousse ; Mendel ; Biog. gt'n.,
xviii. 723.
FIOR.WANTI, VINCENZO, born in
Rome, April 5, 1799, died in Naples, March
28, 1877. Dramatic composer, son of Va-
lentino Fioravanti and pupil of Jannaconi
and of Donizetti. In 1833 he was maestro
di cappella of a church in Naples, and later
music director at the Albergo de' Poveri
there. Like his father, he wrote many
buffo operas, in the first of which, given in
Naples in 1819, the great basso Lablache
made his debut. Works — Operas : La pul-
cinella molinara, Naples, 1819 ; La pasto-
rella rapita, ib., 1820 ; II sarcofago scozzese,
ib., 1820 ; Robinson Crusoe, ib., about
1825 ; Colombo alia scoperta delle Indie,
ib., about 1830 ; II folletto innamorato,
about 1830 ; and many others, a full list of
which is given in Pougin's supplement to
Fetis. He wrote also two oratorios : Seilla,
and II sacrifizio di Jefte. — Fetis, iii. 25G ;
do.. Supplement, i. 333 ; Larousse ; Mendel,
iii. 534; Erganz., xii. 831.
FIOR D' ALIZA, oj)era-comiquc in four
acts and seven tableaux, text by Hippolyte
Lucas and Michel Carre, music by Victor
Masse, represented at the Opera Comique,
Paris, Feb. 5, 1866. The subject of the
libretto is from Lamartine's romance,
" Graziella." The cast was as follows :
Fior d' Aliza . . Mme Vandenheuvel-Duprez.
Picciniua Mme Galli-Marie.
Gerouimo M. Achard.
Le moiue M. Crosti.
FIORE, STEFANO ANDREA, born in
Milan, close of the 17th century. Compos-
er, maestro di cajjjjella to the King of Sar-
dinia ; member of the Accademia Filarmo-
nica, Bologna. Quantz knew him in Tu-
rin, in 1726, where he enjoyed a brilliant
69
FIOrJLLO
reputation. His XII Sonate da cliiesa a
due violini, and bis opera II pentimeuto
generoso (1719), are bis best compositions.
— Fetis; Mendel.
FIORILLO, FEDERIGO, born in Bruns-
wick in 1753, died
after 1823. Vio-
linist, son of Igna-
zio Fiorillo. He
went to Poland in
1780, conducted a
band at Riga,
1783-85, went to
Paris and was
beard at tbe Con-
certs Spirituals in 1785, and in 1788 went to
London, wbere be played tbe viola in Salo-
mon's quartet-party. His last ajipearance
in London was in 1791 ; be went tbence to
Amsterdam and was in Paris in 1823, after
wbicb nothing is known of him. Of all his
works, that entitled Etudes de violon has
survived as a classical work, of great service
to students. It is composed of 36 caprices,
wbicb are equal to tbe classical studies of
Rode and Kreutzer. They have been pub-
lished lately bj* Ferdinand David (Leipsic),
after many previous editions. His other
music consists of duos for violins, for pi-
anoforte and violin ; Quartets, quintets,
concertos, etc., of wbicb Fetis gives a list.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Grove ; Larousse.
FIORILLO, IGNAZIO, born in Naples,
May 11, 1715, died at Fritzlai-, Hesse, June,
1787. Dramatic composer, pupil at tbe
Couservaton'o, Naples, under Leo and Du-
rante. He brought out his first opera, at
Venice in 1736, became Hofkapellmeister in
Brunswick in 1751, and Kapellmeister in
Cassel in 1762. In 1780 he retired to Fritz-
lar. Works — Of)eras : Mundane, opera seria,
given at Venice, 1736 ; Ai-tamene, Milan,
1738 ; n vincitor di se stesso, ib., 1711 ;
Diana ed Endimione, Cassel, 1763 ; Arta-
serse, ib., 1765 ; Nitteti, ib., 1770 ; Andro-
meda, ib., 1771 ; Isacco, oratorio ; 3 Te
Deum ; Requiem. — Fetis ; Mendel ; La-
rousse ; Riemann.
I FIOEINI, IPPOLITO, born in Ferrara
about 1510, died about 1612. Madrigal
and church composer, surnamed 1' Angio-
letto ; composer and maestro di cappella to
Alfonso II., Duke of Ferrara. He pub-
lished church music and collections of son-
nets and madrigals. His madrigals are in
Lauro Verde (1586).— Fetis ; Schilhng ; Men-
del.
FIORONI, GIOVANNI ANDREA, born
in Pavia, 1701, died in Milan, 1779. Church
composer, pupil in Naples of Leo for fifteen
years ; maestro di cappella at Como, and
subsequently of the Cathedral of Milan,
wbere his compositions are preserved. He
had many celebrated pupils, Zucchinetti,
Bonesi, and others. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Wurz-
bach.
FISCHER, ADOLPH, born at Ucker-
miinde, Pomerania, Juno 23, 1827, still
living, 1889. Organist, first instructed in
Berlin by Elssler in singing, then at the
Royal Institute for Church Music pupil of
A. W. Bach on the organ, of Killitscbgy on
the pianoforte, and of GreU in counterpoint;
finally (1850-51), of Rungenhageu and GreU
in composition, for which he received tbe
grand medal. Meanwhile he had already
acted as organist for several years, and in
1853 went as chief organist and conductor
of the Siugakademie at Frank f or t-on-the
Oder. In 1865 be received the title of
royal director of music, and in 1870 was
called to Breslau as first organist of the
Elizabetbkirche. In 1880 be established
there tbe Silesian Conservatorium, which is
steadily growing. At the exposition in
Pai-is, 1867, he won the applause of Auber
and Rossini as a virtuoso on the organ.
Three symphonies of his composition have
been performed several times with success ;
he has published motets, songs, and organ
music. — Mendel, Ergiinz., 188.
FISCHER, ANTON, born at Ried, Sua-
bia, in 1777, died in Vienna, Dec. 1, 1808.
Dramatic composer, pupil of an elder brother
in Augsburg ; went to Vienna, wbere he be-
came Kapellmeister in the Jose^jhstadter
70
FISCHER
Theater, and from 1800 in the Schikaneder
Theater. His works are in the style popu-
lar in Vienna in his time, and show little
originality. Works — Operas and operettas :
Lunara, KOnigin des Pahnenhaius, Vienna,
1802 ; Die arme Familie, about 1800 ; Die
Eutlarvten, ib., 180-4 ; Die Scheidewand, ib.,
1803 ; Die Verwandlungen, 1804 ; Der tra-
vestirte Aeneas ; Das Hausgesinde, 1805 ;
Swetard's Zauberthal ; Das Singspiel auf
dem Dache ; Die Festung an der Elbe ; Das
Milchmiidchen von Bercy ; Theseus und Ari-
adne, a pantomime ; Der wohlthiitige Ge-
nius ; A children's operetta ; Two cantatas.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
FISCHER, FERDINAND, born at Bruns-
wick in 1723, died there in 1805 (?). Vio-
linist, travelled in Germany and Holland,
and became court and city musician at
Brunswick, whither he returned in 1761.
Works : G trios for violins (Brunswick,
1763) ; 6 symphonies for nine instruments
(ib., 1765) ; 6 quartets for two violins, viola,
and bass ; Cantata for wind instruments
(1800); Concerto for do. (1803).— Futis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FISCHER, GOTTFRIED EMIL, born in
Berlin, Nov. 28, 1791, died there, Feb. U,
1841. Vocal composer, pupil of Zelter in
1810-13, was jn-ofessor of mathematics at
the Royal School of War in 1817-25, and
from 1818 instructor of vocal music at
the Grey Convent. He composed motets,
chorals, songs, and melodies to von der
Hagen's Minnesiinger, was a contributor to
the AUgemeine musikalische Zeitung, and
wrote a treatise on singing. — Mendel.
FISCHER, JOHANN, born in Suabia
about 1650, died at Schwedt, Pomerania,
about 1720. Virtuoso on the violin and
instrumental composer, pupil in composi-
tion of Kapellmeister Capricornus at Stutt-
gart, then in Paris much influenced by
Lulli, for whom he copied music. He
seems afterwards to have travelled ; was
employed in the Church of the Barefooted
Friars at Augsburg in 1681, and, after long
wanderings through Germany and Courland,
became Kapellmeister at Schwerin in 1701 ;
having filled this position for a few years,
he went north and, after sojourns at Copen-
hagen and Stockholm, entered the service
of the Margrave of Schwedt in Pomerania.
He composed overtures, dances, madrigals,
solos, and variations for violin and viola,
songs, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FISCHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born
at Freiburg in the Breisgau in 1733, died
in London, April 29, 1800. Virtuoso on
the oboe, was a member of the Dresden
court orchestra in 1760 ; visited Italy in
1765 ; went to England in 1768, and be-
came a member of the Queen's band. In
1786 he made a concert tour in Germany,
and in 1790 settled in London. He was
one of the best performers on his instru-
ment of the last century, and a minuet by
him has been made famous by Mozart's va-
riations on it. There is a fine portrait of
him at Hampton Court, by Gainsborough,
whose daughter ]\Iary he married. Works :
10 hautboy concertos ; Quartets for flute,
violin, viola, and violoncello ; 6 duets for
two flutes ; 10 flute solos ; a concerto and
a rondo for pianoforte — Mendel ; Fetis ;
Grove.
FISCHER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, born
at Naundorf, near Freiberg, Saxony, Sept.
13, 1751, died at Freiberg, Sept. 7, 1821.
Church composer, studied at Leipsic, be-
came organist of St. Andrew's at Eisleben
in 1777, and director of music at Freiberg
in 1799. Works : Andante with variations
for pianoforte ; Capi^ice for do.; 6 fugues for
organ and pianoforte ; Pater noster for sev-
eral voices ; Two oratorios for Good Friday ;
Psalms, and many other pieces of church
music— FL'tis; Gerber, N. Lex.; Mendel;
Schilling.
FISCHER, JOHANN KASPAR FERDI-
NAND, born about 1672, died (?). One of
the best pianists of his time, Kapellmeister
to the Margrave of Baden about 1720.
Works : Le journal du printemps, airs and
ballets for five parts, and trumpets, op. 1
(Augsburg, 1696) ; Das musikahsche Blu-
FISCHER
menbiischlein bestebend in 8 Partien unci
eiuer variiiteu Arie, op. 2 ; Psalmi vespertini
pro toto anno, etc., op. 3 (ib., 1701) ; Ariadne
rausica, etc. (ib., 1710) ; Der musikaliscbe
Parnassus (ib., 1738) ; Preludia et f ugie pro
organo per 8 tonos ecclesiasticos (ib.). — Fe-
tis ; Gerber, N. Lex. ; Mendel.
FISCHER, JOSEPH, born in Vienna in
1780, died at Mauubeim in October, 1862.
Basso and vocal composer, sou and j'upil of
tbe famous basso Ludwig Fiscber (1715-
1825) and of Barbara Fiscber, bom Strasser.
Having first appeared in concerts in Berlin,
be obtained an engagement at tbe tbeatre
in Manubeim in 1801, tben at Cassel in
1803, and two years after started on a
concert tour for Paris, tben tbrougb Ger-
many to Italy, wbere be spent tbe greater
part of bis life as singer and impresario ; in
the latter capacity be was last in Palermo,
whence be retired to Mannheim. He jmb-
lisbed ten or twelve books of songs. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FISCHER, KARL AUGUST, born at
Ebersdorf, near Chemnitz, Saxony, in 1829,
still living, 1889. Dramatic and instru-
mental composer, and one of tbe most emi-
nent organists of the present time ; jjupil of
Anacker at Freiberg, made extensive con-
cert tours in 1852-55, and became organist
of the orphanage and English churches at
Dresden. Works : Loreley, opera ; Festi-
val mass ; Four symphonies for organ with
orchestra ; Three concertos for organ ; Two
suites for orchestra ; Compositions for vio-
lin and organ, and for violoncello and or-
gan.— Mendel ; Riemann.
FISCHER, KARL LUD^^^G, born at
Kaiserslauteru, Bavaria, in 181(3, died at
Hanover, Aug. 15, 1877. Violinist, pupil
of Eichborn at Mannheim in composition,
having appeared successfully in public at
the age of eight. He was musical director
at tbe theatres in Treves, Cologne, Ais-la-
Chapelle, Nuremberg, and Wiirzburg, Ka-
pellmeister at Mainz in 1847-52, then at
the royal theatre in Hanover assistant Ka-
pellmeister with Mai-schner, whom he suc-
ceeded in 1859. His songs and choral
works, but esj)ecially his male choruses,
have won him great reputation in Germany.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
FISCHER, MICHAEL GOTTHARDT,
born at Alach, near Erfurt, June 3, 1773,
died there, Jan. 12, 1829. Organist, pupil
at Erfurt of Johauu Christian Kittel, the
last discijjle of Sebastian Bach. Having
lived for a short time at Jena, be was re-
called to Erfurt by Baron Dalberg in 1790
as Conzertmeister, organist at the Church of
the Barefooted Friars, and conductor of the
winter concerts. Afterwards he became
organist at the Predigerkirche, and in 1816
professor of thorough bass and the organ
at the seminary. Works : Two quartets
for violins, viola, and rioloncello, op. 1
(Offenbach, 1799) ; Symphony in C, for
11 parts (Hamburg, Lau) ; Grand sonata
for pianoforte, op. 3 (Erfurt, Rudoljshi) ;
12 organ pieces, dedicated to Kittel, op.
4 (ib., 1802) ; 4 symphonies for 11 and
14 imrts, op. 5, 9, 13, 19 ; Quartet for pi-
anoforte, viola, and bass, ojj. 6 (Leipsic,
Breitkopf & Hiirtel) ; Quintet for two violins,
two violas, and bass, op. 7 (ib. ) ; Concerto for
bassoon and orchestra, op. 8 (ib.) ; Concerto
for clarinet, or oboe, and bassoon, op. 11 ;
Caprices, rondos, and exercises for piano-
forte ; Five motets ; Four arias for chorus in
four parts ; Evangelisches Choral-Melodien-
buch ; Eight chorals with accompanying
canons, for organ ; Twelve songs with jjiano-
forte ; About fifty works for the organ, many
of which are still in use. — Fctis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
FISCHETTI, MATTEO LU^GI, born at
Martina-Franca, Italy, Feb. 28, 1830, died at
Naj)les, December, 1887. Pianist and dra-
matic composer, pupil of Michele Cerimele
on the pianoforte, of Raejntropb, Petrella,
Moretli, Lillo, and Pappalardo, in harmony
and composition ; taught the pianoforte and
published about 200 pieces for that instru-
ment. Other works — Operas : Aida di Sca-
fati, Naples, 1873 ; La Sorrentina, ib., 1873 ;
Uu' altra figlia di Madama Angot, ib., Teatro
la
FISCHHOF
Mercadante, 1874 ; Vocal melodies. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 335 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 105.
FISCHHOF, JOSEF, bom at Butscbo-
witz, Moravia, Ajiril 4, 1804, died in Vi-
enna, June 28, 1857. Pianist, pupil in Vi-
enna of Anton Halm, on tbe pianoforte, and
of Iguaz vou Seyfried in composition ; soon
became one of the favorite pianoforte
teachers in Vienna, and in 1833 was ap-
pointed professor at tbe Conservatorium.
He published also several literary works on
music. His compositions consist of rondos,
fantasias, variations, dances, and marches
for pianoforte ; Variations for flute with
pianoforte, guitar, and quartet ; String
quartet ; Songs, etc. — FOtis ; Mendel ; Mo-
iiatschrift fiir Theater und Musik (Vienna,
1857), iii. 460.
FISCHIETTI, D03IENIC0, born in Na-
jiles in 1729 (1725?), died at Salzburg after
1810. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
Conservatorio di San Onofrio. He went to
Dresden in 1766, and his first mass was
given there in that year. Subsequently
the Archbishop of Salzburg appoiuted him
his Kapellmeister. Works — Operas : L' Ab-
bate Collarone, given at Najjles, 1749 ; H
fiuto fratello ; Solimano, Naples, 1753 ; Lo
speziale (with Pallavicini), Venice, 1755 ; 11 j
ritorno di Londra, Naples, 1756 ; H Signer j
Dottore, ib., 1758; II Siface, ib., 1761 ; H
mercato di Malmantile, Dresden, about
1766 ; La molinara, Naples, 1768 ; Ariana
6 Teseo, Dresden, 1769 ; Nitteti, Naples,
1770 ; Les metamorphoses d' amour, inter-
mezzo.— Fetis ; Mendel.
FISH, WILLIAM, born in Norwich, Eng-
land, in 1775, died about 1863 or 1864.
Violinist in the theatre at Norwich, then
principal oboist in the theatre, and leader
of the band at concerts. Composed songs,
glees, and concertos for various instruments.
— Grove.
FISHER, JOHN ABRAHAil, born at
Dunstable, England, 1744, died (?). Violin-
ist and dramatic compose!', pupil on the vio-
lin of Pinto ; made his first appearance in
1765 in a concert at the King's Theatre.
Becoming interested in Covent Garden The-
atre through his marriage with a daughter
of Powell the actor, he turned his attention
to dramatic composition. He was given
the degree of Mus. Doc. at Oxford in 1777,
on the performance there of his oratorio,
Providence. On the death of his wife he
made a professional tour through Russia
and Germany, and in Vienna in 1784 mar-
ried the singer Anna Selina Storace, but he
so ill-treated her that she left him, and the
Emperor ordered Fisher to quit his domin-
ions. Works — Operas : The Monster of
the Wood, London, 1772 ; The Sylphs, ib.,
1774 ; Prometheus, 1776 ; The Norwood
Gj'psies, 1777 ; Music for the opening of
Macbeth ; Symphonies ; Concertos for pi-
anoforte and oboe ; Canzonets ; Violin and
flute music. — Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FISSOT, ALEXIS HENRY, born at Ai-
raines (Somme), Oct. 24, 1843, still living,
1889. Pianist and organist, jjupil at the
Conservatoire, Paris, of Marmontel for pi-
anoforte, Benoist for organ, Bazin for har-
mony, and of Ambroise Thomas for counter-
point and fugue. He won the 1st pianoforte
prize in 1855, 1st iwize for fugue and organ
in 1859, and many other prizes. He be-
came one of the best organists and pianists
in Paris ; is organist of Saint-Vincent-de-
Paul. His pianoforte compositions are nu-
merous and popular. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 336.
fitzwillia:\i, edward francis,
born at Deal, England, in 1824, died in
Loudon, Jan. 20, 1857. He became in 1853
director of music at the Haymarket Thea-
tre, London, where he produced an oper-
etta, Love's Alarms, and the music of sev-
eral minor pieces. He published a Te
Deum, four four-part songs (1855), hymns,
etc. — Grove.
FIX'D IN HIS EVERLASTING SEAT,
double chorus in D major in Handel's Sam-
son, Part II.
FLACCOmO, GIOVANNI PIETRO,
born at Milazzo in Sicily, died in Turin in
1617. Priest and church composer, maes-
73
FLADT
tro de cappella to Philip in., of Spain. He
IJublished a collection of sacred music. — Fc-
tis ; Gerber ; Meudel ; Walther ; Viotta.
FL.iDT (Flad), ANTON, born in Mann-
heim in 177.5, died in Munich, June 14,
1850. Oboist, pupil of Friedricb Ramm
in Munich, where he succeeded Lebrun in
the court orchestra iu 1790. After many
concert tours iu Germany, Ital^', France, and
England, he returned to his Munich posi-
tion, from which he did not retire until
1842. Works : 3 concertinos for oboe and
orchestra ; 8 allemandes and 4 waltzes for
two flageolets ; 24 minor pieces for do.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove.
FLATTEING TONGUE, soprano air, in
B-flat, of Esther in Handel's Egther, Part HI.
FLAVIO (Flavius), Italian opera in three
acts, text by Nicolo Francesco Haym, music
by Handel, first represented at the King's
Theatre, London, May 14, 1723. This
work, noted for the beauty of its melodies,
was sung with great success by Senesiuo,
Cuzzoui, Durastauti, and Mrs. Anastasia
Kobinsou. It contains a quintet, said to be
the first scenic quintet ever composed.
Characters represented : Flavio, Guido,
Emilia, Teodata, Vitige, XJgone, Lotario.
The opera was i-evived in 1732, but without
success. The ]MS,, in Buckingham Palace,
is dated at the end. May 7, 1723. Published
first by Walsh ; full score by HiindelgeseU-
schaft (Leipsic, 1875). — Rockstro, Handel,
139 ; SchcBlcher, Handel, 70, 90 ; Chry-
sander, ii. 96.
FLECHA (Fleccia), MATTHAEUS, born
iu Prades, Spain, died at the Benedictine
Abbey of Solsoua, Feb. 20, 1604. A Car-
melite monk, he became maestro de capilla
to the Emperor Charles V., and, after the
abdication of that monarch, lived in monas-
teries in Hungary and Bohemia. He re-
turned to Spain in 1559, and retired to the
Convent of Solsona. Works : Motets,
psalms, and other church music. He was
the author of a treatise, " Libro de Musica
de Punto " (Prague, 1581).— Fetis, iii. 270 ;
Supplement, i. 336 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FLtCUt, JEAN ANDRI^:, born at Mar-
seilles, April 23, 1779, died (?). Dramatic
composer ; was jjrivate secretary to Jerome
Bonaparte, and his chamberlain when King
of Westphalia. He went with him to Cas-
sel, and produced there in 1811 an opera,
Le troubadour. He wrote also music for
the pianoforte and violin, and romances for
the viola. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FLEDERMAUS, DIE (The Bat), German
operetta in three acts, text by HafTuer and
Richard Genee, music by Johann Strauss,
first represented in Vienna, and at the
Friedrich-Wilhelmstiidtisches Theater, Ber-
lin, July, 1874. The libretto is an adaptation
of Meilhac and Halevy's Le Ri'veillon. A
French version, text by Delacour and
Wilder, music partly from Die Fledermaus
and partly from Strauss's Cagliostro, with
some additions, was given in Paris, at the
Thc'atre de la Renaissance, Oct. 30, 1877,
under the title. La tzigane. — Hanslick,
Moderne Oper, 338.
FLfiGIER, ANGE, born in MarseiUes,
Feb. 22, 184G, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Marseilles, and in
1866 at the Paris Conservatoire, where he
studied under Bazin and Ambroise Thomas.
In 1870 he settled in Marseilles. Works:
Fatma, opi'racomique in one act, text by
Devoisin, given at the Grand Theatre at
Marseilles, April, 1875 ; Franjoise de Ri-
mini, cantata ; Overtures ; Choruses ; Songs,
etc. — Fetis ; Supplement, i. 336 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., xii. 109.
FLEISCHER, FRIEDRICH GOTTLOB,
born at Cothen, Anlialt, Germany, Jan. 14,
1722, died at Brunswick, April 4, 1806.
Pianist, organist, and dramatic and instru-
mental composer, was appointed chamber
musician at Brunswick in 1747, and after-
wards became there also organist at the
Church of Sts. Martin and Egidius, and
court pianist. He had the reputation of
being one of the greatest pianists of Bach's
school. Works : Das Orakel, opera, 1771 ;
Music to the drama Comala ; Cantatas
(Brunswick, 1760) ; Minuets and polonaises
FLEISCHMANN
for pianoforte (ib.) ; Sonatas for do. ; Odes
for solo voice with jiianoforte (ib., 1756).
^Fotis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FLEISCHMANN, FRIEDRICH, born at
Heidenfeld, near Wurzburg, Bavaria, July
18, 17G6, died at Meiuiugen, Nov. 30, 1798.
Instrumental and vocal composer, self-
taught ; became secretary to the Duke of
Meiningen in 1789, and director of the
court orchestra in 1790. Works : Die Geis-
terinsel, opera, 179G ; Several symphonies ;
Pieces for military band ; Concertos for pi-
anoforte ; Symphonie concertante for do.
and violin ; Variations, songs, etc. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FLEUR DE THE, opt'ra-bouffe in three
acts, text by Chivot and Duru, music by
Charles Lecocq, represented at the Athenue,
Paris, April 11, 1868. Sung by Desire,
Lconce, Sylter, and Miles Irma Marie and
Lucie Cabel.
FLEURS DES LANDES (Moorland
Flowers), 5 melodies for one or two voices
and chorus with pianoforte accompaniment, i
on words by A. de Bouclon, Emile Des-
champs, and Briseux, by Hector Berlioz, op.
13. I. Le matin (Morning) ; H. Petit oi-
seau (Little Bird) ; IH. Le trebuchet (The
Trap) ; IV. Le jeune jjatre breton (The
Young Breton Shepherd) ; V. Le chant des
bretons (Breton Song). Published in 1850
by Richault, Paris. The following are jJub-
lished separately, with French and German
text : Le matin, Le trebuchet, by Mechetti,
Vienna ; Le patre broton, full score by Ri-
chault.—Jullien, Hector Berlioz (1888), 378.
FLIEGENDE HOLLANDER, DER(The
Flying Dutchman), romantic opera in three
acts, text and music by Richard Wagner,
first represented in Dresden, Jan. 2, 18'13.
The subject is from Heinrich Heine's
" Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewop-
ski," in which the imaginary hero witnesses
a play about the " Ahasuerus of the Ocean"
in an Amsterdam theatre, though Heine
got the outlines of the story from an Eng-
lish play by Fitzball, which he witnessed in
1827 at the Adelphi Theatre in London.
Fitzball in turn probably derived the ground-
work of his plot from a stoiy in Blackwood's
Magazine of May, 1821, entitled " Vander-
decken's Message Home ; or, The Tenacity
of Natural Affection." The touching denoue-
ment, however, which Wagner adopted, is
Heine's own. In 1810 Wagner submitted
sketches for a libretto on this theme to
Leon Pillet, director of the Paris Opera,
with the proposal that a French text should
be prepared for him to set to music. Wag-
Max Stagemann, as Der Fliegende Hollander.
ner subsequently sold his rights for 500
francs to Pillet, who had a libretto pre-
pared by Feucher and Revoil, with music by
Pierre Louis Philippe Dietsch, then chorus-
master at the Opera. The result was Le
vaisseau fantume (The Phantom Ship), in
two acts, which was produced at the Aca-
demie Royale de Musique, Nov. 9, 1842. lu
the meantime, Wagner made of the story a
German libretto and set it to music. It
was originally intended for one act only,
but was subsequently cut into three. Wag-
ner himself conducted the first perform-
ance, which, though not a failure, was not
very satisfactory. The work was produced
76
FLIXTOFT
at Cassel, June 5, 1843, by Si^oLr, who rec-
ognized its merits, but it failed in Berlin
and in Munich, where it was given in 1865.
It was represented in London at Drury
Lane, 1870, in an Italian version, L' ollan-
dese dannato ; at the Lyceum, 1876, in
English, as the Flying Dutchman ; and at
Covent Garden, 1877, in Italian, as II va-
scello fautasma. It was given in English in
New York in 1886 and again in 1887. The
Flying Dutchman is the commander of a
mysterious vessel doomed to sail the seas
until he is loved by a maiden who will be
faithful unto death. He puts into a port
at the same time with a Norwegian vessel,
whose captain, Daland, invites him to his
house. There he meets Senta, Dalaud's
daughter, who, though affianced to Erik, is
fascinated with the stranger and believes
that it is her lot to rescue him from perdi-
tion. He, however, discovers her in an in-
terview with Erik, concludes that she is not
true to him, and decides to leave her. But
as his vessel sails away Senta throws herself
from a cliff into the sea, thus proving con-
stant even in death. The curse is removed,
the phantom shij) sinks, while the sea grows
calm, and the lovers are seen in the distance
rising to happiness together. In the first
act, after the introductory sailors' chorus, the
chief numbers are : The helmsman's soncr,
" ilit Gewitter imd Sturm," and the scena of
the Dutchman, "Die Frist ist um." The
second act contains the sjjinniug-song of the
girls, " Summ' uud bruram', du gutes Riid-
chen," and Senta's ballad, " Johohoe ! traft
ihr das Schiff im Meere an," in which she
tells the storj' of the Dutchman ; and closes
with a superb duet between Senta and the
Dutchman, " Wie aus der Feme," and a ter-
zetto with Daland. The third act opens
with a sailors' chorus, " Steuermann, lass'
die Wacht." It contains also a dramatic
duet between Senta and Erik, " Wass muss
ich horen ? " and closes with chorus and a
trio between Senta, Daland, and the Dutch-
man.— Hueffer, Richard Wagner and the
Music of the Future ; Edwards, Lyrical
Drama, i. 189 ; Liszt, Gesamml. Schr., iii. b,
147 ; Wagner, Gesamml. Schr., v. 205, 228.
FLINTOFT, LUKE, born in latter half
of 17th century, died in London (?), Nov.
3, 1727. He was priest-vicar of Lincoln
Cathedral in 1704-14, gentleman of the
Chapel Royal in 1715, and reader in W'hite-
hall Chapel in 1719. His double chant iu
G minor being the earliest known, he has
the credit of inventing that form of compo-
sition.— Grove.
FLITNER (Flittner), JOHANN, born at
Suhla, Henneberg, Nov. 1, 1618, died in Stral-
sund, Jan. 7, 1678. He studied theology
and music, became a chorister at Grimmen,
near Greifswald, iu 1644, preacher there iu
1646, and deacon iu Stralsund. Some of
his chorals are still iu use. Works : Himm-
lisches Lustgiirtlein (Greifswald, 1601), the
sixth part being entitled Suscitabulum mu-
sicum, aud containing, Ach, was soil ich
SCiuder machen, and other chorals and
songs. — ]Meudel ; Futis ; Winterfeld, Der
evang. Kirchengesang, ii. 467.
FL0ERSHEI:M, otto, bom in Aix-la-
Chajielle, Germany,
March 2, 1853, still liv-
ing, 1889. He stud-
ied the pianoforte at
Aix-la-Chapelle under
Wungmanu and Laut-
maun, the organ under
Winkelhaus, harmony
uuder Breunuug, and
composition at Co-
logne under Ferdi-
nand Hiller. About 1875 he went to Amer-
ica, aud since 1880 has been editor of The
Musical Courier, New York. He visits Eu-
rope frequently to attend important musi-
cal performances, and to get information as
to the general condition of musical affairs.
Works — Orchestral : Prelude and fugue,
1883 ; Alia Marcia, 1884 ; Consolation,
1884 ; Scherzo, 1887 ; Elevation, for or-
chestra and organ, produced at the Milwau-
kee Music Festival, 1886. Pianoforte :
Thi-ee Romances ; Fina ; Elegy ; Wedding
78
FLOQUET
Marcli ; German Marcli ; Three Poetic
Thoughts ; Lullaby ; Valse gracieuse, and
other pianoforte music ; Songs.
FLOQUET, fiTIENNE JOSEPH, born
at Aix, Provence, Nov. 25, 1750, died in
Paris, May 10, 1785. Dramatic corajjoser,
educated at the maitrise de Saint-Sauveur
of his native town, where he wrote a motet
at the age of eleven ; went to Paris in 1769,
obtained great success with his first dra-
matic work, a ballet, in 1773, and soon after
started for Italy, to study counterpoint un-
der Sala at Naples, and under Padre Mar-
tini at Bologna, whei'e he was made a mem-
ber of the Accademia Filarmonica. After
his return to Paris he was fairly successful
with his operas, until vain enough to attempt
the composition of Alceste, which was re-
jected after one rehearsal, the grief over it
impairing his health. "Works : L'union de
I'amour et des arts, ballet, given at the
Acadt'mie Royale de Musique, 1773 ; Azolan,
ou le serment iudiscret, opera-ballet, ib.,
177-1 ; Helle, opera, ib., 1779 ; Le seigneur
bieufaisant, ib., 1780; La nouvelle Omphale,
lyrical comedy. Theatre de la Comedie Ita-
lienue, 1782 ; Alceste ; Te Deum for two
choruses and two orchestras. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
FLOR, CHRISTIAN, born in 1626, died
at Neuenkirchen, Holstein, in 1697. Or-
ganist, of great reputation, at the Church of
St. John and St. Lambertus, Liineburg.
Of his compositions have been preserved :
Several wedding-songs, with accompaniment
of two violins and basso continuo, and the
choral, Auf meinen lieben Gott. — Fttis ;
Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 109.
FLORENTINISCHE-SINFONIE (Flor-
entine Symphony), for orchestra, by Josejih
Rheinberger, written in 1876.
FLORIDANTE, Italian opera in three
acts, text by Paolo Rolli, music by Handel,
first represented at the King's Theatre,
London, Dee. 9, 1721. It was sung by
Senesino, Baldassari, Boschi, and Mrs.
Anastasia Robinson. Characters repre-
sented : Floridante, Oronte, Timante, Co-
ralbo, Roseane, Elmira. The MS. score, in
the Buckingham Palace collection, wants
the last chorus and the date. The opera
was given in Hamburg in 1723, and revived
in London, March 3, 1733. It was pub-
lished first by Walsh ; full score by Hiin-
delgesellschaft (Leipsic, 1876). — Roekstro,
Handel, 137 ; Schoelcher, 69, 90 ; Chrysan-
der, ii. 73.
FLORIMO, FRANCESCO, born at San
Giorgio Morgeto, Calabria, Oct. 12, 1800,
still living, 1889. Church, instrumental, and
vocal composer, and distinguished writer on
music, pupil of Furno in harmony, of Elia
ou the pianoforte, and of Zingarelli and
Tritto in counterpoint and composition, at
the Real Collegio di Musica, Naples, of
which he became librarian in 1826. Works :
Two cantatas ; Two Masses ; Dixit ; Credo ;
Te Deum ; Overtures ; Funeral symphony ;
Several collections of songs (Milan and Na-
ples) ; Vocal method (Metodo di canto, in
use at the Conservatorio, Naples). He is
author also of : Cenno storico sulla Scuola
musicale di Napoli (Naples, 1869-71) ; and
Riccardo Wagner ed i Wagneristi (ib., 1876).
— Fetis ; do., Supplement, i. 337 ; Mendel.
FLORINDO UND DAPHNE. See Dafae.
FLORIO, CARYL, born (William James
Robjohn) of English parentage, in Tavis-
tock, Devonshire, England, Nov. 3, 1843,
still living, 1889. Organist and pianist,
self-taught. In 1857 he went to America,
and in 1858-60 (under the name of Rob-
john) was princijjal boy-soprano in Trinity
Church, New York ; after his voice broke
he remained as assistant organist to Dr.
Henry S. Cutler ; later he became organist
in Trinity Church, Newport, R. I., and then
of a church in Morristown, N. J. At the
close of this engagement he went on the
stage, appearing in the Western States. In
1869 he returned to New York as solo bari-
tone in Zion Church. Since then he has
been organist successively of St. Luke's,
New York ; Mount Calvary, Baltimore ;
Brick Church, New York ; Zion Church,
New York ; then returned to the Brick
77
FLORSCIIUTZ
CliurcL, where he is at present (1889).
He has appeared as pianist quite often in
New York, and has conducted orchestras
and choruses both in New York and in
Havana, Cuba. Works : Inferno, operetta,
1871 ; Les Tours deMercure, operetta, 1872 ;
Suzanne, operetta, 187G ; Gulda, opera,
1879 ; Uncle Tom, opera, 1882, produced in
Philadelphia ; 2 symphonies. No. 1 in G,
1887, No. 2 in C minor, 1887 (both per-
formed by Theodore Thomas in New York,
March 27, 1888) ; 2 overtures, occasional,
187'4, triumphal, 1877 ; 2 string quartets.
No. 1 in C, 1873, No. 2 in F, 1874 ; i so-
natas for pianoforte and violin, No. 1 in A,
1871, No. 2 in F minor, 1872, No. 3 in C,
1884, No. 4 in G, 188.5 ; Pianoforte concerto
in A-flat, 1875-8G (performed in New York,
March 27,1888) ; 2 quartets for saxojDhones,
1879 (performed in New York, April, 1880).
Two cantatas : Song of the Elements, 1872
(performed in Brooklyn, 1872) ; Bridal of
Triermain, 1886.
FLORSCHUTZ, EUCHAEIUS, born at
Lauter, near Coburg, in 1757, died at Ros-
tock, Mecklenburg, 1820. Organist, num-
bered among the most favourite instru-
mental composers of the time, about 1780,
and became organist of St. James's, Rostock,
after 1792. Works : Der Richter und die
Giirtnerin, operetta, given at Liibeck, 1792 ;
Sonatas for pianoforte (4 hands) ; Fugues
for do. ; Duets and trios for violin and flute ;
Church music. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FLOTOW, FRIEDRICH, Freihcrr VON,
born at Rentendorf, ]\Iecklenburg, April 27,
1812, died at Darmstadt, Jan. 24, 1883.
Dramatic comfDoser, pupil of Reicha at the
Conservatoire, Paris, returned to Mecklen-
burg at the outbreak of the July revolution,
but a few j'ears later went again to Paris,
where his first dramatic efforts were brought
out at some of the smaller theatres in 183G.
His first noteworthy success was Le nau-
frage de la Meduse, in 1839, but his fame
rests chiefly on Alessandro Stradella and
Martha. The March revolution of 1848
drove him once more from Paris, whither he
returned in 1863, having meanwhile held
the oflice of intendaut of court music at
__ Schwerin, to which the
Grand Duke of Meck-
lenburg appointed him
in 1856. In 1868 he
settled on an estate near
Vienna, spending his
winters alternately in
that city, in Paris, and
in Italy. His operas are
distinguished for melo-
^ dious invention, grace-
ful forms, and pleasing instrumentation :
on the whole, iDre-emineutly Italian in char-
acter, more effective than deep ; he must
be esteemed the most popular represen-
tative of the lyric and comic opera in Ger-
many since Kreutzer and Lortzing. He
composed also some overtures, chamber
music, and songs. Works : Pien-e et Ca-
therine, given at the Theatre de I'Hotel de
Castellane, 1836 ; Seraphina, Chateau de
Royaumont, 1836 ; Die Bergknappen (The
Miners) ; Rob Roy, given at a chateau near
Paris ; Le naufrage de la Meduse (with
Pilati), Theatre de la Renaissance, 1839 (54
times), and at Hamburg (under the title
Die Matrosen, rewritten entirely by Flo-
tow), 1845 ; La duchesse de Guise, Theatre
Ventadour, 1840, and at Schwerin, 1841 ;
Le forestier. Opera Comique, 1840, Vienna
(under the title Der Forster), 1847, London
(as Leoline), 1848 ; L'esclave de Camoiins,
Opera Comique, 1843 ; Lady Harriet, ballet
(with Burgmiiller and Deldevez), Opera,
1843 ; Alessandro Stradella, Hamburg, Dec.
30, ,1844 ; h'dme en peine. Opera, 1846 ;
Martha, Vienna, Nov. 25, 1847 ; Die Gross-
fUrstin, Berlin, 1850 ; ludra, Berlin and
Frankfort, 1853, Riga, 1855; Riibezahl,
Frankfort, 1854 ; Hilda, 1855 ; Albin, Vi-
enna, 1856 ; Veuve Grapin, operetta,
Bouffes Parisiens, 1859 ; Pianella, do.,
Theatre Dejazet, 1860 ; Wintermiirchen,
Vienna, 1862 ; Die Libelle, ballet, ib.,
1866 ; Zilda, Paris, Opera Comique, 1866 ;
Tannkonig, ballet, Dai-mstadt, 1867 ; Am
78
FLUCHT
Runenstein (with Genee), Prague, 1868 ;
liombre, Paris, Opi'ra Comique, 1870 ;
Nakla, Milan, Teatro Manzoni, 1873 ; II fior
(T Harlem, Turin, Teatro Vittorio Emauuele,
1876; L'Encliaute-
resse (Indra rewrit-
ten), Paris and Lon-
don, 1878, given in
Italian as Rosellaua
(posthumous). Alma
r Incantatrice, and in
German as Die Hese ;
/^
^
Der Graf Saint-Megrin (posthumous), given
at Cologne, Januarj-, 1884 ; Die Musikanten
(discovered at Mannheim, 1887, given at
Magdeburg, 1888). — Clement, Mus.celebres,
575 ; Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i. 338 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1883), i. 117 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
FLUCHT DER HEILIGEN FAMILIE,
DIE (The Flight of the Holy Family), can-
tata, for chorus aud orchestra, by l\Iax
Bruch, op. 20, 1863.
FLUGEL, ERNST PAUL, born at Stet-
tin, Aug. 31, 1844, still living, 1889. In-
strumental and vocal composer, sou and -^w-
pil of Giistav Fliigel, and iu 1862-63 pupil
in Berlin at the Royal Institute for Church
Music and at the Academy, then of Billow,
Flodoard Geyer, and Kiel ; lived as music
teacher at Treptow and Greifswald, became
organist and vocal instructor at Preuzlau in
1867, and cantor at the Bernhardinkirche in
Breslau in 1879. Works : The 121st psalm,
op. 22 ; Mahomet's Gesang, op. 24 ; Trio
for pianoforte, op. 25 ; Organ and pianoforte
pieces, and songs. — Riemann.
FLUGEL, GUSTAV, born at Kloster-
Nienburg, Anhalt, July 2, 1812, still living,
1889. Organist, pupil of Cantor Thiele at
Altenburg, and of Friedrich Schneider at
Dessau ; from 1830 he taught successively at
Nienburg, COthen, Magdeburg, and Schone-
beck, then at Stettin, 1840-50 ; was called to
Neuwied to teach at the seminary in 1850,
received the title of roj'al director of music
, iu 1856, and returned to Stettin as Cantor
and organist of
the Schloss-
kirche in 1859.
He has contrib-
uted also a
number of ex-
cellent articles
to musical pe-
riodicals. Works : Concert overture for or-
chestra ; String quartet ; Thirty-five books
of comjjositions for pianoforte ; Six do. for
organ ; Nine do. of songs ; Sacred and sec-
ular songs for mixed, and male choruses ;
Priiludienbuch (112 preludes), etc. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemann.
FLYING DUTCHMAN, THE. See
FUegcnde Hollander.
FODOR, ANTOON, born at Venloo in
1775, died in Amsterdam, Feb. 22, 1846.
Pianist, studied in Mannheim, whence he
went, about 1792, to Amsterdam. He wrote
Numa Pompilius, the first national opera
given in Holland, and comjjosed a great
deal of pianoforte music. He was a mem-
ber of the Netherland Institute, conductor
at the German Theatre of Amsterdam, 1814,
and dii-ector of the Felix Meritis Society.
— Fetis, iii. 279 ; do.. Supplement, i. 339 ;
Gregoir, Mus. Neerlandais, 75 ; Mendel ;
Viotta.
FODOR, JOZEF, born at Venloo, in
1752, died iu St. Petersburg, Oct. 3, 1828.
Violinist, brother of Antoon Fodor, pupil in
Berlin in 1766 of Franz Benda. He trav-
elled in Germany and the Netherlands, was
in Paris iu 1790, aud lived in St. Peters-
burg in 1794r-1828. Works: Concertos;
Solos ; Duos ; Quartets for strings and
much violin music (Paris, Berlin, Vienna,
Amsterdam). — Grove ; Fetis ; Gregoir, Mus.
Neerlandais, 74 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FOERSTER, ADOLPH MARTIN, born,
of German parentage, in Pittsburgh, Penn-
sylvania, Feb. 2, 1854, still living, 1889.
79
rr
FOGAgA
He studied the pianoforte as a boy under
his mother, and later under Jean Manns.
In 1872 he went to Europe and studied, at
the Leipsic Conservatorium, the pianoforte
under Coccius and Wenzel, singing under
Grill and Schimon, and theorj' under E. F.
Richter and Papperitz. Returning in 1875,
he taught in the Fort Wayne Conservatory
of Music during 1875-76, then settled in
Pittsburgh, where he still resides. He was
conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphonic So-
cietj-, 1878-79, and of the Pittsburgh Musi-
cal Union, 1883. Works : Thusnelda, op. 10,
for orchestra, first played in Baltimore, Feb.
11, 1882 ; Quartet, op. 21, for pianoforte,
violin, viola, and violoncello ; Fautasie, op.
15, for violin and pianoforte ; Romanza, op.
17, for violin and jsianoforte ; Andante, op.
3 ; Valse cajjrice, op. 5 ; Nocturne, op. 7 ;
Three Sonatinas, op. 14 ; Pianoforte music ;
Songs ; Part-songs, and choruses.
F0GA(;A, JOAO, bom at Lisbon in 1589,
died there about 1G58. Church composer,
pupil of Duarte Lobo, entered a monastic
order, and lived afterwards in a convent at
Ossa. His works are in the royal library at
Lisbon. — Mendel ; Vasconcellos.
FOGGIA, FR.VNCESCO, born in Rome
in 1604:, died there,
Jan. 8, 1688. Church
composer, pupil of
Cifra, Nanini, and
Agostini. He was
Kapellmeister to the
Elector of Cologne,
to the Elector of Ba-
varia, and then to the
Archduke Leopold of
Austria. On his return to Italy he became
successively maestro di capjjella at the Ca-
thedrals of Narni and Montefiascone, and
of the following churches iu Rome : S. M. in
Aquiro, S. M. in Trastevere, S. Giovanni in
Laterano (1636-1661), S. Lorenzo in Dama-
so, and S. M. Maggiore (1677), remaining at
the last until his death. He was a prolific
composer of church music. Besides his
published works, a list of which is given in
Fetis, there is an immense amount in MS,
scattered throughout the churches of Italy.
He was one of the first musicians to write
tonal fugues, and the last who remained
faithful to the traditions of Palestrina.
Works : Motets ; Masses ; Psalms ; Lita-
nies, for 2 to 9 voices, published iu Rome
from 1640 to 1681. His motets are in the
Spiridione collection. — Grove ; Fetis, iii.
284 ; do., Supiplemeut, i. 340 ; Larousse ;
Mendel.
FOGLIANI, LUDOVICO, born in Mod-
ena close of the 15th century, died there
about 1539. Composer, whose songs for
several voices are found in Petrucci's
"Frottole" (Venice, 1504-1508). In one
of his songs each of the four voices, cantus,
altus, tenor, and bassus, sings different
words. He was a learned writer for his
time. He was the author of Musica the-
orica (1529), a treatise on the theory of
sound. — Fetis ; Biog. Gen., xviii. 35 ; Bur-
ney. Hist., iii. 157 ; Mendel ; Riemann, 268 ;
Viotta.
FOIGNET, CHARLES GABRIEL, born
in Lyons in 1750, died in Paris in 1823.
Dramatic comjjoser, studied music from au
early age, and in 1779 went to Paris where
he taught singing, the harpsichord, and the
harp. He wrote many operettas for the
small Paris theatres, and became director,
iu 1797, of the Thuatre des Jeuues Artistes.
He was director also of the Theatre Mon-
tansier until 1802, when he gave it up.
The Jeunes Artistes was closed by the edict
of 1807. For a list of his operas, which
are now forgotten, see the supplement to
Fetis. He published also vocal music with
l^ianoforte or violin accompaniment. — Fe-
tis ; do., Supplement, i. 340 ; Mendel.
FOIGNET, FRANgOIS, born in Paris
about 1780, died in Strasburg, July 22,
1845. Dramatic composer and singer, sou
and puj)il of the preceding, made his debut,
when yet a child, at the Theatre des Jeunes
I^leves, and, besides comic operas, wrote
the music for a number of pantomimes and
melodramas. From 1806 he sang in vari-
80
FOLKUNGER
ous provincial theatres, after 1829 in the
South of France, especially at Angoulome,
where he was manager of the theatre. He
died in poverty at the hospital. Works : La
noce de Lucette, Theatre Montansier, 1799 ;
Le gondolier, ou la soiree venitienne, ib.,
1800 ; Le chat hotte, ou les vingt-quatre
heures d"Arlequin, feerie. Theatre des Jeunes
Artistes, 1802 ; Le retour inattendu, ou le
mari revenant, ib., 1802 ; Eaymond de Tou-
louse, ou le retour de la Terre sainte, gi'aud
opera (with his father), ib., 1802 ; Riquet
a la houpjie, fairy ojjera, ib., 1802 ; La
uaissance d'Arlequin, ou Arlequiu dans un
ceuf, do., ib., 180.3 ; Arlequiu a Maroc, ou la
pyramide enchantce, do., ib., 1801 ; L'oi-
seau bleu, do. His brother Gabriel, born
in Paris, 1790, has made a name for himself
as a virtuoso on the harp. — Fetis ; do., Sup-
plement, i. 311 ; Mendel.
FOLKUNGER, DIE (The Folkuugs),
grand ojsera in five acts, text by S. H. Mo-
senthal, music by Edmund Kretschmer, first
represented at the Court Theatre, Dresden,
April, 1874. Scene, in Sweden. Time, end
of thirteenth century. Characters repre-
sented : Magnus, son of King Eric of Swe-
den ; Maria, niece of Eric ; Karin, nurse ;
Lars Olasson, castellan of the Castle of
Borgniis ; Bengt, Duke von Schoonen ; Sten
Petrik, his confidant ; Ansgar, Abbot of
Kloster Nydal. This, Kretschmer's first op-
era,, had a fair run, but has now disappeared.
FONTAINE, ANTOINE NICOLAS MA-
EIE, born in Paris in 1785, died at Saint-
Cloud, Ajiril, 18GG. Violinist, pupil of his
father, and of Lafont, Kreutzer, and Baillot.
He entered the Conservatoire in 1806, and
won the 1st violin prize in 1809 ; studied
harmony under Catel and Daussoigne and
composition under Reicha. After a profes-
sional tour of ten years, he settled in Paris
in 1825 as teacher of the violin, and was
solo violin to Charles X. until the revolu-
tion of 1830. He published a great deal of
violin music, and some church music. — Fe-
tis, iii. 288 ; do., Supplement, i. 312 ; Men-
del ; Yiotta.
FONTANA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
Italian composer, living in 1G60. He pub-
lished a collection of sonatas, for two or
three violins with bass (Venice, IGll). Ac-
cording to Hart, these sonatas furnish the
earliest indication of the removal of the
violin as a solo instrument to a higher
sphere of composition. — Fetis ; Hart, The
Violin, 172 ; Mendel, iii. 590 ; do., Ergilnz.,
sii. 110.
FONTANA, URANIO, born at Iseo, Italy,
November, 1815, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil at the Milan Conser-
vatorio. His opera seria, Isabella di Lara,
given in Rome, 1837, first brought him into
notice. He then produced in Paris, 1810,
another work, Le Zingaro, and soon after
became director of the Italian theatre in
Athens, but returned to Italy in 1811, and
gave in Padua his Giulio d' Este (1812).
His best work is I Baccanti, written for La
Scala, Milan, 1849. He was professor of
singing at the Paris Conservatoire in 1856-
65.— Fetis, iii. 289 ; do., Supplement, i. 342 ;
Mendel ; Viotta.
FONTEI, NICOLO, born at Orzinuovi,
Italy, in 1597, died (?). He wrote masses,
psalms, etc., published in Venice (1634-
1647), and Bizzarrie poetiche for 1, 2, and 3
voices, three books, the two last in Venice
(1636-39).— Fetis ; Van der Straeten, i. 61 ;
Mendel ; Viotta.
FONTENELLE, GRANGES DE, born at
Villeneuve d'Agen (Lot-et-Garonue), France,
in 1769, died there in 1819. Dramatic com-
poser, first instructed in his native town,
then in Paris pupil of Rey in harmony and
of Sacchini in composition. Works : La
montagne, ou la fondation du temple de
la Liberte, opera, given in Paris, Opera,
1793 ; Hecube, do., ib., 1800 ; Medee et
Jason, do. (1802), ib., 1813 ; Circe, cantata ;
Priam aux pieds d'Achille, do. ; Other can-
tatas ; Quartets for violin. — Fetis ; do., Sup-
plement, i. 312 ; Mendel.
FONTjNHCHEL, hippolyte hono-
RE JOSEPH COURT DE, born at Grasse
(Var), May 5, 1799, died (?). Dramatic com-
&
FOOTE
poser, puj)il of Chelard at the Conservatoire,
Paris, won the second prize for composition
iu 1822, and %-isited Italy. Works : Ainadeo
il Grande, gi%'en at Genoa; I due Forzati,
Leghoi'n ; H Gitano, Marseilles, 1835 ; Le
chevalier de Canolle, Paris, Oj^era Comique,
183G ; Amleto, not performed ; Choruses for
the Amalocites of Chateaubriand. — Fetis;
do., Supplement, i. 342 ; MendeL
FOOTE, AETHUR (^\TLLIAM), born, of
American parents, iu Salem, Mass., March
5, 1853, still living, 1889. Graduated at
Harvard University in 1874, studied the
pianoforte and organ under B. J. Lang,
and harmony and composition under
Stephen A. Emery and John K. Paine. Has
been, since 1878, organist of the First Uni-
tarian Church, Boston. Works — Vocal :
The Fareirell of Hiawatha, for male chorus
and orchestra, Boston, May 12, 1886 ; Tlie
Wreck of the Hesperus, for soli, mixed
chorus, and orchestra, ib., Jan. 2G, 1887;
Numerous songs and part-songs. Instru-
mental : String quartet in G minor, op. 4 ;
Trio for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello
in C minor, op. 5 ; Serenade for strings, op.
12 ; Overture, /;( the Mountains, op. 14 ;
Concerto for violoncello and orchestra ;
Several fugitive pieces for pianoforte, for
violin, and for violoncello.
FORAN SYDENS KLOSTER (Before
the South Convent), cantata for soli, female
chorus, and orchestra, by Edvard Grieg,
op. 20. Subject from Bjorustjerne BjOrn-
sou's "Aruljot Gelline." Translated iuto
German as Vor der Klosterpforte, by F. von
Holstein, and published by E. W. Fritzsch
(Leipsic, 1877).— Wochenblatt (1877), 226.
FOE, AS IN ADAM ALL DEE, short
chorus in D minor, iu Handel's llcssiah,
Part in. ; usually sung as an unaccompa-
nied quartet of solo voices.
FORBES, GEORGE, born in London,
JiUy 1, 1813, died there, Sept. 11, 1883.
Pianist, pupil of his brother Henry and of
Sir George Smart. He gave concerts with
his brother in London in 1831-44 and after-
wards on his own account. Works : Sonata
in C for pianoforte ; Marche des Guides ;
Larghetto and rondo capriccioso in E ; La
pluie de perles ; Nocturnes, waltzes, and
other works for pianoforte. — Brown.
FORBES, HENRY, born in London in
1804, died there, Nov. 24, 1859. Pianist
and organist, brother of George Forbes,
pupil of Sir George Smart, Hummel, Mo-
scheles, and Herz. He was conductor of
the Societa Armonica and organist of St.
Lukes, Chelsea. Works : The Fairy Oak,
opera, given at Drury Lane, London, 1845 ;
Ruth, oratorio, London, 1847 ; National
Psalmody, a collection of psalm tunes for
four voices ; Songs, etc. — Grove.
FORD, THOMAS, English composer of
17th century, buried, London, Nov. 17,
1648. He was one of the musicians of
Prince Henry, son of James I., and also of
Charles I. He published a work entitled,
" Musicke of Sundrie Kindes, set forth in
two Bookes. The first whereof are Aires for
4 Voices to the Lute, Orpharion, or Basse-
Viol, etc. The second are Pavens, Galiards,
Thumpes and such like for two Basse Viols,
the Liera Way," etc. This work contains
the beautiful four-part songs : " Since first I
saw your face," and, "There is a ladie sweet
and kind." He contributed to Leighton's
" Teares or Lamentacions of a Sorrowfull
Soule " (1614) ; and composed canons and
rounds which are printed in Hilton's
" Catch that Catch Can," and an anthem in
the Anthems by Madrigal Composers of the
Music Antiquarian Society. — Grove ; Fetis ;
Jilendel.
FORGUES, VICTOR ESPRIT I5mILE,
born in Paris, Sept. 26, 1823, still living,
1889. Pianist, pupil at the Conservatoire
under Goblin, Laurent, Zimmermann, and
Leborne. He won the 1st prize for piano-
forte in 1840 ; has played with great success
at concerts in Paris and other cities. He
has jjublished morceaux de genre, and a col-
lection of 12 iStudes. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 343.
FOR HE SHALL GIVE HIS ANGELS.
See Deiin er hat seiuen Engelu.
FORKEL
FORKEL, JOHANN NICOLAUS, born
at Meeder, near Coburg, Feb. 22, 1749,
died in GOttiiigen, March 17, 1818. The
son of a shoemaker, he received some in-
struction from a chorister of his native place
and then taught himself. He became choir-
boy at Liineburg in 1762, and Chorprilfect
at Schwerin in 17GG ; went to GOttingen in
17G9 to study law, but soon devoted him-
self to music again, and was appointed or-
ganist of the University Church, and in 1778
musical director to the university, which
gave him the doctor's degree in 1780. He
■was the earliest of the musical historians
of Germany, and showed great energy in
amassing materials with, sometimes, a want
of the critical faculty in digesting them.
Woi-ks : Hiskias, oratorio ; 2 cantatas : Die
Machtder Harmonie and DieHirteu bei der
Krij^pe zu Bethlehem ; Choruses ; Symj^ho-
nies, concertos, and pianoforte sonatas.
Among his historical and critical writings
are : " Ueber die Theorie der Musik " (GOt-
tingen, 1771) ; " Musikalisch-kritische Bibli-
othek"(Gotha,1778); "Musikalischer Alma-
nach f iir Deutschland " (Leipsic, 1782, 1783,
1784, 1789); "Allgemeine Geschichte der
Musik " (ib., 1788-1801), his greatest work,
though imfiuished ; " Allegemeine Litera-
tur der Musik" (ib.,
1792), the first biblio-
graphical attempt of
the kind; "Johann
Sebastian Bach's Leb-
en, Kunst und Kunst-
werke" (ib., 1802, English translation,
London, 1820).— Mendel ; Schilling ; FOtis ;
Grove ; Allgem. d. Biogr., vii. 155.
FORNABI, VINCENZO, born at Naples,
May 11, 1848, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil of Luigi Siri on the piano-
forte and of Battista in composition. His
opera, Maria di Torre, was given at Naples,
Teatro Filarmonico, 1871. — Fctis, Supple-
ment, i. 343.
FORNASINI, NICOLA, born at Bari,
Aug. 17, 1803, died at Naples, June 24,
18G1. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
AArt
Conservatorio, Naples, of Furno, Tritto, and
Zingarelli, became bandmaster of a regi-
ment, and afterwards was aj^pointed direc-
tor of music of the royal army, also inspec-
tor of the classes in wind instruments at
the Conservatorio. Works : Oh ! quante
imposture, opera buft'a, Naples, Teatro
Nuovo, 1829 ; Un matrimonio per medieina,
ib., 1829 ; L'avvocato in angustie, farce, ib.,
1831 ; La vedova scaltra, ib., 1831 ; Ro-
berto di Costanzo, ib., Teatro Sau Carlo,
1839 ; Several ballets, ib. ; Masses, vespers,
litanies, a Te Deum, and other church mu-
sic.— Futis, Supplement, i. 343.
FORONI, JACOPO, born at Verona, July
25, 1825, died at Stockholm, Sept. 8, 1858.
Dramatic and instrumental composer, son
and probably pupil of Domenico Foroni,
church composer (179G-1853) ; introduced
the symphony for orchestra into Italy, and
composed several meritorious works in this
form. In 1849 he was called to Stockholm
as royal director of mvisic. Works : Mar-
gherita, opera, given in Milan, 1847 ; Les
gladiateurs, do., Stockholm, about 1855 ;
L'avocat Pathelin, do. (unfinished) ; Three
overtures for grand orchestra ; Several sym-
phonies for do. ; Pianoforte pieces. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
FORSTER, ALBAN, born at Reichen-
bach. Saxony, Oct. 23, 1849, still living,
1889. Pupil of R, Blume and, at the Con-
servatorium, Dresden (1866-69), of Eietz in
composition, of Lauterbach on the violin,
and of Diiring on the pianoforte. Having
held positions at Carlsbad, Breslau and
Stettin, he went as court musician to Neu-
Strelitz in 1871. Besides an operetta. Das
Fliistern, given at Neu-Strelitz, 1875, he has
written 2 string quartets, 2 trios, soli for
violin and for violoncello, some orchestral
works, and pianoforte j^ieces and songs.
— Mendel, Ergiinz., 111.
FORSTER, CHRISTOPH, born at Bebra,
Thuringia, Nov. 30, 1693, died at Rudol-
stadt, Dec. 6, 1745. Organist, pupil in his
native town of the organist Pitzler on the
pianoforte and organ, then at Weissenfels
FOIiSTER
of Heinichen in tliorougb bass and compo-
sition, and at Merseburg of Kaufimann in
counterpoint. In 1719 he went to Dresden,
■was in Prague during the coronation festiv-
ities in 1723, and became Kapellmeister at
Eudolstadt in 1745. He composed over
300 works, consisting of cantatas, sympho-
nies, overtures, and pianoforte and organ
pieces. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FOKSTER, EJIANUEL ALOYS, born at
Niederstein (at Neurath, according to Men-
del), Silesia, Jan. 26, 1748, died in Vienna,
Nov. 12, 1823. Self-taught, he went to Vi-
enna in 177G, and became a vei-y successful
teacher of thorough bass and composition.
Beethoven esteemed him highly. Works:
48 string quartets and quintets ; Quartets
for pianoforte and strings ; Pianoforte so-
natas and pieces ; Cantata and songs ; Va-
riations on an air- from Sarti's opera, I finti
Eredi, which were long attributed to Mozart.
He was the author of "Anleitimg zum Ge-
neralbass" (1802, 1805, 1824), with 146 ex-
amples, a work of considerable value. — Men-
del ; Ft'tis ; Wurzbach.
PORTIA DE PILES, Comte AL-
PHONSE, born in Marseilles, Aug. 18,
1758, died at Sisteron, Feb. 18, 1826.
Dramatic composer, puj^il of Ligori. The
last member of the noble family of his
name, he was an officer of the regiment du
Roy and governor of Marseilles before the
Revolution. Works — Ojjeras : La fi'e Ur-
gi-le, Nancy, 1784 ; V<.'nus et Adonis, ib.,
1784 ; Le pouvoir de I'amour, ib., 1785 ;
L'officier franjais a I'armee, ib., 1786 ; 8 so-
natas for pianofoiie, with violin and violon-
cello ; Trios for violin ; Quartets for violin ;
SymjAony for full orchestra. — Fotis ; La-
rousse ; Biog. Gt'n., xviii. 221 ; Mendel.
FOETSCH, JOHANN PHILIPP, born at
Wertheim, Franconia, May 14, 1652, died
at Ltibeck after 1708. Dramatic composer,
pupil at Weissenfels of Johann Philipp
Krieger, and completed his musical train-
ing under different masters while studying
medicine at Frankfort, Jena. Helmstiidt,
Ei-furt, and Altdorf. Having travelled in
Germany, Holland, and France, he entered,
iu 1671, the Chapel of the Council at Ham-
burg as tenor singer, and a few years later
was engaged for the theatre there, as singer,
composer, and poet. In 1680 he became
Kapellmeister to the Duke of Sclileswig at
Gottoi^j, went in the same year to Kiel, to
take his diploma as doctor, and practised
medicine at Husum, Schleswig, etc. ; was
made court physician to the aforenamed
duke in 1689, and to the Bishop of Eutin in
1694, living at Liibeck from 1705. Works
— Operas : Crosus, given at Hamburg, 1684 ;
Das unmOgliche Ding, ib., 1685 ; Alexander
in Sidon, Eugenia, Polyeuct, ib., 1688 ; Kaiu
und Abel, Xerxes, Cimbria, ib., 1689 ; Tha-
lestris, Aucile Romano, Bajazeth und Tam-
erlan, Don Quixote, ib., 1690. Concertos
for harpsichord. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FORTUNATI, GIOVANNI FRANCES-
CO, born at Parma, Feb. 24, 1746, died (?).
Dramatic composer, pupil of Omoboni Ni-
colini the elder, and in Bologna of Padre
Mai-tini. He brought out his first opera in
Parma, 1769, was made maestro di capjsella
to the court, vocal instructor to the Arch-
duchess Amalia, and director of the opera.
Having composed operas for many Italian
cities, he went to Germany, lived in Dres-
den, and finally went to Berlin, as com-
poser to Friedrich Wilhelm II. On his
return to Parma he resumed his former
position at the court and the principal the-
atre, and held them initil the death of
Louis Ferdinand in 1802. He was one of
the original members of the musical sec-
tion of the Academy of Ai-ts and Sciences in
Italy, founded in 1810. Works : I caccia-
tori e la vendilatte, given at Parma, 1769 ;
L'incontro inaspettato, ib., about 1800 ; La
contessa per equivoco ; Ipermestra. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
FOR UNTO US A CHILD IS BORN,
chorus in G major, in Handel's 3fessiah,
Part L
FORZA DEL DESTINO, LA, Italian op-
era seria in four acts, text by Piave, music
by Verdi, first represented in St. Peters-
84
FOSSA
burg, Nov. 10, 1862. The libretto is adapted
from a romantic drama of the same title,
in five acts, by Don Angelo Saavedra, duque
de Rivas, plaj-ed in Madrid in 1835. The
opera was produced in Loudon, at Her Maj-
esty's Theatre, June 22, 1867 ; and in Paris,
at the Theatre Itahen, Oct. .31, 187G, with a
new overture and changes in the test by
Verdi. The action takes place in Spain.
Don Alvarez, sou of the viceroy of Peru,
enamoured of Donna Leonora de Vargas,
daughter of the Marchese di Calatrava, acci-
dentally kills the marquis, who tries to pre-
vent their elopement. Donna Leonora re-
tires into a convent and Don Carlos, her
brother, vows vengeance against Don Alva-
rez. After having been sworn friends in
the war in Italy, both being under assumed
names, Don Carlos at last discovers his iden-
tity and forces him to fight him. Don Car-
los is wounded and Don Alvarez goes into a
monastery under the name of Padre Eaffaele.
Don Carlos, recovered from his wound, seeks
his retreat and endeavours, by every insult,
to make him fight again. Padre Raffaele
bears his taunts with saintly patience, but
at last, goaded beyond endurance, seizes the
sword Don Carlos offers him and, going
without the monastery walls, fights and
mortally wounds him. Leonora, who has
witnessed the combat from her window,
rushes upon the scene as her brother falls
and, while ofl'ering aid, is stabbed by him,
and Don Alvarez, losing his reason at the
dreadful sight, throws himself from a prec-
ipice. In the final form of the opera, as
given in Paris, the denouement is changed
so that Alvarez does not kill himself. — Hans-
lick, Moderne Oper, 242 ; Larousse, viii.
631.
FOSSA (Defossa), JOANNES DE, born in
the Netherlands in the 16th century, died at
Munich in 1603. Church composer, became
assistant Kapellmeister at Munich in 1.569,
under Orlando Lasso, after whose death
he acted as Ober-Kapellmeister from 1594
until 1602. Masses and motets of his com-
position are in the royal library of Munich ;
they show great delicacy and original con-
ception. — Mendel.
FOSSA (de Fossis, De Ca Fossis, Da Fos-
sa), PIERRE DE, Flemish composer of the
16th century, died in Rome in 1527. He is
the first recorded maestro di cappella of S.
Marco, Venice, having immediately preceded
Adrien Willaert of Bruges. He had pre-
viously been a singer in the papal choir from
about 1485, and in 1491 was director of the
music of the chapel and of the maitrise.
He was thus the first chorodidascalus and
first phonascus of that celebrated church.
Though noted in his day as a composer,
none of his works have survived. He is
celebrated by Pietro Contarini in " Argo
vulgare " for his songs, and he is said to
have written a cantata for the marriage of
Anne Condola of Aquitaine with Ladislas,
King of Hungary and Bohemia, 1502, which
was preserved in the archives of that queen.
— Van der Straeten, La Musique au Pays
Bas, vi. 182 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FOSSEY, LEON, born in Paris, March
17, 1829, died there in February, 1877.
Dramatic composer, joupil of Elwart at the
Conservatoire, where he took the second
prize for harmony in 1849. He was for
many years chef d'orchestre of the Theatre
de la Gaite. Works : Pomme d'api, ope-
retta, Gaite, 1859 ; Marcel et Cie, do., Bouft'es
Parisiens, 1867.— Fetis, Supplement, i. 345.
FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS, born,
of American parent-
age, in Lawrenceville
(now part of Pitts-
burgh), Pennsylvania,
July 4, 1826, died in
New York, Jan. 13,
1864. His early mu-
sical education was
acquired at home,
and later he had
some instruction
from local teachers,
and was, in his own
way, a close student of the works of the
great composers. During 1850-51 he lived
FOUQUE
for a time in New York aiiLl Hoboken, but
in 1851 returned to Pittsburgh ; in 18G0 he
again went to New York, where he remained
until his death. Foster occupies a place
of his own among American song-writers ;
few musical compositions appeal so directly
to the popular heart as his, and none have
become more universally known or been in
more general use. His first published com-
position, written when he was about seven-
teen years old, was a serenade, Open thy
lattice, love (1842). The Old Folks at
Home, often called The Suwanee Kiver, was
composed in the summer of 1851, and was
purchased by the negro-minstrel Edwin P.
Christy, who published it as "written and
composed by " himself. More than half a
million copies of it were sold, and it still
has a steady sale. Works : Foster com-
posed about 150 songs in all, and in most
cases wrote the words as well as the music.
Among the better known are : Old Uncle
Ned ; Oh, Susanna ; Nelly was a lady
(1849); Old Folks at Home; Oh, boys,
carry me 'long ! ; Gentle Annie ; Jily Old
Kentucky Home ; Nelly Ely ; Nancy Till ;
Old Dog Tray ; "Willie, we have missed you ;
Come where my love Hes dreaming (-1
voices) ; Massa's in the cold, cold ground ;
Maggie by my side ; Old Black Joe, 18G1 ;
Beautiful Dreamer, 18G1.
FOUQUE, (PIERRE) OCTAVE, born at
Pau (Basses-Pyrouces), Nov. 12, 184-1, died
there, Sept. 22, 18815. Dramatic, instru-
mental, and vocal composer, pupil in Paris
of Reiuhold Becker in harmony, of Chauvet
in counteiiioint, and of Ambroise Thomas
in composition. He is more important as a
writer on music. Works : L'avocat noir,
operetta, given at the Alcazar, 1874 ; Deux
vieux coqs, do. ; Prelude for orchestra.
Concerts Daubo, 1874 ; Preludes, nocturnes,
morceaux de genre, etc., for pianoforte ;
Songs, and choruses. — Fetis, Suisplement,
i. 345 ; Mendel, Ergiluz., 112.
FOWLE, THOMAS LLOYD, born at
Amesbury, Wilts, England, Oct. 16, 1827,
still living, 1889. Church composer and
organist, self-taught ; was organist at Ames-
bury, then at Crawley, Sussex, and from
1856 engaged as editor and publisher. Re-
sides at Ryde, Isle of Wight. Works : Five
cantatas ; Four volumes of anthems ; do. of
organ voluntaries ; Twelve marches for
special seasons ; Two sei-vices, etc.
FRA DIAVOLO, ou I'hoteUerie de Ter-
racine (The Inn of Teiracina), opcra-co-
mique in three acts, text by Scribe, music by
Auber, first represented at the Opera Co-
mique, Paris, Jan. 28, 1830. Fra Diavolo
was the sobriquet of Michele Pezza, a Cala-
brian bandit, who was pardoned in 1799 and
became a colonel in the Neapolitan army,
but was captured in 1806 by General Hugo
(father of Victor Hugo) and hanged in
Naples. Scribe took little more than the
title for his libretto, the incidents of which
are derived chiefly from La Caverne of
Lesueur, which in turn is founded on an
episode in " Gil Bias." A spectacular
drama, entitled Fra Diavolo chef du bri-
gands dans les Alj^es, by Cuvelier and Fran-
coui, was given in Paris in 1808, and a Ger-
man version, Die Riluber in den Abruzzen,
in Vienna in 1822. Auber's Fra Diavolo
was produced in Vienna in 1830 ; an Eng-
lish version at Drury Lane, Nov. 3, 1831,
and an Italian version at the Lyceum, Lon-
don, July 9, 1857. It was first given in
New York, April, 1832. In the first act of
the opera. Lord and Lady Kokbourg, Eng-
lish travellers, after a narrow escape from
Fra Diavolo's band, during which the lady
loses her diamonds, enter the inn at Terra-
cina, kept hy Matteo, whose daughter Zer-
line loves Lorenzo, an officer in command of
carabineers searching for the bandits. Fra
Diavolo himself, who has followed the trav-
ellers disguised as the Marquis de San
Marco, hearing how they have deceived his
men, tries to perfect his plans for robbing
them by ingratiating himself with Zerline
and Lady Kokbourg. Lorenzo, after a sad
parting from Zerline, who is promised by
her father to a rich farmer, goes in search
of the bandits, defeats them, and recovers
86
FRA
the diamonds, -winning the offered reward
of 10,000 francs, and becoming thus as
wealthy as his rival. In the second act
Fra Diavolo and his companions Beppo and
Giacomo conceal themselves iu a closet in
Zerline's room. Their plans of robbery are
interrupted by the return of the carabineers,
and Fra Diavolo boldly comes out of the
closet and declares to Lord Kokbom-g that
he is there by appointment with his wife
and to Lorenzo that it is by invitation of
Zerliue. With two duels on his hands, Fra
1: v^** / 7'//
Charles Santley, as Fra Diavolo.
Diavolo promises satisfaction in the morning
and coolly walks out, leaving his two rivals
confounded and in despair. His compan-
ions, however, are captured and agree to
betray their chief to secure their own safety.
In the third act, where the scene is trans-
ferred to the mountains, Fra Diavolo is en-
snared, and meets death at the hands of the
carabineers, after acknowledging Zerline's
innocence, and the lovers are made happy.
The music, which made Auber's reputation,
is bright and sparkling and as inspiring as
the libretto. Li the first act the principal
numbers are: Pamela's, "Ah! quel voyage
abominable ! " ; Lord Kokbourg's, " Je vou-
lais bien, je voulais bien ; " the quintet be-
tween the two travellers, the sham Marquis,
Zerline, and Matteo, " Que vois-je, c'est
elle!"; Zerline's air, "Voyez sur cette
roche ; " the scene between the Marquis and
Pamela, " Gondolier Mi-le ; " and the buffo
trio between these two and Lord Kokbourg,
" Je n'aimais pas le musique." In the sec-
ond act the air of Zerline, " Quel bonheur,
je respire ; " the barcarolle, " Agnes la jou-
vencelle ; " the cavatina in Zerline's room,
" Oui, c'est demain qu'on me marie ; " and
the chorus, " Oui, la prudence." In the
third act, Fra Diavolo's grand air, " Je vols
marcher sous ma banniere ; " the chorus,
" C'est aujourd'hui Paques fleuries ; " Lo-
renzo's romanza, "Pour toujours, disait-
elle," and the final .scene. — Hanslick, Mod-
erne Oper, 132 ; Larousse, viii. G97.
FRA I DUE litigant: IL TEEZO
GODE (Between two quarrellers a third
liarty profits), Italian comic opera, text by
Lorenzi, music by Sarti, given at Turin,
1780. The unpublished score of this work,
which was very successful, is in the library
of the Conservatoire, Paris. Mozart took a
theme from this opera for the table-music
in the second act of Don Giovanni.
FRANCESCA DA RIMINI, German op-
era in three acts, text and music by Her-
mann GOtz, rej)resented in Mannheim, Sept.
10, 1877. GOtz died before finishing the
work, and the third act was instrumented,
from the composer's sketches, by G. Frank.
The music is dramatic and was well re-
ceived.
FRANCESCA DA RIISHNI, symphonic
poem for orchestra, by Peter Iljitsch Tschai-
kowsky, op. 32, composed in 1877, first per-
formed in Warsaw in 1878.
FRANCESCHINI, PETRONIO, born in
Bologna, lived in the second half of the 17th
century. Dramatic composer, brother of
the painter Marco Antonio Franceschini ;
pupil of Lorenzo Perti, and at Narni of
Giuseppe Corso. In 1673 he was elected
FRANCESCO
principe of the Accatlemia Filarmonica,
Bologna. Works : Oroute di Meiuii, Bo-
logna, Teatro Formagliari, 1676 ; Arsinoe,
ib., 1677 ; Apollo in Tessaglia, musical
di-aiua, ib., 1679 ; Dionisio, ovvero la virtti
trionfaute del vizio (with Parteuio), Venice,
1681. — Fotis ; do., Huijplument, i. 347.
FRANCESCO DA IVnLANO (Francesco
Milanese) ; organist, early part of 16tli cen-
tmy. He was a member of the Navizzi-
ani family of Milan and was a poet as well
as musician. About 1.530 he became or-
ganist of the Cathedi-al of Milan. Accord-
ing to Doni and Picciuelli he was the author
of several rare collections of organ and lute
music, entitled : Intabolatura di organo,
lib. i. ; Intabolatura di liuto (Milan, 1540).
Some of his pieces for lute are in a collec-
tion entitled, Intabolatura di liuto di di-
vei'si autori, etc. (Milan, 1556), w'hich went
through several editions under difl'ereut
titles ; and others are in Hortus Musai'um
(Louvain, 1552). — FOtis ; Schilling.
FRANCHJ, GIOVANNI PIETKO, born
at Pistoja about the middle of the 17th
century. He was maestro concertante to
the Duke Rospigliosi di Zagarolo. He pub-
lished Duetti da camera (Bologna, 1689) ;
Duetti del 1' amore col basso numerate (ib.,
1689) ; Motets ; Psalms ; Sonatas, etc. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FR.\NCHO:\niE, AUGUSTE, born at
Lille, April 10, 1808, died in Paris, Jan. 21,
1884. Violoncellist, pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire of Levasseur and of Norbliu ; and
in 1826 won the first prize for violoncello.
He was a member of the orchestra of the
Anibigu Comique in 1825-26, of the Opi"-
ra in 1827, and of the Theatre Italien in
1828. With Alard and Charles Halle he
founded a society for classical quartets.
The intimate friend of Choijin, he wrote
with him a duo for pianoforte and violon-
cello on Robert le Diable. He also wrote
a duo with variations in collaboration with
Bertoni, and a third with Osborne. In 1846
he became professor of the violoncello at
the Paris Conservatoire. Works : Theme
varie pour violoncelle avec orchestre, op. 1
(Paris) ; Thome original, op. 3 ; Theme
original vario avec orchestre, op. 4 ; Fan-
taisie sur des themes russes et ucossaises,
avec quatuor ou orchestre, op . 6 ; Romance
pour violoncelle, op. 10 ; Trois nocturnes ;
Deux adagios, oj). 21, 29 ; Premier concerto
pour violoncelle et orchestre, op. 33, etc.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Larousse ; Mendel.
FRANCISCELLO (Francischello), — ;
violoncellist, living in Italy in the early part
of the 18th century (1713-50). His birth-
place is unknown ; as he retired to Genoa
in his old age, it may have been his native
place. First celebrated at Rome shortly
after the death of Corelli (1713), he was to the
violoncello what Corelli was to the violin, and
was the first to substitute that instrument
for the bass-viol, which almost disappear-
ed from Italian orchestras before 1730.
Quantz heard him in Naples in 1725 ; Ge-
miniani sjjeaks of hearing him play with
Scai'latti when that master accompanied him
on the harj)sichord. Benda heard him in
Vienna in 1730, and took him for his model
on the violin. Gerber says that Duport
heard him at Genoa ; if so, he must have
been over seventy-five years of age. — Fetis,
iii. 307; Grove, i. 358; Mendel, iv. 14;
Schilling, iii. 32.
FRANCE, C£SAR AUGUSTE, born in
Liege, Dec. 10, 1822. Pianist, pupil at the
Liege Conservatoire, subsequently at that in
Paris (1837) under Zimmerman, Leborne,
and Beuoist, winning the 2d organ prize in
1841. He was organist of Sainte-Clotilde,
Paris. His oratorio, Ruth, composed some
twenty-five years before, was given in Paris
in 1846, when he succeeded Benoist as pro-
fessor of the organ at the Conservatou-e.
He published pianoforte and violin music.
— Fetis, iii. 310 ; do.. Supplement, i. 347 ;
Mendel ; Viotta.
FRANCK, EDUARD, born in Breslau,
Dec. 5, 1817, still hying, 1889. Instru-
mental composer and pianist, studied music
in his native city and, 1843-46, in Italy, then
settled in Berlin, whence he was called to
FRANCE
Cologne as professor of the pianoforte at
the Conservatorium. In 1859 he went as
musical director to Berne, and in 1867 to
Berlin to teach at Stern's Conservatorium.
Works : Sympihony, op. il ; Quintet for
l^ianoforte, op. 4.5 ; Sextet, op. 4:1 ; Sonata
for violoncello, op. 42 ; Duos for jjianoforte,
op. 4G ; Six sonatas, op. 40 ; Three do., op.
43 ; Symphonies, overtures, concertos, etc.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
FRANCE, JOHANN WOLFGANG, born
in Hamburg in 1G41, died in Spain after
1G88. Dramatic composer, one of the ear-
liest German writers of opera. He pro-
duced fourteen works, all of which were
represented in Hamburg in 1679-86. In
1688 he went to Spain, and became a favour-
ite composer of Don Carlos II., a distinction
which led to his death by assassination.
Works — Operas : Michael und David ; An-
dromeda und Perseus ; Die Mutter der
Makkabiier ; Don Pedro ; Aeneas ; Jodelet ;
Semele ; Hannibal ; Charitine ; Diocletia-
nus ; Attila ; Vespasianus ; Kara Mustafa, in
two parts : I. Die Belagerung Wiens ; H.
Die erfreuliche Entsatzung W^iens. He
published also sonatas for two violins and
bass, and church compositions. — Fetis ;
Jlendel ; Riemann.
FRANCE, JOSEPH, born in Liege
about 18-20, still living, 1889. Organist and
violinist ; brother of Cesar Auguste Franck ;
pupil at the Liege, and subsequently at the
Paris Conservatoire. He was maitre de
chapelle and organist of the Church des
Maisons Etrangeres and of that of Saint-
Thomas d'Aquin, Paris, and a teacher
of the pianoforte and organ. Works :
Collections of motets for one or sev-
eral voices with two choirs ; Ode to
St. Cecilia, with orchestra ; Concertos
for pianoforte with quartet or orches-
tra ; Cantatas ; Masses ; Songs. He
is the author of several theoretical and
practical works for the instruction of
the pianoforte and organ. — Ft-tis, iii.
310 ; do., Sui^plement, i. 347 ; Mendel ;
Viotta.
FRANCE, MELCHIOR, born in Zittau
about 1580, died in Coburg, June 1, 1G39.
Church composer, lived in Nuremberg
about 1600, and became Kapellmeister to
the Duke of Coburg in 1603. Gerber gives
a list of 44 of his works. He sometimes
embellished his melodies in the Italian
style, and was one of the earliest composers
to make the instrumental accomj)animent
more independent. Some of his chorals are
still sung. Works : Melodia sacrte (1600-
7) ; Musikalische Bergreyeu (1602); Con-
trapuncti compositi (1602) ; Teutsche Psal-
men und Eircheugesiinge (1602) ; Neue
Paduanen, Galliarden (1603) ; Opusculum
etlicher newer mid alter Reuterliedlein
(1603) ; Neues Quodlibet (1604) ; Farrago
(1604) ; Teutsche weltliche Gesilnge und
Tiintze (1605) ; Geistliche Gesilnge und
Melodien (1608) ; Neue musikalische Intra-
den (1608) ; Flores mu.sicales (1610) ; Musi-
kalische FrOhlichkeit (1610) ; Tricinia nova
(1611) ; Vincula natalitia (1611) ; Sechs
deutsche Eouzerte (1611) ; Suspiria mu-
sica (1612) ; Opusculum etlicher geistli-
cher Ge.siinge (1612) ; Viridarium musi-
eum (1613) ; Recreationes musicro (1614) ;
Zween Grabgesiinge (1614) ; Zwey newe
Hochzeitsgesiinge (1614) ; ThrenodiiB Da-
vidicit! (1615) ; Die trostreichen Worte aus
dem 54. Eajjitel Esaiil (1615) ; Delicije
amoris (1615) ; Fasciculus quodlibeticus
(1615) ; Geistlicher musikalischer Lustgar-
ten (1616) ; Lilia musicalia (1616) ; Teut-
sches musikalisches frohliches Eonvivium
(1621) ; Laudes Dei vespertiuse (1622) ;
■^ ^--^'7^.
(ZM>^-
«^v-i.
Newe teutsche Magnificat (1622) ; Gemmu-
Ise evangeliorum musical (1623-24) ; Newes
FEANCK
liebliclies musikalisches Lustgiirtlein (1623) ;
40 Teutscbe lustige musikalische Tiiutze
(1624) ; Newes musikalisches Ojiusculuiu
(1624) ; Sacri convivii musica sacra (1628) ;
Eosetuluni musicum (1628) ; Cithara eccle-
siastica et scliolastica ; Psalmodia sacra
(1631) ; Dulces muudani esilii clelici;c
(1631) ; Der 51 Psalm (1634) ; Paradisus
musicus (1636). — Eiemanu ; Fctis ; Mendel ;
Gerber ; Allgem. d. Biogr., vii. 213 ; Grove ;
Winterfeld, Der evaug. Kii-cbengesang, ii.
50.
FRANCE, mCHAEL, born at Scbleu-
siugen, March 16, 1609, died at Coburg,
Sept. 24, 1667. Vocal composer, studied
music iu middle life, after he had lost all
his property during the Thirty Years' War,
and iu 1640 had settled at Coburg, where
in 1644 he found employment as teacher at
the Gymnasium. It was then that he took
uf> music and poetry, with such success as
to be made imperial poet laureate in 1659.
Of his comjjositions ai'e known : Geistliches
Harfeuspiel aus dreissig vierstimmigen Arien
uebst Generalbass (Coburg, 1657) ; and the
chorals : Kein Stiindleiu geht dahin, Ach,
wie nichtig, ach, wie fliichtig, and Sey Gott
getreu, halt' seineu Bund. — Fctis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
FRANCCEUR, FRANCOIS, born in
Paris, Sept. 28, 1698, died there, Aug. 6,
1787. Dramatic composer, member in
1710 of the orchestra of the Opera, where he
formed a lifelong friendship and ijaitner-
ship with Rebel. He was subsequently a
member of the king's private band, and in
1733 composer to the king. He was ap-
pointed joint-inspector of the Opera with
Rebel in 1736, was director iu 1751-67, and
superintendent of the king's chamber music
iu 1760. He published when young two
books of sonatas, the only works in which
he did not have Rebel as a collaborator.
Works — Operas, with Rebel : Pyrame et
Thisbe, 1726 ; Tarsis et Zelie, 1728 ; Scan-
derbeg, 1735 ; Le ballet de la pais, 1738 ;
Les Augustales, 1744 ; Zelindor, 1744 ;
Ismene, 1747 ; Les genies tutelaii-es, 1757 ;
La princesse de Noisy, 1760. — Mendel ;
Grove ; Fetis ; Larousse.
FRANCCEUR, LOUIS JOSEPH, born in
Paris, Oct. 8, 1738, died there, Mai'ch 10,
1804. Violinist and dramatic composer',
nephew and jmpil of Francois Francceur.
He was first a page of the king's band,
1746-52, then violinist in the orchestra at
the Opera, second maitre de musique in
1764, and in 1767 succeeded Berton as di-
recteur en chef, which position he held un-
tU 1779. In 1792 he became with Cellerier
manager of the Ojiera, and in 1794 was di-
recteur of the Opi'ra with Denesle. Pro-
duced several operas, among them Ismene
et Lindor, 1766, and Ajas, 1770, and left
others in MS., as well as church music, all of
which are in the Conservatoire Library. He
is the author of " Diajsason general de tous
les instruments a vent," etc. (Paris, 1772).
— Grove ; Fetis, iii. 311 ; do., Supplement,
i. 348 ; Larousse ; Mendel.
FRANgOISE DE RIMINI, French grand
opera in five acts, text by Barbier and Carre,
music by Ambroise Thomas, represented at
the Opera, Paris, Ajnil 14, 1882. Subject,
the story of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo
Malatesta, as related by Dante in the " Di-
vina Commedia." One of the composer's
best works.
FRANCO-lNIENDfiS, JACQUES, born iu
Amsterdam in 1812, of a distinguished
Portuguese Israelitish family that settled
there in the 16tli century. Violoncellist,
pupil of Priiger and Bertehuann, and sub-
sequently of Merk, in Vienna. After visit-
ing London and Paris with his brother
Joseph, he was appointed in 1831 court
violoncellist. He made another profes-
sional tour in Germany with his brother in
1833, and in 1836 went to Paris to perfect
himself in composition, and established
there a series of quartet matinees with his
brother which were greatly appreciated.
After Joseph's early death he lived princi-
pally in Holland. He published violoncello
and other instrumental music. Orders of
Isabella the Catholic, the Oaken Crown,
90
FRANCO- MEND:I^S
Adolph of Nassau. — Fc-tis ; Larouisse ; Gre-
goir, Mus. neerlandais du xviiie et xixe siecle,
76 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FRANCO-MENDfiS, JOSEPH, born in
Amsterdam, May 4, 181G, died Oct. U,
1841. Violinist, brother of Jacques Franco-
Mendes ; pupil of Prilger, and in Paris in
1836 of Baillot. After a professional tour
to London, Paris, and Germany he played
chiefly at The Hague and Amsterdam. In
1835 two of his quartets for two Yiolins,
viola, and bass were ci'owned by the Nether-
land Society for the Encouragement of
Music. He left many works in MS. — Fotis ;
Larousse ; Gregoir, Mus. ncerlandais du
xviiie et xixe sii'cle, 76 ; Viotta.
FRANCS-JUGES, LES (The Vehmic
Judges), overture to the ojiera of the same
title, by Hector Berlioz, op. 3, first performed
at the Conservatoire, Paris, May 26, 1828.
The opera, written by Berlioz in 1825, on a
libretto by Humbert Ferrand, was declined
by the committee of the Acadcmie Royale
de Musique, and only the overture ever saw
the light. The score of the opera was de-
stroyed. The overture was the first of
his works to gain him any lasting reputa-
tion. Published, full score and parts, by
Richault and Hofmeister (Leipsic) ; in parts
for military band, arranged by "Wieprecht,
Eichault ; for pianoforte, 4 hands, Richault,
Hofmeister ; do., arranged by Karl Czerny,
Meyer (Brunswick) ; do., 2 hands, arranged
by Liszt, Schott (^lainz). Given in New
York, Philharmonic Society, season of
1845-46.— Jullien, Hector Berlioz (1888),
375.
FRANK, ERNST, born in Munich, Feb.
7, 1847, still living, 1889. Dramatic and
vocal composer, and excellent conductor,
pupil of Mortier de Fontaine on the piano-
forte and of Franz Lachner in composition ;
became court organist and chorus-master at
the Royal Opera, and in 1868 Kapellmeister
at Wiirzburg. In 1869 he was made chorus-
master at the Opera in Vienna, where he
afterwards conducted the Siugverein and
the Academische Gesangvereiu. Hof-Ka-
pellmeister at Mannheim in 1872-77, he
was called to Frankfort as first Kapellmeis-
ter at the theatre, and in 1879 to Hanover as
von Bidow's successor. In 1887 he became
insane, and was committed to an asylum.
Works : Adam de la Halle, opera, given at
Carlsruhe, 1880 ; Hero, do., Berlin, 1884 ;
Duettinos for female voices ; Rattenfiinger
Lieder from Wolff's Singuf, with violin
obligato ; Other songs and choruses. He
translated into German the operas. The
Veiled Prophet, and Savonarola by Stanford,
and Colomba by Mackenzie. — Mendel, Er-
giluz., 113 ; Riemann.
FRANKENBERGER, HEINRICH, born
at Wiimbach, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,
Germany, Aug. 20, 1824, died at Sonders-
hausen, Nov. 22, 1885. Dramatic composer,
pupil at Sondershausen of Bartel the elder,
of Ernst Bartel in theorj', of Birnstein on
the organ, and of G. Hermann on the piano-
forte ; then at Leipsic of Plaidy, Karl Ferdi-
nand Becker, and Hauptmann. In 1847 he
entered the princely orchestra at Sonders-
hausen as violinist, and afterwards became
its assistant conductor. During his annual
furlough he conducted the operas at Erfurt,
Halle, Frankfort, etc. He was also an ex-
cellent harpist, and able teacher, and
published hand-books on instrumentation,
and harmony, and a method for the or-
gan. Works — Operas : Die Hochzeit zu
Venedig, four acts, given at Sondershausen,
1847 ; Vineta, three acts, text by Bohn,
ib., Jan. 30, 1851 ; Der Giinstling, three
acts, text by Lemm, ib., 1863. — Riemann.
FRANZ, J. H. (Count Bolko von Hoch-
berg), born at Castle Fiirstenstein, Silesia,
Jan. 23, 1843, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, supported in Dresden, for several
years, a string quartet bearing his name,
and in 1876 instituted the Silesian music
festivals. Li 1886 he was appointed in-
tendant general of the royal Prussian court
theatres. Works : Claudine von Villabella,
given at Schwerin, 1864 ; Der Wilrwolf
(Die Falkensteiner), Hanover, 1876 ; Sym-
phonies, songs, etc.
FEANZ
FRANZ, KARL, born at Langenbielau,
Silesia, in 1738, died in Muuicli in 1802.
Played the bom in the service of the Ai'ch-
bishop of Olmiitz in 1758 ; then joined
Prince Esterhazj's orchestra in Eisenstadt,
and became the greatest virtuoso on the
barytone, the predecessor of the violoncello.
Haydn composed a cantata, Deutschland's
Klage auf den Tod Friedrich's des Grossen,
with barj-tone accompaniment, especially for
him. He spent eight years in Presburg
under Cardinal Bathiany, and in 1787
was called to Munich as chamber musician.
Works : 12 barytone concertos. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., vii. 310 ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove.
FRANZ ROBERT, born in Halle, June
28, 1815, stm liv-
ing, 1889. After
studying by him-
self several years,
he became a pupil
at Dessau (1835-
37) of Schneider
in pianoforte, har-
mony, and coun-
terpoint ; rctumod
then to Halle, and,
without employ-
ment for six yeai's, made thorough studies in
Bach, Beethoven, and Schubert. In 1811 his
sense of hearing began to decline. In 1843 he
published his first set of twelve songs, which
won him the sincere admiration of Schumann,
and later of Mendelssohn, Gade, Liszt, and
others. About this time he was appointed
organist at the Ulrichskirche in Halle, and
conductor at the Singacademie. Somewhat
later he was given the titles of KOniglicher
Musikdirelctor and Doctor of Music, the
latter for his musical lectures at the Halle
Univer.sity. His deafness gradually became
more and more serious, and in 1853 was
aggravated by nervous disorders. In 18G8
he was forced to throw up all his employ-
ments, and almost entirely to abandon com-
position. The pecuniary difficulties result-
ing from this were made up for by a sum of
about $25,000 realized from concerts given
in 1872 for Franz's benefit by Liszt, Joa-
chim, Helene Magnus, and others, and by
sums raised in a similar way in Boston,
Mass., by Otto Dresel (his intimate friend
and co-worker), B. J. Lang, and Sebastian
B. Schlesinger. Franz's fame rests upon a
twofold basis : upon his songs, and upon
his additional accompaniments to choral
works by Bach, Handel, Durante, and As-
torga. He is undisputedly the greatest liv-
ing song-writer : the legitimate successor of
Schubert and Schumann. At first his songs
were caviare to the general public, but the
admiration of men like Schumann and !!Men-
delssohn, and the ardent propagandism of
Liszt (through his incomparable pianoforte
transcriptions), of the baritone Stockhausen,
and others in Germany, and of Otto Dresel
in America (at one time Boston was one of
the chief focuses of the Franz cult), helped
much to gain them universal recognition.
Franz's additional accompaniments to old
choral works are to be ranked only with
what is most perfect in this difficult depart-
ment. In this matter he has been from the
first a stout ojspouent of Chrysander, Spit-
ta, and others of more timidly archaeologi-
cal tendencies. Works — I. Original : 257
songs, in 45 sets, for voice and pianoforte,
published by Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Whist-
ling, Peters, Senff, Fritzsch, etc. ; Ivyrie a
cappella for 4-part chorus and soli ; Psalm
cxvii. for double chorus (8 parts) a cap-
pella ; Liturg}' for the evangelical service ;
G chorals ; 6 part-songs for mixed voices,
and 6 do. for male voices. H. Ai-range-
ments, from J. S. Bach : Miltthaus-/'a.s-.sio/i ;
ire/«ac/i/.s-Oratorium, Parts I. and H. ; 3Iag-
iiificat in D ; Tracer-Ode. Church canta-
tas : Es ist dir gesagt, Mensch, was gut ist ;
Oott fiihret auf mit Jauohzen ; leh hatte
viel Bekiimmerniss ; Wcr sich selbst erhu-
het ; 0 ewiges Feuer ; Lobet Gott in Seinen
Reichen ; Wer da glaubet und getauft wird ;
Ach wie fliichtig, ach wie nichtig ; Freue
dich, erloste Schaar ; Gotles Zeit ist die
allerbeste Zeit (Actus tragicus) ; Sie wer-
den aus Saba Alle kommen ; Airs from
93
FRANZ
other cantatas, etc. For soprano : Mei)i
Seelenscbatz ist Gottes Wort, from Gleicb
wis der Regen unci Sclinee ; Aucli niit
gediimjDften, scliwacben Stimmen, from
Schwingt freudig eucb empor ; Liebster
Jesu, main Verlangen ; Gottlob, nun gebt
das Jabr zu Ende ; Hot, deine Giite, from
Wer Dank opfert, der preisset micb ; Herr,
der du stark und miicbtig bist, from Meine
Seele erbebt den Herren ; Gedenk' an uns
mit deiuer Liebe, from Wir danken dir,
Gott ; 3Tein gliiubiges Herze, from Also
bat Gott die Welt geliebt. For alto : Ein
ungefi'irbtGemutbe ; llenschcn, g\a.uht docb
dieser Guade, from Christ unser Herr zum
Jordan kam ; Domiue Fili unigenite, from
G Minor JIass ; O Menscb, errette deine
Seele, from O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort ;
Wie furchtsara wankeu meine Schrittc, from
AUein zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ. For tenor :
Welch Uebermaass der Giite, from Wer
Dank opfert ; Ergiesse dicb reicblicb, from
Wo soil icb fliehen bin ; Um^ri- Mund und
Ton der Saiten, from Wie scbi'm leucbtet der
Morgen stern ; Nun mOgt ibr stolzen Feinde,
from Herr, wenndie stolzen Feinde schnau-
ben ; Ich will dir zu Ehren leben, from
Fallt mit Danken ; Die Liebe ziebt mit
sanften Scbritten, from Scbwingt freudig
eucb empor. For bass : Verstianme, HOl-
leubeer, from Wo soil ich fliehen bin ; Gxte
Nacht, du Weltgetiimmel, from Wer weiss
wie nahe mir mein Ende ; Booh weichet,
ibi- tollen, vergeblichen Sorgen, from Lieb-
ster Gott, wann werd' ich sterben ; Goll ist
gerecht, from O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort ;
Gott, bei deinem starken Schiitzen, from
Wiir' Gott nicbt mit uns diese Zeit. Duets :
HeiT, dein Mitleid, for S. and B., from
Herrscber des Himmels, erbiire das Lallen ;
Cbriste eleison, for 2 S., from the Hohe
Messe ; Wenn Sorgen auf micbdringen, for
S. and A., from Ach Gott, wie manches
Herzeleid ; Et in unum Dominum, for S.
and A., from the Hohe Messe ; Domine
Deus, for S. and A., from the G major
Mass ; Four movements from JTusiLnlit'ches
Opfer, for pianoforte, flute, and violin ;
Suite in E minor, for pianoforte (Leipsic,
Breitkopf & Hiirtel). From G. F. Handel :
L' Allegro, il Penseroso, ed il Moderato ;
Jubilate, in D ; The 3Iessiah. Airs, for so-
prano : Cara sposa, from Eadamisto ; Sommi
Dei, from do. ; Vanne, sorella ingrata, from
do. ; 3Iio bel tesoro, from Alcina ; Mio caro
bene, from Rodelinda ; lUtorna, o caro, from
do. ; Il vostro maggio, from Rinaldo ; Menti
eterne, from Lotario ; Spera si, mio caro
bene, from Admeto ; SI, t' amo, ocara, from
Muzio Scevola ; S'ei non mi vuole amar,
from Tamerlano ; Ab, non son io cbe parlo.
from Ezio. For alto : Con rauco mormorio,
from Rodelinda ; Confusa si miri 1' infida
consorte, from do. ; Si, si minaccia, e viuta,
from Sosarme ; Empio, diro, tu sei, from
Giulio Cesare ; rupille sdegnose, from
Muzio Scevola ; IJn disprezzato affetto, from
Otbone ; Io sperai trovar riposo, from do. ;
Son confusa pastorella, from Poro ; Stille
amare, gi:i vi sento, from Tolomeo ; Furi-
hondo sjnra il vento, from Partenope ; Gi-
acchh morir non jiosso, from Radamisto ;
Vi fida Io sposo, from Ezio. Duets : Se
teco vive il cor, for 2 S., from Radamisto ;
Fuor di periglio, for S. and T., fi'om Flori-
dante ; Io t'abbraccio, for S. and A., from
Rodelinda ; Per le porte del tormento, for
S. and A., from Sosarme ; Ricordati, mio
ben, for S. and A., from Flavio ; Deh, per-
dona, for S. and A., from do. ; Vivo in te,
for S. and A., from Tamerlano ; A teneri af-
fetti, for S. and A., from Otbone ; Cara, piii
amabile belta, for S. and A., from Giulio
Cesare ; Che vai pensando, for S. and B.,
Kammer-Duett, No. 5 ; Vh, speme infida,
pur !, for 2 S., id., No. 7 ; Tacele, ohime,
tacete, for S. and B., id., No. 10 ; Langue,
geme, for S. and A., id., No. 13. From
other composers : Astorga's Stabat Mater ;
Francesco Durante's Magnificat in B-flat.
HI. Literary works : Oft'ener Brief an Edu-
ard Hanslick iiber Bearbeitungen illterer
Tonwerke, namentlicb Bach'scber und Hiin-
del'scber VocalmusLk (Leipsic, 1871) ; Mit-
theilungen tiber J. S. Bach's Magnificat
(Halle, 18G3).— Ambros, Rob. Franz, Eine
94
FRANZ
Studie (Leipsic, 1872) ; La Mara, HIus.
StudieukOpfe, iii. 131 ; Liszt, Ges. Schrif-
ten, iv. 207 ; Mus. Wochenblatt, i. 211, 228,
2'47 ; Schumann, Ges. Schriften, ii. 318 ;
Schuster, Rob. Franz (Leipsic, 1874) ;
Sarau, Eob. Frauz uud das deutsche Volks-
und Kivcheuhed (Leipsic, 1875) ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1872), i. 288 ; ii. 213.
FEANZ, STEPHAN, born in Vienna, 1785,
died there in 1850 (?). VioHnist, pupil of
his father and several other Viennese violin
teachers, and on the pianoforte pu^jil of
Dominik Ruprecht, and in composition of
Albrechtsberger, besides which he was often
advised by Josef Haydn. For a short time
compelled by his father to foUow a mercan-
tile career, he was soon led back to music,
being offered a permanent employment as
teacher, and as first violinist in a private
quartet, in a wealthy nobleman's house. He
held this position in 1803-G, then a similar
one at Presburg, and in 1807 became mu-
sical director to a nobleman in Stuhlweis-
seuburg county, where he devoted himself
to composition. He gave successful con-
certs at Presburg, Pesth, and other Hun-
garian cities, returned to Vienna in 1813,
became first violinist at the Theater an der
Wien, and in 181G a member of the imperial
orchestra. In great demand as a teacher,
he gave up his position at the theatre in 1818,
and in 1820 also ceased to perform in pub-
lic. From 1828 to 1850 he conducted the
orchestra of the Burgtheater. Works : Sym-
phony ; 15 overtures ; about 90 entr'actes ;
Grand mass ; Graduals and offertories ;
String quintet ; Several quartets, concert-
pieces, variations, solos, etc., for violin ;
Septet for flute, violin, oboe, bassoon, horn,
violoncello, and bass ; Quintet, quartets,
trios, and duos for flute ; Rondo for harp
and orchestra ; Two pianoforte trios, varia-
tions for pianoforte ; Songs. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Wurzbach ; Neue wiener Musikzei-
tung (1856), 4.
FKANZL, FERDINAND, boru at Schwet-
zingen in the Palatinate, May 24, 1770, died
in Mannheim, November, 1833. Violinist
and dramatic composer, son and pupil of
Ignaz Frilnzl, whom he greatly surpassed as a
composer. He joined the Mannheim court
band in 1782, made concert tours with his
father from 1785, studied under Pleyel
and Richter in Strasburg, and, after a visit
to Paris, went to Italy and studied composi-
tion under Padre Mattel of Bologna, giving
concerts in Rome, Naples, and Palermo.
He became Conzertmeister in Frankfort-on-
the-Main in 1792, director of a private or-
chestra at Oflenbach in 1794, went on con-
cert tours from 1799, and visited Poland
and Russia in 1803-6. In 1806 he suc-
ceeded Caunabich as court Kapellmeister
and director of German opera in Munich.
Pensioned in 1827, he retired to Geneva,
and later to Mannheim. Spohr considered
him an old-fashioned virtuoso. Works —
Operas : Die LuftbilUe, Strasburg, 1788 ;
Adolph uud Clara, 1800 ; Carlo Floras,
Munich, 1800 ; Haireddin Barbarossa, ib.,
1815 ; Der Fassbinder, ib., 1824 ; a festival
composition — Die Weihe, ib., 1818 ; 8 con-
certos and 4 concertinos for violin ; 9 quar-
tets and G trios for strings ; Overtures, sym-
phonies, and songs. — Mendel ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., vii. 203 ; Fetis ; Grove ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 188.
FRANZL, IGNAZ, born at IMannheim,
June 3, 1734, died there in 1803. Virtuoso on
the violin, entered the famous court orches-
tra of the Elector Karl Theodor at Mann-
heim in 1750, became afterwards Conzert-
meister and finally Kapellmeister, in which
capacity he removed with the orchestra to
Munich in 1768. From 1784 he travelled
for several years with his son Ferdinand,
and in 1790 was made director of the the-
atre orchestra at Mannheim. His composi-
tions, numbering about twenty works, con-
sist of concertos, quartets, and trios. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FRASI, FELICE, born in Lombardy in
1803, died at Vercelli, Sept. 8, 1879. Dra-
matic composer, piupil at the Conservatorio,
Milan, gained reputation as a jjiauist and
organist, and at the age of twenty-one
95
FRAUEXLIEBE
became maestro di cappella of the cathedral
at Vercelli, Piedmont. His opera La selva
di Hermanstadt was given at La Scala,
Milan, in 1827 ; he also published sonatas
for pianoforte, and pastorals for the organ.
— Fetis; Mendel.
FRAUENLIEBE UND LEBEN (Wom-
an's Love and Life), eight songs by Cha-
misso, for voice and pianoforte, by Robert
Schumann, op. 42, 1840. The music to
this cycle reveals an extraordinary depth of
jjenetration into a side of human character
which men are generally supposed incapable
of understanding. Schumann treated the
series as a whole, as Beethoven did his Lie-
derkreis, An die feme Geliebte, yet with-
out connecting the separate songs even in
an external way, as did the latter. Only at
the close does the pianoforte give an echo
of the first song as a postlude. — Maitland,
68 ; Eeissmann, 100.
FEECH, JOHANN GEORG, born at
Kaltenthal, near Stuttgart, Jan. 19, 1790,
died at Esslingen in 1864. Organist and
pianist, chiefly self-taught, and since 1806,
when he became assistant teacher at Deger-
loch, pupil at Stuttgart of Knecht in har-
mony, of Sutor in composition, of Nanz on
the violin, of Kriiger on the flute, and of
Scherzer on the violoncello. In 1811 he
went to Esslingen, where he became or-
ganist and musical director in 1820, and
founded the still existing Liederkranz in
1827. His influence upon musical educa-
tion in Wiirtemberg was gi-eat and bene-
ficial. Works : ]\Iontezuma, opera ; Abra-
ham auf Moria, oratorio ; Cantatas ; German
mass for mixed chorus ; Oi-gan and piano-
forte pieces; Songs and j)art-songs. — Fetis;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FREDDI, AMADEO, born in the Vene-
tian States about the close of the 16th cen-
tury. Priest and maestro di cappella succes-
sively at Treviso and of the Cathedral of
Padua. Works : Madrigals (Venice, 1601-
2) ; Motets, psalms, hymns, etc. (ib., 1616-
42). — Fetis ; Van der Straeten, i. 30 ; Men-
del ; Viotta.
FREDERICK THE GREAT, King of
Prussia, born at Berlin, Jan. 24, 1712,
died at Sans Souci,
Aug. 17, 1786. Flut-
ist, pupil of Quautz,
who composed for
him nearly 300 con-
certos and 200 soli,
besides e x e r c is e s
which the king prac-
tised regularly every
morn ing. Works:
H re pastore, opera ;
Overture to Aci e Galatea ; Marches ; Arias ;
About 100 soli for flute. A complete edi-
tion of his compositions is in preparation
by Breitkopf & Hilrtel, Leipsic. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Midler, Friedr. d. Gr. als Kenner
und Dilettant auf dem Gebiete der Ton-
kuust (Potsdam, 1847).
FREEER (Freyer), AUGUST, born at
Mulda, near Dresden, in 1803, still living,
1889 (?). Organist, pujjil of Cantor Geissler,
whom he often replaced at the organ, from
his tenth year. He afterwards went to
Poland, and settled at Warsaw, where he
studied counterpoint imder Elssler. In
1834 he made a concert tour through Ger-
many, and after his return was made organ-
ist of the Lutheran Church at Warsaw. He
has published a large number of composi-
tions for the organ. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
350 ; Mendel; do., Ergiinz., 113.
FREISCHUTZ, DER, German romantic
opera in three acts, text by Fiiedrich Kind,
music by Weber, first represented in Ber-
lin, June 18, 1821. The score was finished,
May 13, 1820, at Dresden. The opera was
first named " Der Probeschuss," then " Die
Jiigerbraut," but was produced under its
present title. The libretto is founded on a
stoiy in vol. i. of the " Gespeusterbuch,"
edited by Johann August Apel, and Fried-
rich Laun (Leipsic, 1810), translated into
English by De Quincey under the title of
" The Fatal Marksman," and which is itself
founded on a stiU earlier tale in "Unterre-
dungen vom Reiche der Geister," pubhshed
96
rS^liiYO^^.
1/- ■' T
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FEEISCIItTZ
about the beginning of the seventeenth cen-
tury. In the opera, Max, a marksman, in
love with Agathe, daughter of Kuno, head
ranger to the Prince of Bohemia, is recom-
mended by Kuno, who is old and infirm, as
his successor. The prince agrees to accept
him if he is victorious in the coming shoot-
ing-match. Caspar, also in love with Agathe,
who has sold himself to the demon Samiel,
forms a plan to win the girl and to substi-
tute Max for himself in the fulfilment of his
contract with the Evil One. He shows Max
the power of magic bullets, made with Sa-
miel's aid, and persuades him to meet him
in the Wolf's Glen at midnight to obtain
Therese Malten.
more. Max keeps his appointment, though
terrified by sjjectres and grotesque forms,
and warned by his mother's spirit, and re-
ceives seven bullets, six of which are to be
used at Max's will in the coming match, and
the seventh is to be directed by the demon
himself Agathe, warned by a holy hermit
of coming danger, but guarded against it
by a wreath of roses which he has given
her, prepares in the third act for her wed-
ding. Oppressed by melancholy forebod-
ings, she tells Annchen that she dreamed she
was a dove and that Max fired at her. On
the day of the shooting-match her lover wins
with his six magic bullets, and at the com-
mand of the prince fires the seventh one at
a flying dove. As he fires the dove takes in
his eyes the form of Agathe and he fancies
he has slain her ; but she is saved by her
wreath and the bullet pierces Caspar's heart.
Samiel claims his victim, and Max wins his
bride and the ranger's position amid the
general rejoicing. The original cast in Ber-
lin was as follows :
Agathe Frau Caroline Seidler.
Annchen Frl. Johanna Eunicke.
Max Herr Carl Stumer.
Caspar Herr Heinrich Blume.
Ottokar Herr Rebenstein.
Kuno Herr Wauer.
Samiel Herr Hillebrand.
Kilian Herr Wiedemann.
Among the best personators of Agathe is
Therese Malten, whose portrait is given.
Der Freischiitz met with an enthusiastic re-
ception, and its pojjularity is still very great
in Germany. Its 500th re^n-esentation was
celebrated in Berlin in 188.5. It was given
in Dresden, Jan. 26, 1822, and soon after
in other German cities. An English ver-
sion, entitled Der Freischiitz or The Sev-
enth Bullet, was produced in London, at
the English Opera House, July 22, 1824,
with ballads inserted, and it became so
popular that nine different theatres played
it at the same time. The German version
was brought out at the King's Theatre, May
9, 1832, and an Italian version, II franco
arciero, at Covent Garden, March IG, 1850.
A pasticcio was given in Paris, at the Ode-
on, Dec. 7, 1824, with a new libretto, with
changes of names and scene, by Castil-Blaze
and Sauvage, under the title, Eobin des Bois.
An accurate French version of the original
by Emilien Pacini and Hector Berlioz, with
recitatives by Berlioz, was produced at the
Academic Koyale de Musique, June 7, 1841.
Der Freischiitz was first represented in New
York, at the Park Theatre, March 3, 1825.
Among its most popular numbers are :
" Durch die Willder, dui-ch die Auen," aria
of Max, Act i.. No. 3 ; " Schelm ! halt fest!,"
duet between Agathe and Annchen, Act ii.,
9T
frI:lon
No. 6; "Wie naLte mir der Sclilummer,''
scene and aria of Agathe, Act ii., No. 8 ;
" Eiust triiumte mciner seligeu Base," ro-
mance and aria of Annchen, Act iii., No. 13 ;
" Wir wiuden dir den Jungfernkranz," Volks-
lied, cliorus of bridesmaids, with soprano
solo, Act iii.. No. 14 ; " Was gleicht wolil
auf Erden dem Jiigervergniigen," chorus of
huntsmen, Act iii., No. 15. — Ji'ihns, Weber
in seiuen Werken, 297 ; Larousse, viii. 809 ;
Max M. von Weber, Carl M. von W. (Leip-
sic, 1864), ii. 277, 312 ; Edwards, Lyrical
Drama, i. 33 ; Hanslick, Mod erne Oper,
66 ; Berlioz (Apthorp), 395 ; Wagner, Ges.
Schr., i. 257 ; Burlingame, Wagner, 92 ;
Ambros, Bunte Blatter, i. 1 ; do., ii. 93.
FE:fcLON, LOUIS FKANCOIS ALEX-
ANDRE, born at Orh'ans, France, in 1825,
still living, 1889. Pianist and organist,
studied music in his native city, where he
founded a gratuitous course of musical in-
struction for workmen in 1847. When the
harmonium came into use, he was one of its
most active propagators in Paris, and pub-
lished an excellent method for this instru-
ment. In 1851 he went to London to rep-
resent the organs constructed by the firm
of Alexandre. He has composed a great
number of morceaus de genre, fantaisies,
etc., for harmonium, and for do. and piano-
forte.— Ft'tis, Supplement, i. 349.
FREMART, HENRI, French composer
of church music, vicar of Notre Dame de
Paris about the middle of the 17th century,
having been maitre de musique of the ca-
thedral at Rouen in 1611-25. Works:
Missa 4 voe. ad placitum, Ballard coll.,
1642 ; Missa 4 voe. ad imit. mod. Confun-
dantur suj)erbi, ib. ; Missa 5 voe. ad imit.
mod. Verba mea auribus, etc., ib., 1643 ;
Missa 5 voe. ad imit. mod. Eiipe me, Domine,
ib. ; Missa 5 voe. ad imit, mod. Domine re-
fugium, ib. ; Missa 6 voe. ad imit. mod. Ju-
bilate Deo, ib., 1645 ; Missa 6 voe. ad imit.
mod. Salvum me fac, Deus, ib. — Fetis.
FRENCH SUITES (Ger., Franzosisehe
Suiten), the name generally given the six
smaller cla-vder suites by Johann Sebastian
Bach : Suite i. D minor ; ii. C minor ; iii. B
minor ; iv. E-flat major ; v. G major ; vi. E
major. Published by the Bach-Gesellschaft.
FRESOHI, GIOVANNI DOMENICO,
born in Vicenza, Italy, in 1640, died there in
1690. A priest, he lived in Venice in 1677-
85, and wrote there many ojjeras. On his
return to Vicenza he became maestro di
cappella of the cathedral. Works— Operas :
Elena rapita da Paride, Venice, 1677 ; Sar-
dauapale, ib., 1678; TuUia Superba, ib.,
1678 ; Circe, ib., 1679 ; Berenice, ib.,
1680 ; Giulio Cesare trionfante, 1682 ;
Silla, 1683 and 1699 ; L' incoronazione di
Dario, 1684 ; Teseo tra le rivali, 1685 ;
Dario, 1685. Giuditta, oratorio. Missa a
cinque, salmi a 3, 4, 5 voci (Venice, 1660) ;
Missa a 0, e salmi a 2, 5, 6 voci (ib., 1673).
— Fctis ; Mendel.
FRESCOB.^LDI, GIEOL.UIO, born in
Ferrara, 1588, died
after 1640. Little is
known of his life. He
studied under Fran-
cois MiUeville (not
under Alessandro
Milleville, his father,
who died, 1589) ; his
first composition, a
book of five-voice
madrigals, was imb-
lished by P. Phalesius in Antwerp, June
10, 1608. During this year, Frescobaldi
visited Milan. In 1615 he succeeded Ei--
cole Pasquini as organist at St. Peter's
in Rome, his fame being then so great
that thirty thousand are said to have
flocked to the church to hear his first
performance. The latest record of him
is in a letter of P. della Valle (1640), in
which he is mentioned as still living, and
fifty-two years old. Johann Jacob Fro-
berger was his pupil. Frescobaldi may
be called the father of the great schools
of organ playing and organ music ; not
only was he the first very imposing fig-
ure we meet with in the history of or-
gan writing, but no genius so great as
as
FREUBEL
his is to be found in this department of
composition until we come to J. Sebastian
Bach. Hawkins's statement that Fresco-
baldi was the first Italian who played in the
fugued style is an error which has found
much favour with subsequent historians.
But he probably was the first organist who
used the tonal (instead of the real) response
in the fugue. "Works: 1. Libro primo di
Madrigali a 5 voc. (Antwerp, Phalesius,
1C08) ; 2. Libro secoudo di Madrigali, etc.
(Milan, 1608) ; 3. Ricercari e canzoni fran-
cesi (Rome, Borboni, 1G15) ; 4. Toccate
. . . e partite d' intavolatura (1G13-27-
37-57) ; 5. Secoudo libro di toccate, etc.
(Rome, 1G15) ; 6. Primo libro delle canzoni
a 1, 2, 3, 4 voei (Rome, 1628) ; 7. Primo
libro, Arie musiculi, Florence, 1630 ; 8.
Capricci sopradiversi soggetti (Venice, 1626,
Rome, 1627). Separate pieces are found
in the following collections : Three in Can-
zoni per sonare con ogni sorta di stromenti,
etc. (Venice, Aless. Rauer, 1608) ; One in Se-
lecta3 Cantiones, etc. (Rome, Bart. Zauetti,
>^^Wz^
1616) ; One in Scelta di Motetti, etc. (Rome,
Zauetti, 1618) ; Lilia Camjii, etc. (Rome, J.
Bapt. Robletto, 1621).— Arabros, iv. 103,
438 ; Clement, Mus. celebres, 16.
FREUBEL, JOHANN LUD^^aO PALT,,
born at Namur in 1763, died at Amster-
dam, May 21, 1828. Organist and violinist,
and for many years conductor at the Dutch
theatre, Amsterdam. Works : De vroiiwe-
lijke recruten, ballet, 1788 ; Several other
ballets ; De triomf der liefde, symphony,
1793 ; Het vredefeest, 1802 ; 14 cantatas ;
3 concertos for violin ; Several overtures ;
Psalms ; Popular songs. — Fetis, Supjile-
ment, i. 350 ; Viotta.
FREUDENBERG, KARL GOTTLIEB,
born in a village of Silesia, Jan. 15, 1797,
died at Breslau, April 13, 1869. Organist,
pupil of the Cantor Klein at Schmiedeberg,
then of Berner and Schuabel in Breslau,
and, finally, at the organists' school in Ber-
lin, of Zelter in harmony and composition
and of Beruhard Klein in counterpoint. In
1826 he visited Italy, and in 1827 became
organist of St. Mary Magdalen's Church at
Breslau. He composed organ and piano-
forte music, psalms, songs, and part-songs.
— Fotis ; Mendel.
FREUDENBERG, WTLHELM, born at
Raubacher-Hiitte, near Neuwied, Prussia,
March 11, 1838, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, studied music at Leij)sic
in 1858-61, was then for four years Kaijell-
meister at the theatres of diflerent cities,
last at Mainz, and in 1865 went to Wies-
baden as conductor of the Ciicilienverein
and the Synagogenverein. In 1870 he
founded there a school of music and con-
ducted the Singakademie until 1886, when
he removed to Berlin, and opened a school
of music with Mengewein. Works — Op-
eras : Die Pfahlbauer, burlesque, three acts,
given at Mainz, March 24, 1877 ; Die Ne-
benbuhler, romantic, three acts, Wiesbaden,
Feb. 6, 1879 ; Kleopatra, four acts, Magde-
burg, Jan. 12, 1882 ; Die Miihle im Wis-
perthale, three acts, Magdeburg, Jan. 21,
1883 ; Ein Tag in Florenz, symphonic
poem ; Durch Duukel zum Licht, overture ;
Music to Romeo and Juliet ; Pianoforte
pieces, and songs. — Mendel ; Riemanu ;
Signale (1879), 433.
FREUDENTHAL, JULIUS, born at
Brunswick, April 5, 1805, still living, 1889
(?). Violinist and flutist, pupil of Karl
Miiller, entered the ducal orchestra, of
which he in time became musical director,
retiring in 1860 on account of his health.
He evinced a remarkable talent for the hu-
morous genre of music, and his comic songs
and quartets for male voices, but especially
his operettas, and opera-travesties — capital
satires on modern, chiefly Italian, operas —
must be mentioned with distinction. — Men-
del ; Schilling.
FREUE DICH, ERLOSTE SCHAAR,
church cantata, Festo S. Joanuia Bapt., for
35«
FREUNDE
solo voices and chorus, with accompanimeut
of 3 trumpets, drums, 2 flutes, 2 oboes,
strings complete, and continue, by Johann
Sebastian Bach (Year V, No. 30, Bach-Ge-
sellschaft ed.) ; published also in full score,
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, and in pianoforte score, by Leuc-
kart (Leipsic).
FREUNDE VON SALAMANKA, DIE,
oijeretta in two acts, text by Mayrhofer,
music by Franz Schubert, written in 1815,
never jierformed. The music, which was
written between Nov. 18 and Dec. 31, is on
a large scale, the first act alone filling 320
pages. The MS. is in the possession of Dr.
Eduard Schneider, Vienna. The libretto is
lost. — Hellborn (Coleridge), i. 72.
FREUDESAUSEN, JUBELBRAUSEN.
See Stradella.
FREUDIG BEGRUSSEN WIR DIE
EDLE HALLE. See Tannhiiuser.
FREYSTADTLER (Freystiidler), FRANZ
JACOB, born at Salzburg, Sept. 13, 1760,
died in Vienna in 1841. Organist, pupil of
Georg Lipp, competed successfully against
thirty-two applicants for the organist's
place at the Domstift of St. Peter, which
he held for sis years, then taught music for
two years in Munich, whence he went to
Vienna in 178G, and soon secured many pu-
pils through the recommendation of his
countryman and school-mate Mozart. He
published many pianoforte compositions,
mostly didactic, besides characteristic pro-
gramme-pieces, like Die Belagerung von
Belgrad, Mittag und Abend, Der Friihling-
smorgen, etc., and songs, and left in manu-
script over GO works, consisting of concer-
tos, fantasias, organ preludes, cadenzas, etc.
— Allgem. wiener Musikzeitung (1812), No.
121 ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
FRIBERTH, KARL, bom at Wullers-
dorf. Nether Austria, June 7, 1736, died in
Vienna, Aug. 6, 1816. Church composer
and tenor singer, first instructed by his
father, then studied in Vienna under the
guidance of the court composers Bono and
Gassmann. In 17.59 he joined the chape\
of Prince Eszterhazy at Eiseustadt as tenor,
and in 1776 became Kapellmeister of the
Jesuits' and IMinorites' churches at Vienna.
Works ; Nine masses ; Five motets ; Stabafc
Mater ; Requiem ; Graduals and offerto-
ries.— Fc'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FRIDOLIN, or the Message to the Forge,
cantata, by Alberto Randegger, written for
and first performed at the Birmingham
(England) Festival, Aug. 28, 1873. Tlie
text, by Mme Erminea Rudersdorft", is
founded on Schiller's ballad, " Der Gang
nach dem Eisenhammer." Characters rep-
resented : Waldemar, Count of Saverne ; Eg-
lantine, Countess of Saverne ; Fridolin, page
to the Countess ; Hubert, squire to the
Count. The cantata was a complete suc-
cess. Published by Chappell (London).
—Upton, Standard Cantatas, 299.
FRIDZERI, ALEX.INDRE MARIE AN-
TOINE FRIXER, called, born at Verona,
Italy, Jan. 16, 1711, died in Antwerp in
1819. Violinist, and virtuoso on the man-
dolin. He lost his sight when a year old,
and learned to play the mandolin without
a teacher ; he had five different violin
teachers, constructed his own mandolin at
eleven, learned the flute, the viol d' amore,
the organ, the horn, and several other in-
stniments without instruction, and never re-
ceived any lessons in harmony or counter-
point. He was organist of the Chapel la
IMadonna del Monte Berico, at Vicenza, for
three years, and at the age of twenty-four
started on a concert tour, played at the Con-
certs Spirituels in Paris (where he remained
two years), travelled through the northern
part of France, Belgium, Germany, lived
in Strasburg over a year, and returned to
Paris in 1771. He went to Brittany, and
spent twelve years with the Comte de Ch:\-
teaugiron, visiting Paris several times. On
the breaking out of the Revolution he went
to Nantes, and established a philharmonic
academy. The terrors of the war in the
Vendee caused him in 1791 to seek refuge
in Paris, whence he left for Antwerp in 1801,
100
FRISCIIMUTII
settled there as a music teacher, and estab-
lished a trade in music and instruments.
Works : Les deux miliciens, comic opera,
given at the Comedie Italienne, 1772 ; Les
souliers mordores, do., ib., 1776 ; Lucette,
do., ib., 1785 ; Les Thermopyles, grand
opera ; Six quartets for strings ; Six sonatas
for mandolin ; Two concertos for violin ;
Symphouie concertante for two violins, viola,
and orchestra ; Six quartets, 2d book ; Duos
for violins ; Six romances for voice and
pianoforte. — Futis ; Mendel.
FRISCHMUTH, JOHANN CHRISTIAN,
born at Schwabhausen, Gotha, died in Ber-
lin, July 31, 1790. Dramatic composer, was
musical director of various travelling com-
panies, and small theatres, then lived for
some years at Gotha, and removed to Ber-
lin, where he became director of the Dub-
bliu Theatre in 1785, and Kapellmeister of
the National Theatre in 1787. Works : Die
krauke Frau, Clarissa, Das Modereich, oper-
ettas ; Sonatas for pianoforte ; Duets for
violin, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FRITHJOF, cantata, for soli, male chorus,
and orchestra, by Max Bruch, op. 23.
Scenes from the Frithjof-Saga of Esaias
TegDL^r. The cantata opens with Frithjofs
return from the Orkneys, and closes with
his sailing away in " Ellida " to become a
sea rover, after firing the temple in which
the false kings are sacrificing. — Upton,
Standard Cantatas, 87.
FRITHJOF - SYJMPHONIE, symphony
for orchestra, by Heinrich Hofmann, op.
22, written in 1871.
FRITZ, KASPAR, born in Geneva in
1716, died there in 1782. Violinist, pupil
in Turin of Giovanni Battista Somis.
Works : Quartets and solos for violin ; 6
symphonies ; Concerto for harpsichord,
etc. — Fetis ; Mendel, iv. 67 ; do., Erganz,
115.
FRITZE, WILHEL:\I, born in Bremen,
Feb. 17, 1812, died in Stuttgart, Oct. 7,
1881. Pianist, pupil in Bremen of Sobo-
lewski, then studied at the Conservatorium
in Leipsic, and under Biilow and Weitzmanu
in Berlin. Having travelled in France and
Italy, he settled in 1866 at Glogau, Silesia,
and in 1867 at Liegnitz, where he conducted
the Singakademie in 1867-77, went once
more to Berlin to study under Kiel, and in
1879 to Stuttgart. Works: Die Jahres-
zeiten, symphony ; Fingal, oratorio ; David,
do. ; Concerto for violin ; do., for piano-
forte ; Sonata fordo., op. 2 ; Sanctus, Bene-
dictus, and Agnus Dei for mixed chorus, soli,
and orchestra ; Pianoforte pieces, songs, and
choruses. — Riemann.
FROBERGER, JOHANN JACOB, born
(Mattheson says in Halle, but no proof has
been found) early part of 17th century (the
date usually given, 1635, is undoubtedly
many years too late), died at Hericourt
(Haute-Saone), France, May 7, 1667. The
story of his life has been made the nucleus
of a large amount of accumulated fiction ;
Fctis's acount is eminently untrustworthy,
and Mattheson's dates are mostly wrong.
The following facts are known : Jan. 1,
1637, he was appointed, by Emperor Fer-
dinand HI., organist in the imperial Hofmu-
sikkapelle, Vienna, where he remained un-
til Sept. 30, when he was sent by the Em-
peror to study under Frescobaldi, at Rome,
where he changed from the Luthei'an to
the Romish faith, in accordance with the
Emperor's wish. In 1611 he retui-ned to
Vienna, and resumed his position as court
organist. He relinquished this post in Oc-
tober, 1615, but staid in Vienna certainly as
late as September, 1619. He occupied this
post for a third time from April 1, 1653, to
June 30, 1657, when he incurred the Em-
peror's displeasure (how, is not known) and
was discharged in disgrace. He then en-
tered the service of Sybilla, Dowager Duch-
ess of Wiirtemberg, as teacher and music
director, and passed the last years of his life
at her home at Hericourt, much beloved
and revered by his pupil and patroness. He
died suddenly of a stroke of apoplexy while
at evening prayers, and was buried. May
10, in the church at Bavilliers (Haut-Rhin).
The monument erected over his tomb by
101
FEOM
Sybilla was destrojecl during the French ' in Stuttgart. This, and another edition,
Revolution. Besides these absolutely known dated 171-1, are printed from the same
facts of Froberger's life, his visits to Paris, ' plates as the first, but bear different titles.
Dresden, and London may be accounted as No copy of the edition of 1714 is known to
more than probable. In Paris he caught exist.) 2. Diverse. . . . etc.. Prima con-
the ornamented lute-style of Galot and Gau- tinuazione . . . Mogont., 1696. 3. Suites
tier and apislied it to the clavecin, which de Clavecin, par Giacomo Froberger, 2me
proves that the accepted legend which credits edition ; Amsterdam : Roger. (A copy is in
Couperin (1668-1733) with originating the the Berlin Librarj*. ) Several volumes of au-
ornameuted clavecin-stjde is
false, for the so-called French
agroments are found jjlenti-
fully in Froberger's clavecin
works. Liternal evidence goes
to jjlace the date of his -N-isit to
Paris before his return from Rome to Vienna I tograpli MS., dated 1649 and 1656, are in
in 1637. His visit to Dresden was probablj' the Berlin Library ; four volumes do., in
between 1646 and 1657. The date of his visit the Vienna Hofbibliothek. — Anibros, iv.
to Loudon is set at 1662 by Dr. Franz Geh- 4G3 ; Edmund Schebek, Zwei Briefe fiber
ring in Grove's Dictionary, relying upon J. J. Froberger, . . . (Prague, 1874) ;
zfto JOl
'auoTiw
Mattheson, but Ambros suspects that this
date should be earlier, before Froberger's
final depai'ture from Vienna in 1657. That
Froberger went to Mainz after quitting Vi-
enna, as asserted by Gerber, is more than
doubtful. Froberger was the first of the
great German organists and clavecinists.
He brought the grand Italian style of or-
gan writing, which, first developed by
Claudio Merulo (1533-1604), culminated iu
Frescobaldi (1588 — ?), to Germany, and
was thus the real father of the great Ger-
man organ school, the precursor of Pachel-
bel, Buxtehudc, and the other immediate
predecessors of Sebastian Bach. His style,
if somewhat less grand than that of his
master Frescobaldi, was more easily grace-
ful and elegant. Ambros calls him the
earliest salon-composer. None of his works
were published during his lifetime. Those
published since are : 1. Diverse ingegnosis-
sime e rarissime Partite di Toccate, Canzoni,
Ricercari . . . Stampate da Ludovico
Bourgeat . . . Mogont., 1693. (Two
copies, one with Italian, the other with Ger-
man title, are in the possession of Dr. F.
Gehring in Vienna. A copy of a reprint,
1695, is in the possession of Prof Im. Faisst
Samml. mus. Vortriige, v. 357.
FROM LOVE UNBOUNDED. See " Aus
Liebe, nur aus Liebe," in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Passion nach Matthiius.
FROINIM, EMIL, born at Spremberg,
Nether Lusatia, Jan. 29, 1835, still living,
1889. Organist, pupil of A. W. Bach, Grell,
and Schneider, at the Royal Institute for
Church Music in Berlin, became cantor at
Cottbus in 1859, received the title of royal
director of music iu 1866, and went to
Flensburg as organist of St. Nicholas's in
1869. "Works: Die Kreuzigungdes Herrn,
oratorio ; Two Passion cantatas ; Organ mu-
sic, and songs. — Mendek
FROM anOHTY KINGS, soprano air in
A major, in Handel's Judas Maccabeus,
Part n.
FROM THE VALLEYS AND HILLS.
See Bohemian Girl.
FROST, CHARLES JOSEPH, born at
Westbury-on-Trim, near Clifton, England,
June 20, 1848, still living, 1889. Organist,
pujjil of his father, who was organist at
Tewkesbury from 1849, of George Cooper,
Steggall, and Sir John Goss ; was organist
successively at different places from 1865 to
1884, when he succeeded Henry Robert
FEOYO
Gadsby at St. Peter's, Brockley, Surrey, a
position which he still holds. He has been
also professor of the
organ at GuOdhall
School of Music since
1880. Mus.Bac., Cam-
bridge, 18 7 7; Mus.
Doc, ib., 1882. Works:
Nathan's Parable, ora-
torio, 1878 ; Harvest
cantata, 1880 ; By the
Waters of Babylon, can-
tata, 187G ; Services ;
Anthems ; Te Deum ; Symphony for orches-
tra, 1878 ; Evening Service in D, 1883 ; The
Gypsies, chorus, 1888; Organ music, and
songs.
FROVO, JOAO AliVAEEZ, born in Lis-
bon, Nov. IG, 1G08, died in January, 1G82. '
Mestre de capella to Dom Joao IV., and of
the Cathedral of Lisbon, and hbrarian of
the royal musical library. He composed
hymns, masses, motets, etc., preserved in
the royal library of Portugal, and wrote sev-
eral theoretical works. — Fetis ; Vascoucel-
los, Mus. Portug., i. 113 ; Mendel.
FRUH, ARMIN LEBERECHT, born at
Muhlhausen, Bavaria, Sept. 1.5, 1820, still
living, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Dehu in Berlin, where he settled to teach
vocal music. In 1857 he invented an appa-
ratus, called by him Semeio-Melodicon, to
facilitate elementary musical instruction, by
introducing the notes to sight and hearing
simultaneously. Having travelled and se-
cured approvals for his invention from such
authorities as Fctis, Moscheles, Stephen
Heller, Auber, Halcvy, Dreyschock, the
Paris Conservatoire, etc., he settled in 1858
in Dresden, to establish a factory, but
failed in his enterprise. Works — Operas :
Die Bergknappen ; Die beiden Figaro ; Der
Stern von Grenada ; Nachtigall und Savoy-
arde ; A symphony, and songs. — Mendel.
FRUHLINGS-BOTSCH.\FT (Spring's
Message), cantata (Conzertstiick) for chorus
and orchestra, by Niels Wilhelm Gade, op.
35. Breilkopf and Hiirtel (Leipsic).
FRtJHLINGSKLANGE (Sounds of
Spring), symphony No. 8, in A, for orches-
tra, by Joachim Raff, op. 205, first per-
formed, 1878.
FRUHLINGSPHANTASIE (Spring Fan-
tasy), cantata (Conzertstiick) for four solo
voices, orchestra, and pianoforte, by Niels
Wilhelm Gade, op. 23, written in 1850.
Subject, a poem by Edmund Lobedanz,
translated into English by Mrs. Van der
Weyde, for the performance of the work in
London, 1878, under the direction of von
Biilow. — Upton, Standard Cantatas, 146.
FRY, WILLIAM HENRY, born, of Amer-
ican parentage, in Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, Aug. 10, 1815, died in Santa Cruz,
West Indies, Dee. 21, 18G4. About 1835
he went through a course of musical in-
struction in the United States, and wrote
four orchestral overtures which were pub-
licly performed ; in 1845 he produced an
English opera entitled Leonora, which was
given in Philadelj)hia, and later in New
York. In 1846 he went to Europe as
regular correspondent of the New York
Tribune, and on his return to New York,
in 1852, he became its musical editor. He
wrote the music to an ode for the opening
of the New York Industrial Exhibition of
1853, and about this time delivered a
course of ten lectures on the history of
music, illustrated by performances of com-
positions, among them two of his own sym-
phonies. The Breaking Heart, and A Day in
the Country. A second opera, Notre Dame
de Paris, was produced at the Academy of
Music, Philadelphia, in April, 18G4. Be-
sides those mentioned, bis principal works
are a set of symphonies, performed by
JuUien's orchestra in New York ; Stabat
Mater, 1854 ; Violin quartets, 1855 ; Can-
tatas ; Songs, etc.
FUCHS, ALBERT, born at Basel, Aug.
6, 1858, still living, 1889. Instrumental
and vocal composer, pupil at the Conserva-
torium, Leipsic (1876-79), became music
director at Treves in 1880, and settled at
Oberlossnitz, near Dresden, in 1883. He
-103
FUCIIS
Las composed Hungarian suites for orches-
tra, pianoforte jiieces, and songs. — Eie-
manu.
FUCHS, FERDINAND KAKL, born in
Vienna, Feb. 11, 1811, died there, Jan. 7,
1848. Dramatic composer, pupil of the
Conservatorium, Vienna, where he soon be-
came popular through his numerous songs.
His operas, Gutteuberg, and Der Tag der
Verlobung, given 1842, show many pleasing
featiu'es, but lack originalitj-. A third op-
era. Die Studenten von Salamanca, was not
given. — Wiener allgem. Musikzeitg. (1846),
Nos. 41, 42 ; (1848), 11-17, 19-23 ; Wurz-
bach.
FUCHS, GEORG FRIEDRICH, born at
Mainz, Dec. 3, 1752, died iu Paris, Oct. 9,
1821. Instrumental composer, pupil of
Cannabich at Mannheim, became military
music dii'ector at Zweibriicken, whence he
went to Paris in 1784. At the foundation
of the Conservatoire he was appointed one
of the teachers to form the musicians for
the armies of the French Republic. Works :
Mai'ches for military band ; Concertos for
flute, clarinet, and horn ; Quartets, trios, and
duos for wiud instruments ; Six quartets
for strings. — -Fctis ; Gerber ; Meudel ; Schil-
ling.
FUCHS, JOHANN (NEPOMUK), born
iu Vienna, June 29, 17G0, died at Eisen-
stadt, Hungary, Oct. 29, 1839. Dramatic
and church composei", pupil and great fa-
vourite of Haydn, whom he succeeded as
conductor of Prince Eszterhazy's famous
orchestra. He numbers among the best
church composers of his time. His complete
works are in the princely archives at Eisen-
stadt, and consist of 20 operas, 3 operettas,
1 cantata, 28 masses, 51 oifertories and grad-
uals, 31 litanies and vespers, 62 Salve Regina,
Ave, etc., and hymns, 1 Te Deum, 2 over-
tures for orchestra, 1 nonet, 1 octet, 1 quar-
tet, 3 trios, and 15 quartets for male voices.
— Theaterzeitung (Vienna, 1840), 688 ;
Wurzbaeh.
FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK, born
at Frauenthal, Styria, May 5, 1842, still liv-
ing, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Sechter in Vienna, became opera-Kapell-
meister at Presburg in 18G4, then acted in
the same capacity at difierent theatres ; last
in Cologne, Hamburg, and Leipsic, and since
1880 at the imperial opera, Vienna. His
opera Zingara was given at Briinn, Moravia,
1872 ; he wrote additional accompaniments
to Handel's Almira for representation at
Hamburg, and revised Schubert's Alfonso
und Estrella, and Gluck's Der betrogene
Kadi, for Vienna. His brother Robert
(born, Feb. 15, 1847), pupil at the Conser-
vatorium, Vienna, where he teaches har-
mony, has published a symphony, oji. 37, a
quartet, a trio, 3 serenades, 2 sonatas for
violin, sonata for pianoforte, several varia-
tions, etc. — Eiemaun.
FUCHS, PETER, born in Bohemia about
1750, died iu Vienna, 1804. Violin virtu-
oso, studied in Prague, where he enjoyed
considerable reputation as earlj' as 1768 ;
then went to Hungary. Iu 1794 he was ap-
pointed violinist in the imperial chapel iu
Vienna. He published a concerto for vio-
lin, sonatas for violin and violoncello, and
variations for violin. — Mendel ; Schilling.
FUENTES, Don PASQUALE, born at
Albayda, Valencia, early part of the 18th
century, died, April 26, 1768. Church com-
poser, one of the best of the Valencian
school. He was maestro de capilla of the
Church of S. Andres and in 1757 of the Ca-
thedral of Valencia. "Works : Masses ; Te
Deums ; Motets for 6 to 12 voices ; Vilhan-
cicos with orchestral accompaniment. — Fo-
tis ; Meudel ; Viotta.
FUETSCH, JOACHIM JOSEF, born at
Salzbm-g, Aug. 12, 1766, died (?). Violon-
cellist, self-taught, afterwards pupil of Luigi
Zardonati, who came for a year especially
for this purpose from Verona, engaged by
the Archbishop of Salzburg, whose court
violoncellist Fuetsch had become. With
Luigi Gatti he studied thorough bass, and
with Michael Haydn composition. Before
taking up the violoncello he had been in-
structed on the violin by Hafeneder and
104
FtJHEEE
Leopold Mozart. He composed concertos,
sonatas, solos, etc., for violoncello, also for
violonceUo and bass, and published three
and foui--part songs for male voices. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; Schilling ; Wiirzbach.
FUHKEE, ROBERT, born at Prague,
June 2, 1807, died in Vienna, Nov. 28,
18G1. Organist, pupil of Witasek, was at
first organist at Strahow, appointed princi-
jial instructor at the organists' school in
Prague, 1830, and organist of the cathedral,
1839. His irregular life caused the loss of
his position in 1845, after which he lived in
Salzburg, Bavaria, and UiJper Austria, ob-
taining an appointment as organist at
Gmunden and Ischl in 1857, which he did
not keep long. He finally settled in Vienna,
where he died in the hospital. Works :
Twenty masses, and other church music ;
Preludes, fugues, etc., for the organ ; Sev-
eral theoretical works about the organ. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FUITE EN EGYPTE, LA. See Enfance
du Christ.
FUMAGALLI, ADOLFO, born at In-
zago, near Milan, Oct. 19, 1828, died in
Florence, May 3, 185G. Pianist, pupil, at
the Milan Conservatorio, of Angeleri. He
gave his first concerts iu Milan in 1848,
then visited Turin and Paris, travelled in
Belgium in 1854, and afterwards played in
many Italian cities. Works : Fantasia on I
Puritani (Milan), Grande fantaisie de concert
on the same ; Others on La Favorite, Lucia,
Norma, etc. Caprices, tarantellas, marches,
etc. ; Concerte fantastique with orchestra,
entitled Les clochettes. — Fetis ; Filippi,
Delia vita e delle opere di Ad. F. (Milan) ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FUin, VINCESLAO, born at Montepul-
ciano, Italy, Oct. 30, 1826, died at Florence,
Nov. 20, 1880. Dramatic and instrumental
composer, pupil of Giorgetti at Florence ;
was maestro di cappella to the operatic
stages of different Italian cities, and in Con-
stantinople, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Ayres,
and Montevideo, and returned afterwards to
Florence. Works : Atala, opera, given at
Buenos Ayres, 1852 ; Several compositions
for orchestra. — Riemann.
FUNERAL ANTHEM, music by Handel,
composed for and performed at the funeral
of Queen Caroline, in the Chapel of Henry
VH., Westminster Abbey, Dec. 17, 1737.
The score, in Buckingham Palace, is headed :
" The Anthem for the Queens Carolines Fu-
neral," and is dated Dec. 12, 1737. The
text, from Psalms, was probably selected by
the composer himself. Though the score
occujiies, in its published form, about
eighty pages, it was written within five
days. It was given by eighty singers and
one hundred instrumental pi^i'^oi'i^si'^-
First j^rinted by Walsh ; full score, Hilndel^
gesellschaft (Leij^sic, 1861). — Schcelcher,
Handel, 192 ; Rockstro, 206 ; Chrysander,
ii. 436.
FUOR DI PERIGLIO, duet for soprano
and tenor (Rossaue and Timante) in F ma-
jor, with accompaniment of 2 flutes, 2 oboes,
2 bassoons, strings complete, and cembalo,
in Handel's Floridante, Act ii. Published
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, Leipsic, Kistner.
FURCHTE DICH NICHT, chorus in
Mendelssohn's Elias, Part H.
FURIBONDO SPIRA IL VENTO, con-
tralto aria of Arsace, in E minor, with ac-
companiment of violins iu unison, and bass,
iu Handel's Farlenope, Act iii. Published
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, Leipsic, Kistner.
FURIO CAMILLO. See Gamillus.
FURLANETTO, BONAVENTURA (sur-
named Musin), born in Venice, May 27,
1738, died there, April 6, 1817. Organist,
educated at the Jesuit College, Venice, took
orders, and devoted himself to music. He
became maestro of the girls' choir of La
Pietii, and in 1797 maestro di cappella of
S. Marco. He was celebrated for his
fugues, and on his appointment as maestro
of counterpoint at the Philharmonic Insti-
tution of Venice, in 1811, he wrote for his
pupils a treatise on fugue and counterpoint,
which still remains in MS. Works : La
105
FURSTEXAU
caduta delle mura di Gerico, and La sj)osa
de' Saci'i Cantici, II Tobia, and II voto di
Jefte, oratorios ; II S. Giovanni Nepomu-
ceno, sacred cantata ; Galatea, dramatic can-
tata ; Te Deum ; Dies ii'fe ; Psalms, etc.
— Caffi, Delia vita e del comporre tli B.
Furlanetto (Venice, 1820).— F6tis ; La-
rousse ; Mendel ; Wurzbacb.
rURSTENAU, ANTON BERNHAED,
born at Miinster, Oct. 20, 1792, died at
Dresden, Nov. 18, 1852. Virtuoso on tbe
flute, son and pupil of Kaspar Fiii'stenau,
whom be even surpassed. He ajspeared
as a solo player wben scarcely seven
years old, and from 1803 travelled exten-
sively with bis fatber, earning everywhere
enthusiastic applause, until be settled at
Dresden in 1820 as royal chamber musi-
cian. His last concert tour was made with
"Weber to London, in 1826. He j)ublished
about 150 works, consisting of concertos,
fantasias, rondos, variations, studies, tran-
scriptions, duos, trios, quartets, etc., for the
flute, which rank high among compositions
for this instrument. — Allgem. d. Biogr., viii.
214 ; Fi'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FURSTENAU, liASPAR, born at Miin-
ster, Feb. 20, 1772, died at Oldenburg,
May 11, 1819. Virtuoso on the flute, pupil
of his father, who was a member of the
bishop's orchestra at Miinster, and of Anton
Romberg ; then of Josef Franz Antony in
composition. In 1793 he made his first suc-
cessful concert tour through Germany, and
in 1794 became first flutist in the court or-
chestra at Oldenburg. When the latter was
disbanded, in 1811, he set out on extensive
travels with his son Beruhard, on which
both acquired world wide reputation. Of
his numerous compositions about 60 works
are known, consisting of concertos, fan-
tiisias, rondos, variations, pot-pourris, etc.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 215 ; Fetis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
FUSS, JOHANN EVANGELIST, born
at Tolna, Hungary, in 1777, died in Vienna,
March 9, 1819. Dramatic and church com-
poser, pupil of Albrechtsberger in Vienna, {
whither he went after having occupied a po-
sition as music master at Presburg, where
he brought out also a duodrama, Pyramus
und Thysbe. His compositions in Vienna
aroused the interest of Haydn, who assisted
him with advice. Recalled to Presburg as
Kapellmeister at the theatre, he proved him-
self a skilful conductor and considerably
raised the standard of the ojjera there, but
finally chose Vienna for his permanent resi-
dence. Of his works, the following were
published : Quartets and trios for wind in-
struments ; Duos for pianoforte and violin ;
Sonatas for pianoforte (2 and 4 hands) ;
Rondos, variations, and dances for piano-
forte ; Songs. Besides these are known a
mass and other church music ; an overture
to Schiller's Braut von Messina ; the duo-
dramas : "Watwort, Isaak, Judith, Jacob und
Rahel ; the operetta, Der Kiifig ; Pandorens
Biichse, a parody ; Melodramas with cho-
ruses, and cantatas. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Wurzbacb.
FUX, JOIL\NN JOSEPH, born at Hir-
tenfeld, near Gratz, Styria, in 1060, died in
Vienna, Feb. 13, 1741. He was appointed
organist of the Schottenkirche, Vienna, in
1696, and in 1698 the Emi)eror Leopold I.
made him court comi^oser ; he became
Kapellmeister to the Cathedral of St. Ste-
phen in 1705, vice-Kapellmeister to the impe-
rial court in 1713, and at the same time Ka-
pellmeister to the Dowager Empress "Wil-
helmine Amalie. On the death of Ziaui,
in 1715, he was made chief Kajjellmeister
to the court, the highest ofiice then open to
a musician. Many mai'ks of imperial favour
were bestowed upon him. He dedicated
his first work to Archduke, afterwards Em-
peror, Josejjh I., and his Gi'adus ad Par-
nassum to the Emperor Charles VI. The
latter monarch had him brought from Vi-
enna in a Utter, while suffering from gout,
to witness the coronation in Prague in
1723 and to listen to one of his own operas.
In spite of painful illness and all the in-
trigues of court he kept his office and faith-
fully performed its duties until his death.
IOC
GABELLONE
He was buried at St. Stephen's. Among Lis
best pupils were Wagenseil, Tuma, Muflfat,
and Zeleuka. He was a master of composi-
tion, as understood in liis time, of tlie art of
interweaving contrapuntal and fugue forms
in the way then admired. His operas do
not rise above the Italian taste of his day,
but he is seen to better advantage in his
church music, where his reverent spirit pre-
vented his abuse of the polyphonic writing
so easy to him. It he had possessed the
genius of his younger contemj)oraries. Bach
and Handel, to rise above mere musical
forms, he would not have incurred the ob-
livion and the reputation of a pedant, which
are now perhaps unjustly his fate. Works :
290 compositions in church music, including
50 masses, among them the Missa cauonica,
a masterpiece ; 3 Requiems ; 2 Dies irse ;
1 Domine Jesu Christe ; 1 Libera me. Do-
mine ; 57 vespers and psalms ; 22 litanies
and completoria ; 14 offertories ; 12 gradu-
als ; 22 motets ; and lOG hymns. Further,
10 oratorios in Italian ; 18 operas, some
of which were : La clemenza di Auguato,
1702 ; La decima fatica d' Ercole, 1710 ;
Elisa ; Angelica vincitrice d' Alciua, 1716 ;
Psyche, 1719 ; Costauza e Fortezza, 1723 ;
La Corona d' Arianua, 1726 ; Enea negii
EUsi, 1731. Instrumental music : The Con-
centus musico-instrumentalis, his opus 1
(1701) ; Many other partitas ; 38 sacred
sonate a tre ; Overtures ; and 8 pieces for
clavier. The Gradus ad Parnassum (Vienna,
172.5, also many later editions and transla-
tions) is in Latin and treats of the theoiy
and practice of composition. It was ap-
proved of by Piccinni, Martini, and Vogler ;
Albrechtsberger and Cherubiui followed its
method ; young Mozart used it in his con-
trapuntal exercises, and Haydn studied it
again and again. Altogether, his known
works number 405 ; and but a small portion
of them has been printed. Most of them,
either in autograph or copies, are in the
Vienna Imperial Library. — KOchel, Johann
Josef Fux, etc. (Vienna, 1872) ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., viii. 272 : Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
Schilling ; Wurzbach.
GABELLONE, GASPARO, born at
Naples about 1730, died (?). Church
composer, and one of the best singing
masters of Italy. A Requiem mass by him
was a model of its kind. The following
works are in the Library of S. Pietro a Ma-
jella, Naples : Mass for four voices and in-
struments, original MS. ; Passion for Good
Friday, 1774 ; Fugues for two voices, 1783 ;
Christus and Miserere for four voices ; 3
Tan turn ergo ; Cantatas and arias. — Fetis.
G.iBLER, CHRISTOPH AUGUST, born
at Muhldorf, Voigtland, March 15, 1767,
died in St. Petersburg, AjH-il 1.5, 1839.
Studied theology, acted as secretary to a
nobleman, and then pursued the study of
law and music together in Leipsic. He was
a music teacher and concert plaj'er in Reval
in 1800 and the same in St. Petersburg
from 1836. Works : Der Pilger am Jordan,
oratorio ; Songs ; Pianoforte and other in-
strumental music. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling.
GABRIEL, (MARY ANN) VIRGINIA,
born at Banstead, Surrey, England, of Irish
parentage, Feb. 7, 1825, died in London,
Aug. 7, 1877. Dramatic composer, pupil
on the pianoforte of Pixis, Dohler, and
Thalberg, and in harmony and construction
of Molique. She married in 1874 George
E. March, the author of most of her librettos.
Her death was the
result of a carriage
accident. Works —
Operettas : The
Widows Bewitched,
given in London,
1867 ; The Grass Widows ; The Shepherd
of Cornouailles ; Who's the Heir ? ; A Rainy
107
GABEIELI
Day. Cantatas ; Dreamland, 1870 ; Grazi-
ella ; Evangeline, 1873. Many songs, some
of whicli were popular. — Grove ; Brown.
GABRIELI, ANDEEA, born in the Cana-
reggio quarter (whence called also Andrea
da Canareggio, or da Canareio) of Venice
about 1510, died in Venice, 1.5SG. Born of
one of the oldest and most distinguished
families in Venice, he studied composition
under Adrien Willaert. In 153G he entered
the choir of St. Mark's; in 1558 he was, to-
gether with Zarlino, elected member of the
Accademia della Fama ; in 1566 he suc-
ceeded Claudio Merulo as second organist
at St. Mark's, and again as first organist in
1584. In 1574 the Republic commissioned
him to write the music given at the recep-
tion of Henri III. of France. Although his
fame has been somewhat overshadowed by
that of his nephew Giovanni, he was one of
the glories of the great Venetian contrapun-
tal school. Noted as an organist and organ
writer during bis lifetime, his greatest fame
rests upon his choral works — masses, mo-
tets, and madrigals. He was the first con-
trapuntist to write a real fugue, which form
was afterwards developed into the tonal
fugue by Frescobaldi. He was also noted
as a teacher ; Giovanni Gabrieli, Hans Leo
Hassler, and Jan Pieter Swelinck were
among his pupils. He himself accounted
his Psalmi Davidici, qui ^Jcenitentiales nun-
cupantur (Venice, 1583) his greatest work.
His Psalm Ixv., Deus misereatur, for three
choruses, far surpassed anything of the sort
that had been written up to his time. — Am-
bros, iii. 523.
GABRIELI, DOMENICO, surnamed
Meughino del violoncello, born at Bologna
about 1640, died there about 1G90. Dra-
matic composer and virtuoso on the violon-
cello ; was at first connected with the Church
of S. Petronio in his native city, and after-
wards in the service of Cardinal Panfili,
grand prior of Rome. Member of the Ac-
cademia Filarmouica, 1676 ; principe, 1683.
Works : Cleobulo, given at Bologna, Teatro
Formagliari, 1683 ; Gige in Lidia, ib., 1683 ;
Clearco in Negroponte, Venice, 1685 ; Ro-
doaldo, re d' Italia, ib., Teatro San Mosti,
1685 ; Teodora Augusta, ib., Teatro S. Sal-
vadore, 1685 ; Maurizio, ib., 1687 ; Gordi-
ano, ib., 1688 ; Le geuerose gare tra Cesare
e Pompeo, Venice, 1686 ; Carlo il Grande,
ib., 1688 ; Cantate a voce sola (Bologna,
1691) ; VexiUum pacis, motet for contralto
with instruments (ib., 1695) ; Balletti, gighe,
correnti, e sarabande, for two violins and
violoncello, with basso continuo (ib., 1703).
— Fctis ; Mendel.
GABRIELI, GIOVANNI, born in Venice,
1557, died there, Aug. 12, 1G12 (1613?).
Church composer and organist, nephew
and pupil of Andrea Gabrieli, acquired con-
siderable reputation early in life, and in
1585 succeeded Claudio Merulo as first or-
ganist at San Marco. Like his uncle, he
entertained a lively intercourse Avith the
German masters of his period, and was es-
pecially allied in close friendship with
his famous co-disciple, Hans Leo Hassler.
Among his patrons in Germany, where he
was the most esteemed of foreign masters,
were Duke Albrecht V. of Bavai-ia and his
sons, and the Counts of Fugger at Augs-
burg. As a te.acher he was sought fai- and
wide ; his most renowned pupil was Heiu-
rich Schiitz, who spent four years in Venice,
sent there by the Elector Maurice of Sax-
ony. Together with Palestriua and Orlando
Lasso, Giovanni Gabrieli represents the
culminating glory of the strict contrapun-
tal schools of the IGth century ; he was in-
disputably the greatest genius of the Vene-
tian school. Unlike Palestrina, who always
wrote strictly a cappella, Gabrieli often in-
troduced instrumental parts in his great
choral works, although a cappella writing,
often for two or three choruses, was still
his habitual style. But these instrumental
parts did not, in any sense, form an accom-
paniment to the voices ; his treatment of
them was totally different from that whicli
we find in the stilo concertante which sprang
up later, during the decline of the "great"
Roman school. His choice of instiiimeuts,
GABEIELLI
too, bears no relation to even the most ru-
dimentary form of the orchestra. If he falls
somewhat behind Palestriua in perfection
of formal beauty, he equals him in sublim-
ity, and often siirj)asses him in wealth of
colouring. The twelve-voice Benedictus, in
Rochlitz (i. 34), is a masterpiece of its kind.
Works : Psalmi poeuitentiales 6 vocum
(1583) ; Madrigali a 6 voci o istromenti
(1585) ; Madrigali e ricercari a 4 voci (1587) ;
Ecclesiastics cantioues 4-0 vocum (1589) ;
Sacrse symphoniae, for 6-16 voices or instru-
ments (1597) ; do., 2d book, for G-19 voices
(1615) ; Canzoni e souate a 3-32 voci (1615).
Single pieces are published in almost all
collections of the time up to 1620. — Wiuter-
feld, Johannes Gabrieli und sein Zeitalter
(Berlin, 1834) ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
-GABEIELLI, Conte NICOLO, born at
Naples, Feb. 21, 1814, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupiil of Busti in sing-
ing and of Ziugarelli and Donizetti in com-
position. He settled in Paris in 1854. He
has brought out 22 oj^eras and written 60
ballets, all showing more facility than merit.
They were given at the Teatro Nuovo, and
Teatro San Carlo, Naples, in 1835-47, and
a few in Paris, and were mostly unsuccessful.
— Fetis, iii. 369 ; do., SuppK-meut, i. 354 ;
Mendel, iv. 99 ; do., Ergimz., 115 ; Vape-
reau, Contemporaius.
GABRIELSia, JOH.\NN WTLHELM,
born in Berlin, May 27, 1791, died there,
Sept. 18, 1846. Flutist, pupil of the artil-
lery caj^tain Vogel, and of the chamber mu-
sician A. Schrock ; appeared in public in
1810, obtained an engagement at the the-
atre in Stettin, 1814, and became royal
chamber musician in Berlin in 1816, when
he studied theory and composition under
Giirrlich, Seidel, and Birnbach. He made
concert tours in North Germany from 1812,
and to Warsaw in 1822. He composed con-
certos, solos, duos, trios, and quartets for
his instrument, besides some songs. His
brother and pupil Julius (1806-78), was also
a noted virtuoso on the flute, and composer.
— Fctis ; Mendel,
GABUSSI, VINCENZO, born in Bologna
about 1800, died in London, Sept. 12, 1846.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Padre Mattel.
After producing his first opera in Modena,
in 1825, he went to London and resided
there as a teacher until 1840, when he re-
turned to Italy to bring out another opera.
He is best known by his vocal duets, which
are still sung in England. Works — Operas :
I furbi al cimento, Modena, 1825 ; Ernani,
Theatre des Italiens, Paris, 1834 ; Clemenza
di Valois, Fenice, Venice, 1841. Songs and
part-songs ; Chamber music. — Grove ; Fe-
tis ; Larousse ; Mendel.
GABUZIO, GIULIO CESARE, born in
Bologna, first half of the 10th century,
died (?). Maestro di cappella of the Cathe-
dral of jMilan. Works : Motets for five and
six voices (Venice, 1586) ; Magnificat and
other church compositions (Milan, 1587).
— Fetis ; Mendel.
GACES BRULES (Brulez), one of the
best and most prolific composers of chan-
sons of the 13th century, died after 1255.
Some of the old MSS. give his name as
Gaste-Bk'. Seventy-nine of his chansons
are extant, sixty-three of which are in the
National Library, Paris, with the airs of
some attached to them. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GADE, NIELS (WILHELM), born at
Copenhagen, Oct. 22,
1817, still living, 1889.
The son of a musical
instrument maker, he
early learned the gui-
tar, violin, and piano-
forte ; later studied
under Wershall, Berg-
green, and Weyse, un-
der whom he began to
compose, but afterwards looked upon these
early efibrts as of little value. He became
a violinist in the royal orchestra at Copen-
hagen, and soon began to develop that origi-
nal power as a composer which has j)laced
him in the foremost rank of contemporary
musicians. By the vote of Spohr and
Schneider his Ossian overtm-e was awarded
109
GADSBY
the prize offered by the Copenhagen Musi-
cal Union in 1841. This was followed by
his first symphony in C minor, the score of
which he sent to Mendelssohn at Leij)sic,
and it was brought out at the Gewand-
haus, March 2, 1843, to general admiration.
This second brilliant success induced the
King of Denmark to allow Gade money to
•visit the great musical centres of Europe.
He went to Leipsic, where he remained until
near the end of 1843, when he made a short
trip to Italy, but soon returned to Leipsic,
as Mendelssohn, who had gone to Berlin,
offered him the conductorship of the Ge-
wandhaus concerts. Gade filled this post
during 181-1 15, and on Mendelssohn's re-
turn continued as sub-conductor under him
in 1845-4G. On March 3, 1846, he brought
out his cantata of Comala. After Mendels-
sohn's death (Nov. 4, 1847), Gade resumed
his functions as conductor in chief, contin-
uing until 1848, when he was succeeded by
Julius Rietz. He then returned to Coisen-
hagen, where he has remained ever since,
excepting a short visit to England in 1876,
to conduct his Crusaders and Zion at the
Birmingham Festival. On his return to
Copenhagen he accepted a post as organist,
and was made conductor of the Musical
Union. In 1861 he succeeded Glaeser, de-
ceased, as coui-t conductor. Besides the ex-
ercise of his official functions, he has de-
voted his time wholly to composition and
teaching. As a composer Gade stands in
a manner by himself ; if the cut of his mel-
odies (in spite of their distinctly Northern
character) and the general phj'sioguomy of
his style resemble Mendelssohn, and he
tends somewhat in Schumann's direction by
his romanticism, he never attained either
to the complete mastery of form and organic
musical development of the former nor to
the intensity of expression and depth of
thought of the latter. His resemblance to
Mendelssohn is, after aU, superficial. His
striking merits are clearness, simplicity,
warmth and grace of expression, and a
never-failing sense of beauty. His themes,
as well as his harmony, bear the unmistak-
able stamj) of his Scandinavian associations,
but he never forces the " national " element
to the point of eccentricity. In his earlier
period his genius gave evidence of the most
brilliant originality, but he has not wholly
kept the promise of his youth, and among
his later works one looks in vain for that
divine spark which gave life to his first sym-
phony (which was at one time looked ujjou
as an epoch-making work) and his earlier
overtures. In 1886 he was made Com-
mander of the Order of Dauebrog. Works :
8 symphonies, in C minor, oj). 5, E, op. 10,
A minor, op. 15, B-flat, op. 20, D minor
(with jiianoforte), op. 25, G minor, op. 32,
F, oj). 45, and B minor, op. 47 ; 5 over-
tures : Nachkiange von Ossiau, Im Hoch-
land, op. 7, Overture in C, op. 14, Hamlet,
op. 37, Michelangelo, op. 39 ; Novelletten, 4
pieces for string orchestra, op. 53 ; Octet
for strings, op. 17 ; Sextet for do. ; Quartet
for do. ; Pianoforte trio, op. 42 ; 3 sonatas
for violin. No. 2, op. 21, No. 3, op. 59 ; 8
cantatas : Comala, op. 12, Friihlings-FlmiiX-
tasie, op. 23, ErlkOnigs Tochter (Elverskud),
op. 30, Friihlings-'BoisQkii.ii, op. 35, Die
Heilige Nacht, op. 40, Die Kreuzfahrer, op.
50, Zion, op. 49, Psyche, op. 60 ; Sommertag
auf dem Lande, 5 pieces for orchestra, op.
55 ; Concerto for violin and orchestra, op.
56 ; Holbergiana, suite for orchestra, op.
61 ; Volkstilnze, for violin, with pianoforte,
op. 62 ; Sonata, Aquarelles, Folk-dances,
Northern Tone-pictures, and many other solo
works for pianoforte ; Choruses for male and
mixed voices; German and Scandinavian
songs.— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 288 ; Men-
del ; Riemann.
GADSBY, HENRY ROBERT, born in
London, Dec. 15, 1842, still living, 1889.
Pianist, son of a musician, principally self-
no
GAEBLER
taught. He was a member of the choir
of St, Paul's in 1849-58 ; organist of St. Pe-
ter's, Broekley, Surrey,
till 1884: ; professor
at Guildhall School of
Music ; jjrofessor of
harmony at Queen's
College, Loudon, 1884.
Works — Cantatas : Al-
ice Brand, 1870 ; The
Lord of the Isles, text
by Prank Murray, from
Scott, 1879; Colum-
bus, for male voices,
1881. Overtures : Andromeda, 1873 ; The
Golden Legend ; The Witches' Frolic.
Music to Alcestis, 187G ; Symphonies for
orchestra in A, C, and D ; String quartet,
187.5 ; Festival service for eight voices,
in D ; Service in C, 1872 ; 130th Psalm ;
Audaute and rondo for pianoforte and flute ;
Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in D ; Te
Deum in E-flat ; Festival symjihony in D,
1888 ; Anthems ; Part-songs, etc.
GAEBLER, ERNST FRIEDKICH, born
in Bunzlau in 1815, still living, 1889. Pupil
of C. Karow and at the Berlin Institute for
Church Music under A. W. Bach, besides
attending the lectures of A. B. Marx ; suc-
ceeded KOhler as music director and teacher
of the Piidagogium and Orphan House in
Ziillichau. He has comj^osed motets, songs,
and other pieces. — Mendel ; Fotis ; Schil-
ling, Supplement, 156.
GAERTNER, KARL, born at Stralsund,
Oct. 21, 1823, still Uving, in Philadelphia,
1889. Violinist, pupil at Greifswald of Abel,
and at the Conservatorium, Leipsic, of Men-
delssohn, David, and Hauptmann ; played in
the Gewandbaus orchestra until 1848, when
he travelled through Germany as a virtuoso,
in which capacity he went to America in
1852. In Boston and other cities he awak-
ened a taste for classical music by his ex-
cellent performances, and in 1858 went to
Philadelphia to conduct the chorus at the
Steuben festival, and remained there as mu-
sical director of the old Miinuerchor and the
Siingerbund ; later he became also conduc-
tor of the Handel and Haydn Society. In
1859 he gave the first series of classical con-
certs in the Academy of Music, which for
thirty-one years be has continued success-
fully. In 1867 he founded a conservatory
of music, which is still flourishing under
his direction. His numerous compositions
include orchestral works, violin solos, and
vocal music, and he has published also
methods for the pianoforte and violin, and
a system of vocal training.
GAFFI, BERNARDO, composer of the
Roman school, early part of the 18th cen-
tury. His Cantata dell' Amore was pub-
lished in Rome in 1700. The Lyceo of Bo-
logna has several cantatas in MS. — Fetis ;
Schilling ; Mendel.
GAGLIANO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA
DI ZANOBI DA, born in Florence about
1580, died (?). Brother of Marco di Zanobi
da Gagliano ; was in the service of the
Medici ; succeeded Alfonso Benevenuti,
chaplain of S. Lorenzo, as maestro of the
clerks of that college. Works : Motets ;
Madrigals (Venice, 1603-23).— Fetis; Schil-
ling ; Mendel.
GAGLLINO, MARCO DI ZANOBI DA,
born in Florence, second half of the 16th
century, died there, Feb. 24, 1642. Dra-
matic composer, pupil of Luca Bati. He
became, in 1702, maestro di cappella of S.
Lorenzo, where his compositions were still
performed at the beginning of this century.
Under the name of I'Alfannato he was a
member of the Accademia degli Elevati.
His most important work is the opera TJafne,
written for the wedding of Francesco Gon-
zaga, sou of the Duke of Mantua, 1607, one
of the earliest productions of this kind.
Other works : Misse a cinque voci (Venice,
1579) ; Responsorj della Settimana Santa
(ib., 1580) ; H primo libro de' madrigali (ib.,
1602) ; II secondo ed il terzo libro, etc. (ib.,
1601) ; Libro quinto, etc. (ib., 1606) ; Mu-
siche a una, due e tre voci (ib., 1615) ; Li-
bro sesto de' madrigali (ib., 1617) ; Respon-
sorj della Settimana Santa (Venice, Bar-
GAGLIAllDI
tolomeo Magni, 1630) was considered Lis
best work. The melodies, Bel pastor del
cui bel guardo, and Ecco solinga delle selve
arnica, were in great favour, in his time.
— Ambros, iv. 288 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Eock-
stro. Hist. Music, 107.
GAGLIAEDI, DIONISIO POLIANI,
born at Naples in 1811, died there in 1835.
Dramatic composer, pupil of the Royal
College of Music, Naples. Works — Operas :
L' antiquario e la modista, opera bulla, Na-
ples, 1828 ; La strega di Dernegleuch, ib.,
1830 ; Le due gemelle, ib., 1831 ; E lan-
gravio di Turingia, ib., 1832 ; La casa a
veudere, ib., 1834 ; Pulcinello coudaunato,
1835 ; Le ferriere di Maremma ; La barca-
juola svizzera ; E coscritto. His langravio
di Turingia, his best work, was given ten
years after his death as Candida e Luigi.
— Fctis; Mendel.
GAGNI, ANGELO, dramatic composer,
born in Florence, middle of the 18th cen-
tury, died (?). His opera buffa, I pazzi
gloi'iosi, Milan, 1783, is also known as I
matti gloriosi. — Fetis ; IMendel.
GAHRICH, WENZEL, born at Zercho-
witz, Bohemia, Sept. IG, 1791, died in Ber-
lin, Sept. 15, 18G1. He studied law at
Leipsic Universitj', but poverty compelled
him to become a violinist in the theatre or-
chestra there. In 1825 he joined the royal
orchestra in Berlin, and in 1815-00 was
conductor of the ballet at the Opera. The
merit of his compositions should have se-
cured for him more than the local fame he
enjoyed ; especially his ballet music is of an
indisputably high order. "Works — Operas :
Die Creolin ; Der Freibeuter. Ballets :
Don Quixote ; Die lusel der Liebe ; Der
Seeriiuber ; Aladdin, etc., 2 symphonies for
grand orchestra ; Quartet for pianoforte
and strings, op. 4 ; Concertino for viola and
orchestra ; 5 collections of dances for or-
chestra and for pianoforte ; Songs, etc.
— Mendel ; Futis ; do., Supplement, i. 353 ;
Riemann.
GAlL, EDlNlfiE SOPHIE (born Garre),
born in Paris, Aug. 28, 1775, died there,
July 24, 1819. Dramatic composer and
singer, pupil of Meugozzi in singing ; after
a concert tour through Southern France
and Sijain, and writing an opera for private
representation, she studied harmony and
counterpoint under Fc'tis, Perne, and Neu-
komm. In 181G she sang in London, and in
1818 gave concerts, with Mme Catalani, in
Germany and Vienna. "Works: Les deux
jaloux, opora-comique ; Mademoiselle de
Launay a la Bastille, do., given at the The-
atre Feydeau, 1813 ; Angela, ou I'atelier de
Jean Cousin (with Boieldieu), La meprise,
ib., 1814 ; La serenade, ib., 1818 ; Romances
and nocturnes. — Fctis ; do.. Supplement,
i. 355 ; Mendel.
GAILI^mD. See Galliard.
GALATEE, opera-comique, in two acts,
text by Jules Barbier and IMichel Carre,
music by Victor Masse, first represented
at the Opera Comique, Paris, April 14,
1852. Pygmalion, having finished a beauti-
ful statue of Galatee, falls in love with it,
and prays Venus to give it life. Galatee,
become a woman, exhibits a thousand ca-
prices and disappoints Pygmalion by her
ingratitude. She prefers his sen'ant Gany-
mede to his melancholy love, accepts pres-
ents from old IVEdas, and gets intoxicated
on Chian wine. At last, when she is about
to fly with Ganymede, he prays that she
may be turned again into a statue, which he
sells without regret to Midas. The charac-
ters of Pygmalion and Galatee were played
by Mile Vertheimber and Mme Ugalde ;
those of JEdas and Ganymede by Mme
Sainte-Foy and Mocker. The briudisi,
"Ah! verse encore," obtained a gi-eat suc-
cess.— Larousse, viii. 93G.
GALEAZZI, ANTONIO, born at Brescia,
lived mostly in Rome and Venice in the
early part of the 18th century. Dramatic
and church composer. Works : Zelniira in
Creta, opera, given in Venice, 1729 ; E tri-
onfo della costanza in Statira, ib., 1731.
Much of his church music is to be found in
the Library of S. M. Maggiore, Rome. He
rewrote also part of the opera, I tre difensori
GALEAZZI
della patria, by Pescetti, which was given in
this form at Pailua, Teatro Obizzi, in 1730.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GALEAZZI, FRANCESCO, born in Turin
in 1738 (1758 ?), died in Eome in 1819.
Violinist, leader of the baud at the Teatro
Valle, Eome, for fifteen years ; afterwards
professor of the violin at Ascoli. Besides
numerous comj)ositions for the violin and
other instruments, he deserves special no-
tice for his Elementi teoretico-practici di
musica, etc. (Rome, 1791-9G), one of the
earliest methodical instruction books for
the violin. — Fctis ; Grove ; Larousse.
GALENO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, lived
in the second half of the IGth century. He
was in the service of the Emperor Rudolph
II. of Austria from his earliest years.
Works: Madrigals (Venice, 1587, 1598;
Antwerp, 1591).— Fetis ; Mendel.
GALIBERT, PIERRE CHRISTOPHE
CHARLES, born in Pei-pignan, Aug. 8,
182G, died in Paris, August, 1858. Dra-
matic comjjoser, pupil at the Conservatoire
from 1815, under Bazin, Elwart, and Halevy.
He won the 2d grand prix de Rome in
1851, and the 1st in 1853. On his return
to Paris in 1857 he brought out an opera,
Apri'S I'orage, which was well received, and
gave much promise, but it was his only
work besides two cantatas, Le prisonnier,
and Les rochers d'Appeuzell, and a few other
compositions. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GALILEI, VINCENZO, born in Florence
about 1533, died there about IGOO. Lute
and viol player, pujsil of Gioseffo Zarliuo.
He was a noble and the father of Galileo
Galilei, the famous astronomer and philos-
opher. Associated with Giovanni Bardi,
Piero Strozzi, Corsi, Peri, Caccini, and oth-
ers, he was one of the first to introduce dra-
matic music in Italy. A warm champion of
antique music, he took a prominent part in
the dispute with the supporters of the con-
trai^uutal style, among whom was his old
master Zarlino, and against whom he wrote
a pamphlet. He was one of the prominent
figures in the Florentine Music-Reform of
the 17th century. He composed a cantata,
II coute Ugoliuo, for one voice with accom-
paniment of lute and viol, and a dramatic
setting of the Lamentations of Jeremiah.
He was the author also of several theoreti-
cal works : Discorso della musica antica e
della moderua (Florence, 1581 ; 2d ed.,
1G02) ; II Frouimo, etc. (ib., 1583) ; Discorso
iutorno alle ojjere di messer Gioseftb Zarlino
di Chioggia (ib., 1589). — Fetis ; Larousse.
GALIMATHIAS MUSICUM, a comic
piece for orchestra, with clavier and other
instruments obligato, by Mozart, first per-
formed at The Hague, March 8, 17G6, for
the festivities at the coming of age of Will-
iam of Orange the Fifth. Mozart was then
only ten years old. The piece, which is in
thirteen short numbers, ends with a varia-
tion on the Dutch national air, Wilhelmus
von Nassau. Galimathias is a French term,
of doubtful derivation, meaning gibberish.
— KOchel, No. 32 ; Otto Jahn, 2d ed., i. U ;
Grove.
GALITZIN, Prince GEORG, born in St.
Petersburg in 1823, died there in Septem-
ber, 1872. Composer of church, instru-
mental, and vocal music ; gave concerts in
Germany, Great Britain, and France, with a
large orchestra of his own, to make a propa-
ganda for Russian music. At Moscow he
entertained since 1842 a choir of seventy
boys, whom he instructed in person. He
has written masses, orchestral works, solos
for various instruments, choruses, songs,
etc. — Futis, Supijk'ment, i. 35G ; Mendel ;
Riemann.
GALLAY, JACQUES FRANCOIS, born
at PeriJignan, France, Dec. 8, 1795, died iu
Paris, October, 18G4. Virtuoso on the horn,
first instructed by his father, an amateur,
then pupil of Ozi, and at the Conservatoire,
Paris, of Dauprat, 1820 ; won the first prize
in 1821, became a member of the royal or-
chestra, and of the orchestras of the Odeon,
and the Theatre Italien in 1825, chamber
musician to Louis Philippe in 1832, and
professor at the Conservatoire in 1842.
He composed concertos, nocturnes, etudes,
113
GALLENBEPtG
duos, trios, aiicl quartets, and publislied a
method for liorn. — Fotis ; do., Sujiplt'ineut,
i. 356 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GALLENBERG, WENZEL ROBERT,
Graf VON, born iu Vienna, Dec. 28, 1783,
died in Rome, March 13, 1839. Pupil of Al-
brechtsberger ; married, in 1803, to Count-
ess Ginlietta Guicciardi, who had been loved
by Beethoven. He wrote in 1805 music for
Joseph Bonaparte's festival iu Naples ; was
associated with Barbaja in 1821-23 in the
management of the Vienna court theatre,
which he undertook to conduct in 1829,
and failed from want of funds. He then
joined Barbaja in Naples as ballet composer
and director. Works : About 50 ballets,
including Samson, 1811 ; Arsinoe, and Te-
lemacco, 1813 ; I riti ludiani, 1814 ; Am-
leto, 1815 ; Alfred der Grosse, 1820 ; Jeanne
d' Arc, 1821 ; Margherita, regina di Catania,
1822 ; Ismaans Grab, 1823 ; La caravana
del Cairo, 1824 ; Ottavio PineUi, 1828 ; Das
befreite Jerusalem, 1828 ; Cresar iu Aegjp-
ten, 1829 ; Theodosia, 1831 ; Orpheus und
Em-ydice, 1831 ; Agnes und Fitz Henri, 1833 ;
Bianca's Wahl, 1835 ; and Latona's Rache,
1838. He wrote also marches, a sonata,
fantasias, and other pieces for j)ianoforte.
— Grove ; Fctis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
GALLERANO (Galerauo), LEANDRO,
born in Brescia, end of the IGth century.
He was organist of S. Francesco, and mem-
ber of the Accademia de gli Occulti in
that city, under the name of 1' luvolato.
From Brescia he went to Padua, and became
maestro di cappella of the Church of S. An-
tonio. Works : II primo libro delle Messe,
op. 1 (Venice, 1G19) ; H secondo, do., op. 3
(ib., 1620) ; Salmi intieri, op. 5 (ib., 1624) ;
Missarum et Psalmorum quinque vocibus
liber primus, oi5. 14 (ib., 1628) ; Missa e
salmi concei'tati (ib., 1629) ; do., ojx 16 (ib.,
1630) ; II primo libro de Motetti (ib.) ; Mo-
tetti a voce sola con organo (ib.) ; Complete
e Litanie a otto voci con stromcnti (ib.).
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GALLET, FRANgOIS (Franciscus Galle-
tius), born in Mons about the middle of the
16th century. Church composer ; one of
the musicians of the College of Saint-Amat,
Douai. Works : Sacrse cantiones 5, 6, et
plurium vocum (1586) ; Hymni communes
Sanctorum (1596). — FiJtis ; Mendel ; Rie-
mann.
GALLI, ATkHNTORE, born at Rimini,
Oct. 12, 1845, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil of CrotTat the Conservatorio
of Milan ; was director of a music school
in the province of Modena, and became a
successful composer of operas, but is best
known bj' his writings on music. He is
the musical critic for " II Secolo," and now
conducts the great publishing house of
Edoardo Sonzogno, Milan. Works : Cesare
al Rubicone, opera, given with success ; II
risorgimento, given in Rome, about 1870 ;
n corno d' oro ; Cristo al Golgota, oratorio,
L' espiazione, cantata, Milan, 1867 ; Masses;
Stabat Mater. — ^Fctis, Supplement, i. 358 ;
Mendel, Ergiiuz., 116.
GALLI (Gallus), EUGENIO, born at
Lucca, Italy, Feb. 12, 1810, died there, Sept.
1, 1867. Church composer, pujiil of Marco
Santucci, finished his musical education in
Vienna, where he became an excellent con-
trapuntist, and after his retiu-n to Lucca was
appointed professor of counterpoint at the
Musical Institute. Later on he was direc-
tor of the ducal chapel. He wrote several
masses for 4 voices with orchestra, a Re-
quiem, and fugues for the organ. — Fetis,
Suj)plemeut, i. 258.
GALLI, VINCENZO, born in Sicily,
about the middle of the 16th century.
Franciscan monk, maestro di cappella of
the Cathedral of Palermo. His masses,
psalms, and madrigals wei-e published in
Palermo (1589-1607). With the proceeds
of their sales he enlarged the Convent of
the Annunciation, and had cut on one of
the columns of that building the words,
" Musica Galli."— Fetis ; Mendel.
GALLIA, motet for soprano solo, chorus,
and orchestra, by Gounod, first performed
at the opening of the International Exhi-
bition, Albert Hall, Loudon, May 1, 1871.
114
GALLIAED
The text is from the Lamentations of Jerc-
miab.
GALLIAED, JOHANN, EENST, born at
Zell, Hanover, about 1(387, died in Loudon
in 17-49. Dramatic comisoser, jjupil of Fa-
riuelli, then director of tlie concerts at Han-
over, and of Steftani. He won distinction
as an oboist, went to Eugland about 170G,
and was ajipointed chamber musician to
Prince George of Denmark, and, on the
death of Draglii, organist at Somerset House.
He wrote the music for Hughe's opera.
Calypso and Telemachus, 1712, and was
emploj'ed by Rich to furnish music for his
masques, etc., from 1717. In 1728 he set to
music the morning hymn of Adam and Eve
from Milton's " Paradise Lost," an admirable
composition, afterwards enlarged by Dr.
Benjamin Cooke, who made additions to the
orchestral accompaniments. Other works :
Music for Julius Cnesar, 1715 ; Pan and Sy-
rinx, 1717 ; Jupiter and Europa, 1723 ; The
Necromancer ; or Harlequin, Apollo, and
Daphne, 172G ; Dr. Faustus, 1723 ; The
Royal Chace, or Merlin's Cave, 1736, musi-
cal entertainment, in which occurred the
famous hunting song, " With early horn ; "
The music for Lee's tragedj', " ffidipus ; "
Several cantatas, songs, and instrumental
music. — Grove ; Fetis.
GALLICULUS, JOHANN, lived in Leip-
sic about 1.520. His motets and jisalms
were published in " Novum et insigne opus
musicum" (1537); in Petrejus's "Psalmi
select!" (1538); in Rhaws' "Harmonire
selectfe," etc. (1538) ; and in Vesperarum
precum officia, etc. (1540). He was the au-
thor, also, of a theoretical treatise, "Isa-
goge de compositione cantus " (1st and 4th
ed., 1520, 1548), called also, "Libellus de
compositione cantus" (2d and 3d ed., 1538,
1546). — Fetis ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
GALLO, DOMENICO, born in Venice
about 1730. Violinist and composer of
church music, sonatas for violin, and sym-
phonies for 2 violins, viola, and violon-
cello, all of which are still in MS. — Petis ;
Mendel.
GALLUCCIO, GERARDO, maestro di
cappella at Pavia in the last years of the
IGth century. He composed masses, psalms,
litanies, etc. (Venice, 1597). — Fetis ; Mendel.
GALLUS, JACOBUS, born in Carniola
about 1550, died at Prague, July 4, 1591.
His real name was Jacob Hiihnel (Hiindl,
Handl, etc.). Contrapuntist, Kapellmeister
to Stanislas Pawlowski, Bishop of Olmiitz,
and afterwards in the imperial cliajiel,
Prague. He wrote in the old church
tones, before the modern distinction be-
tween major and minor existed, and was
one of the most distinguished German con-
temjioraries of Palestrina and Orlando
Lasso. In 1588 Emperor Rudolf H.
granted him a ten years' privilege for the
publication of his works. Those known
are : Missse selectiores, for 5-8 voices, 4
books (1580) ; Musici operis harmoniarium,
for 4-8 and more voices (Prague, Part L,
1586 ; Parts H. and IH., 1587 ; Part IV.,
1589) ; Moralia 5, 6 et 8 vocibus concinnata
(Nuremberg, 1586); Epicedionharmonicum
(1589) ; Harmonise varite 4 vocum (Prague,
1591) ; Harmoniarum moralium, do., 3 parts
(ib., 1589-90) ; Sacrse cantiones de prseci-
puis festis, for 4-8 and more voices (Nu-
remberg, 1597) ; Motettpe quaj pra?stant
omnes (Frankfort, 1610). Bodenschatz's
Florilegium Porten.se contains 19 pieces by
him, among them the famous Ecce quomodo
moritur Justus ; others are in Proske's ]\Iu-
sica divina, and in the collections of Schij-
berlein, Zahn, Becker, Rochlitz, etc. — Rie-
mann ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Grove ; Ambros,
Geschichte, iii. 557 ; Naumann (Ouseley), i.
G14.
GxVLLUS, JOHANNES (in French, Jean
le Cocq, Maitre Jean, Mestre Jhan, etc.),
born in the Netherlands, died before 1543.
He was maestro di cappella to Duke Ercole
of Ferrara, and composed motets and other
music, preserved in collections. He was
long confounded with Jhan Gero. — Rie-
mann.
GALUPPI, BALDASSARE (called H
Buranello), born in the island of Burano,
115
GAMBAEA
uear Venice, Oct. IS, 170G, died in Venice,
Jan. 3, 1785. Dramatic composer, pupil
of bis father, a barber, who plaj-ed the vio-
lin at the theatre. He went to Venice when
sixteen and was organist of several minor
churches in succession. Although ignorant
of the rules of composition he composed an
opera buffa. La fede nell' inconstanza, ossia
gli amici rivali, which was hissed off the stage.
He was on the point of giving up music and
becoming a barber, when Marcello pi-ocured
his admission to the Conservatorio degli
Incurabili, where he studied counterpoint
for three years under Lotti. Marcello also
helped him by writing the libretto of Do-
rinda, which was well received, in 1729, at
the Teatro San Angelo. He studied the
harpsichord at this time and became a cele-
brated player. His operas held the stage
from 1729 to 1797. In 17-41 he was in Eng-
land, where his style produced a marked
effect on dramatic music. In 17G2-64: he
was maestro di capi^ella of >S. Marco, Ven-
ice, director of the Incurabili, and organist
of several churches. About 1767 he went
to St. Petersburg at the invitation of Cath-
erine n., and brought out there two ojjeras
with great success, but returned to Italy in
1768 and resumed his position in the In-
curabili. None of his operas, of which Fo-
tis gives a list of fifty-four, have survived on
the stage since Rossini. He composed the
music for a cantata for five voices, n ri-
torno di Tobia, played at the Conservato-
rio, on the occasion of the arrival of Pius
VI. in Venice. All his Church music and
operas remain in MS. Some of them are
DOW in the National Librai-y, Paris ; some
in the Santini collection. His oratorios
were : La fornace di Babilonia ; Debbora
profetessa, and Moyses de Sinai reversus.
Among music for haq^sichord is one sonata
of great beauty, printed in Pauer's Alte
Klaviermusik. Principal operas : Penelojie,
given in London, 1711 ; Scipione in Carta-
gine, ib., 1742 ; Enrico, Sirbace, ib., 1743 ;
H mondo della luna, Italy, 1750 ; H cava-
liere delle piume ; II mondo alia rovescia,
ib., 1752 ; Alessandro nell' Indie, ib., 1755 ;
Sesostri, Venice, 1757 ; Aifriano in Siria,
Italy, 1760 ; Cajo Mario, ib., 1764 ; Didone
abbandonata, St. Petersburg, 1766 ; Ifigenia
in Tauride, ib., 17G8.— Fetis ; Grove ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Hogarth, Memoirs of Mus.
Drama, i. 396.
GAMBARA, Cavaliere CARLO ANTO-
NIO, born in Venice in 1774. Instrumental
composer ; of noble parentage, he was edu-
cated in the college for the sons of nobles
at Parma, where he studied the violin under
]\Ielegari, violoncello under Ghiretti, and
counterpoint under Colla. On leaving col-
lege he went to Brescia to finish his musical
studies under Cannetti, maestro di cajjpella
of the cathedral. Works : 4 symphonies
for grand orchestra ; Concertante for sev-
eral instruments ; Quintet for harp, violin,
mandolin, viola, and violoncello ; 2 books
of trios for 2 violins and bass ; 2 do. of
quartets ; Vocal music- — Fetis ; Mendel.
GAMBINI, CARLO ANDREA, born at
Genoa, Oct. 22, 1819, died there, Feb. 14,
1865. Dramatic composer and pianist ;
held a position in his native city, which
made him, so to speak, the musical chief in
that part of Italy. Works — Operas : Eufe-
mio di Messina, given in Milan, 1833 ; II
Nuovo Tartufo, Genoa, Teatro Apollo, 1854 ;
Don Grifone, Turin, Teatro Rossini, 1856 ;
I Tessali e la vendetta della schiava ; Cristo-
foro Colombo, dramatic symphony ; Music
to La Passioue, by Manzoni, for 4 voices,
chorus, and orchestra ; Mass with grand or-
chestra ; Several other masses ; Cantatas,
hymns, etc. ; Two collections of etudes for
pianoforte, op. 36 and 70 ; etc. His com-
jjositions of all kinds number more than
150. — Futis ; do., Su^jplement, i. 359 ; Men-
del ; do., Ergilnz., 116.
GA:\IBLE, JOHN, English violinist of
the 17th century, pupil of Ambrose Bcyland.
He was a cornet player in the Chapel Royal,
and later one of the band of violins to
Charles H. Works : " Ajtcs and Dialogues
to be sung to the Theorbo Lute or Bass
Viol," words by Stanley (1657) ; and " Ajtcs
110
GAMBOGI
and Diiiloguefs for One, Two, and Three
Voj'ces " (1G59). — Grove; Buruey, Hist., iii.
461 ; Hawkins, Hist., iv. 63.
GAMBOGI, Padre FRANCESCO, born
at Camaiore, Duchy of Lucca, about 1713,
died in 1781. He was maestro of music at
tlie Seminary of S. Michele in Foro, and sub-
sequently maestro di capjiella of the Colle-
giate Church of Camaiore. His most im-
portant work was the oratorio, Giuseppe
riconosciuto. From 1748 to 1778 he wrote
twenty services for four voices with instru-
mental accompaniment. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i, 360 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 116.
GAaiMERSFELDER, JOHANN, com-
poser at Burghausen, UpiJer Bavaria, in the
16th century. He was one of the first to
compose psalms for a single voice. His
work was called Der gantze Psalter Davids
iu Gesangsweiss gestellt (Nuremberg, 1542).
— Mendel ; Ft'tis ; Gerber.
GAMjMIERI, ERENNIO, born at Campo-
basso, March 11, 1836. Pupil at Naples
Conservatorio of Busti and Carlo Conti.
Became maestro concertatore at the theatre
of St. Petersburg in 1859. Works : Chat-
terton, opera, given at St. Petersburg, 1867 ;
L* assedio di Firenze, do., not performed ;
Much vocal music. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
360.
GAMUCCI, BALDASSARE, born in
Florence, Dec. 14, 1822. Pupil of Carlo
Fortini on the pianoforte and of Luigi Pic-
chianti iu composition. He founded in
Florence in 1845 a choral society, Del Car-
mine, which later became the Royal Music
Institute, of which he was director. Works :
Masses ; Requiem ; Cantatas ; Motets ;
Psalms. He was the author also of an ele-
mentary work on music, and of "lutorno
alia vita ed alle opere di Luigi Cherubini "
(1869).— Mendel, Ergilnz., 117 ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 360 ; Riemanu.
GANDINI, Cavaliere ALESSANDRO,
born at Modena iu 1807, died there, Dec.
17, 1871. Dramatic composer, son and pu-
pil of Antonio Gandini, whom he succeeded
as maestro di cappella at the court iu his
native city. Works — Operas : Demetrio,
given at Modena, 1827 ; Zaira, ib., 1829 ;
Isabella di Lara, ib., 1830 ; Maria di Bra-
bante, ib., 1833 ; Adelaide di Borgogna, ib.,
1841. Cantatas : La fedelta, 1832 ; La fata,
1842 ; n genio di Modena, 1857.— Fetis,
Supplement, i. 361 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 117 ;
Riemann.
GANDINI, Cavaliere ANTONIO, born in
Bologna, Aug. 20, 1786,- died in Modena,
Sei^t. 10, 1842. Dramatic comjjoser, pupil
of Mattel, became ducal maestro di cappella
at Modena. Works : Ruggiero, Modena,
1822 ; Erminia ed Antigone, ib., about
1825. He wrote also several cantatas. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel, iv. 123 ; Erganz., 117.
GANDOLFI, RICCARDO, born at Vo-
ghera, Piedmont, in 1839, still living, 1889.
Dramatic comj^oser, pupil in Najiles of
Carlo Conti, and in Florence of Mabellini.
Works : Aldina, given iu Milan, Teatro Ra-
degonda, 1863 ; II Paggio, Turin, Teatro
Regio, 1805 ; II Coute di Moni-eal, Genoa,
Teatro Carlo-Felice, 1872 ; Requiem with
grand orchestra, Florence, 1866 ; Symphony
for do., ib., 1869 ; Psalm, ib., 1872 ; II Bat-
tesimo di Santa Cecilia, ib., 1875 ; Elegie
for violoncello, with quartet, harp, and har-
monium, il). ; Solemn Mass, Chiavari, 1869 ;
Pensieri ed Affetti, vocal album (Milan,
Lucca). — Fetis, Sujjplemeut, i. 361 ; Men-
del, Ergilnz., 117.
GANDOLFO, operetta in one act, text
by Chivot and Duru, music by Charles
Lecocq, represented at the Bouffes Pari-
siens, Paris, Januar r, 18S9 The libretto is
from a tale by Boccaccio.
GANSBACHER, JOHANN, born at Ster-
zing in the Tyrol, May 8, 1778, died in
Vienna, July 13, 1844. Instructed by his
father in singing, pianoforte, organ, and
violin, he became a choir-boy first at Inns-
pruck, then at Halle. Entered Innsin-uck
University iu 1795, but left iu 1796 to serve
as a soldier ; visited Vienna in 1801, and
studied under Vogler and Albrechtsberger ;
accompanied his patron. Count Firmian, to
Bohemia in 1804. He then travelled, and
.llT
GANZ
resided some time in Innspruck, and in 1810
visited Vogler iu Darmstadt, where be be-
came intimate witli his fellow-pupils Mey-
erbeer and Weber, who addressed to him
a large part of their correspondence. He
again entered the army in 1813, but was
appointed iu 1823 Kapellmeister to the
Cathedral of St. Stephen, in Vienna, as suc-
cessor of Preindl, and held the office until
his death. Works : 27 graduals ; 17 masses ;
4 Requiems ; Offertories, motets, hymns,
psalms, and litanies ; Sonatas, variations,
and marches for pianoforte ; Orchestral sj'm-
phony ; Music to Kotzebue's Die Ki-euzfah-
rer ; Liederspiel, Des Dichters Geburtsfest ;
Italian terzettos, vocal quartets, cantatas,
songs, and other compositions, numbering
altogether 2 IC— Mendel ; Wurzbach ; Fe-
tis ; Grove.
GANZ, ADOLF, born in Mainz, Oct. 14,
1790, died in London, Nov. 11, 1SG9. Vio-
linist, pupil of Sebastian Hollbuseh. He
became conductor at Mainz in 1819, Ka-
pellmeister to the Grand Duke of Hesse
Darmstadt in 1825, and in 1845 musical
director of a German opera company in
London. Works : Melodrama ; ISIarches ;
Overtures ; Songs. Eduard Ganz, his son
(1827-G7), was a pianist, pupil of Thalberg.
Wilhelm, another son (born, 1833), is a j^ia- ^
nist and organist in London. He has pub-
lished pianoforte music and songs. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., viii. 36G ; Fi'tis ; IMendel.
GANZ, LEOPOLD, born in Mainz, Nov.
28, 1810, died in Berl-n, June 15, 18G9.
Violinist, pupil of hijr^'father and of his
brother Adolf Ganz, and of Biirwolf. He
made concert tours with his brother Moritz,
became a member of the Berlin coui-t band
in 1827, and received in 1836 the title, and
in 1840 the place, of Conzertmeister. His
reputation is due chiefly to his jilaying with
his brother. Works: Duos for violin and
violoncello, published with his brother.
— Allgem. d. Biogr.; Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove.
GANZ, MORITZ, born in Mainz, Sept.
10, 180G, died in Berlin, Jan. 22, 1868.
Violoncellist, brother of the preceding, pu-
pil of his father, of Stiastny, and in theory
of G. Weber. He joined the Berlin court
band in 1827 ; made concert tours with his
brother Leopold, visiting London in 1837,
and again in 1856. Works : Concertos for
violoncello and orchestra ; Fantasias, duets,
trios, transcriijtions, songs, and other pieces.
• — Allgem. d. Biogr.; Mendel ; Fotis ; Grove.
GARA, LA (The Competition), Itahan
oj)eretta iu one act, test by Metastasio, mu-
sic by Georg Reutter, represented at the
Imperial Court, Vienna, 1755, in honour of
the Archduchess INIaria Antonia, afterwards
Mai'ie Antoinette, Queen of France. Char-
acters represented : Serenissima arcidu-
chessa ; Dama prima ; Dama seconda.
GARAT, PIERRE JEAN, born at Us-
taritz, A25ril 25, 1764, died in Paris, JIarch
1, 1823. Singer and comijoser, pupil in
Bayonne of Lamberti, and in Bordeaux of
Francois Beck. Sent to Paris to finish the
study of law, when the struggle between the
Gluckists and Piccinnists was at its height,
he became drawn into it, and determined to
make music his profession. After a strug-
gle with poverty", the Comte d'Artois made
him his private secretary, and ])resented
him to Marie Antoinette, whose musical
favourite he became from 1785 to 1789. At
the time of the Revolution he went with
Rode to Hamburg, but returned to Havre
in 1794, and sang at the Feydeau concerts
in 1795, where his success was overwhelm-
ing. He possessed a voice of wonderful
compass, including both baritone and tenor
registers, and sang all styles of music
well. Until he lost his voice, at the age of
fifty, he was the most popular singer in
Europe. He was made professor of sing-
ing at the Conservatoire, at the time of its
institvition, about 1795, and had many cele-
brated pupils. He was the author of several
popular romances : Belisaire, Je t'aime tant,
Le menestrel exile, Firmin et son chien, etc.,
which owed their celebrity chiefly to his
stj'le of singing them. — Fetis ; Larousse.
GARAUD15, ALEXIS DE, born in Nancy,
March 21, 1779, died in Paris, March 23,
lis
GARCIA
1852. Pupil of Cambini and Eeicha, and
influenced by Crescentiui and Garat ; sang
in the Imperial and Royal Chapel of Paris
in 1808-30 ; and professor of singing and
harmony in the Conservatoire in 181G-il.
Works : Sonatas for pianoforte, and other
chamber music ; Songs and duets ; Music
for violin, violoncello, and other instruments.
He was the author also of Muthode du chant
(1800), and other didactic works. His son,
Alexis Albert Gauthier Garaudo (1821-54),
was accompanist at the Opora Comique and
published i)iauoforte music. — Fotis ; Men-
del.
GAECIA, Don FRANCISCO SAVERIO,
surnamed Lo Sjjagnoletto, born at Nalda,
Spain, in 1731, died at Saragossa, Feb. 26,
1809. Church comjioser, first studied in
Spain, then in Rome, where he lived as
vocal teacher until 175(5, when he became
maestro de capilla of the cathedral at Sara-
gossa. He greatly influenced church music
in Spain, banishing the then prevailing
fugued style. His numerous compositions,
consisting of masses, and motets for all the
feasts of the year, are written almost ex-
clusively for eight voices in two choruses.
— Fetis ; Riemann.
GARCIA, MANUEL DEL-POPOLO-
VICENTE, born in Seville, Spain, Jan. 22,
1775, died in Paris, June 2, 1832. Dra-
matic composer, chorister of the cathedral
at Seville at the age of six, pupil of Don
Antonio Eipa and Juan Almarcha. "When
seventeen he was well known as a singer,
composer, and orchestra conductor. After
making a reputation at home and produc-
ing several operas, he made his debut in
Italian opera at the Opera Bouife, Paris, in
1808 ; brouglit out and sang in his Spanish
operas in 1809, and was rapturously re-
ceived in them, this style of music being
new to Paris. In 1811 he went to Italy,
and sang in Turin, Naples, and Rome ; and
in 1812 he was appointed first tenor in
Murat's chapel. About the end of 1816 he
went to England, and thence to Paris, made
his debut at the Theatre Italien, singing iu
his own and in several Italian operas. Iu
1817 he went to England, and sang there
very successfull}', returning in 1819 to
Paris, where he remained until 1823,
bringing out many works of his own,
besides singing in all the well-known Ital-
ian operas. He returned to London as first
tenor of the King's Theatre in 1823 and
founded there a school for singing, which
became famous. In 1823-25 he alternated
between Paris and London, producing op-
eras in both cities and devoting much of
his time to teaching. In 1825 his daughter
Maria, afterwards the celebrated Mme Mali-
bran de Bi'riot, made her debut iu London,
and he set about the realization of a project
he had formed of establishing Italian oj)-
era iu New York. Taking with him a com-
pany consisting of himself and the younger
Crivelli, tenors ; his son, Manuel Garcia,
and Angrisani, bassi cantanti ; Rosich, buflib
caricato ; Mme Barbieri and Mme Garcia,
soprani ; and Maria Garcia (Mahbran), con-
tralto, he made his first appearance before
an American audience at the Park Theatre,
New York, Nov. 29, 1825, in II Barbiere.
Between this and Sept. 30, 182G, the date
of his last performance, he gave seventy-
nine representations, partly at the Park and
partly at the Bowery Theatre, including
Otello, Romeo e Giulietta, II Turco in Italia,
Semiramide, Don Giovanni, Taucredi, La
Cenerentola, and two of his own operas,
L' amante astuto and La figlia dell' aria.
In 1827 he went to Mexico, brought out
eight operas there with success, and after
a stay of eighteen months set out on his
return, but was robbed by brigands near
Vera Cruz of all his earnings. He returned
to Paris, appeared again in ojiera, but de-
voted himself mainly to teaching until his
death. His princif)al pupils, besides his
daughters Mme Malibrau and Pauline (Mme
Viardot), were : Jlmes Rimbault, Ruiz-Gar-
cia, Meric-Lalaude, Favelli, and Countess
Merlin ; Adolphe Nourrit, Geraldy, and his
son Manuel Garcia. AVorks — Sjaanish op-
eras : El preso por amor, given at Malaga,
119
GARCIA
1803 ; El posadero, Madrid ; Qnicu poifia
muclio alcanza, El poeta calculista, ib.,
1805 ; El reloj do Madera ; El criado fin-
gido, El cautiverio apareute, Los ripios del
maestro Adan, El hablador, Florinda, ib.,
about 1805 ; Abufar, Semiramis, Acendi,
El gitano por amor, Los maridos solteros,
Xaira, Mexico, 1828. Italian operas : II ,
Califo di Bagdad, Naples, 1812 ; La selva
nera, ballet, Milan ; II fazzoletto, Paris, |
1823 ; Astuzie e prudeuza, Loudon, 1825 ; '
L' amante astuto, La figlia dell' aria, H lupo
d' Ostenda, I bauditi, La buoua famiglia,
Don Chisciotte, La gioventii d' Enrico V., |
Le tre sultane. New York, 1827 ; ITu' ora di
matrimouio, Zemira e Azor, Mexico, 1827.
French Operas : Le prince d'occasion, Paris,
Opc'ra Comique, 1817; La mort du Tasse,
ib., Opura, 1821 ; Elorestau, ib., 1822 ; La
meuniere, ib., Gymnase Drainatique, 1823 ;
Les deux coutrats, ib., Opura Comique,
1824.— Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ; Eitter, Mu-
sic in America, 18G ; Schilling, Supplement.
GARCLV, MARIANO, bom at Aoiz, Na-
varre, July 26, 1809, still hving, 1889.
Church composer, at first choir-boy in the
Cathedral of Pampeluua, where he was in-
structed by Mateo Gimenez, then studied
the violin and, under Jose Guelbenzu, har-
mony and composition. Within a few yeai-s
after, he was made professor in the chajiel
of the cathedral, and later on became di-
rector of the school of music in his native
town. He has written a great number of
sacred compositions, distinguished for clear-
ness and elegance of ideas, facility of execu-
tion, and pure taste. — Fetis, Suj^ijlement, i.
363.
GARCIN, JULES AUGUSTE SALO-
MON, called, born at Bourges, July 11,
1830. Violinist, pupil at the Conservatoire,
Paris, of Clavel and of Alard on the vioUn,
of Bazin in harmony, and of Adam in com-
position ; took the 2d prize for \'iolin in
1851 and the first in 1853 ; became a mem-
ber of the Opera orchestra, of which he is
now 3d chef d'orchestre and first solo vio-
lin. Besides a concertino for viola, he has
written various compositions for his instru-
ment.— Fetis, Supplement, i. 363.
GARDEZ-VOUS DE LA JALOUSIE.
See Euphrosine et Coradin.
GAEDI, FRANCESCO, born in Italy
about the middle of the 18th century,
died (?). Dramatic comjsoser, known by
the following operas : L' incautesimo senza
magia, 1784 ; La muta per amore, La donna
ve la fa, 1785 ; La bella Lauretta, 1786 ;
Euea nel Lazio, Modena, 1786 ; Un buco
nella porta, 1787 ; H convito di pietra, ossia
il Don Giovanni, Venice, 1787 ; L' Ameri-
cana, 1788 ; La fata capricciosa, Venice,
1789 ; Teodolinda, ib., 1790 ; La bottega
di caffe, 1790 ; II nuovo convitato di pietra,
Bologna, 1791. His oratorio Abrahami sac-
rificium passed for his finest work, and ob-
tained great success at the close of the 18th
century. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE, contempo-
rary. Flutist, born in Italy, and lived in
France, where he published a large immber
of compositions for his instrument, and
wrote the operas-comiques : Au clair de la
lune and La jeunesse de Hoche, both given
at Versailles, September, 1872, and the oper-
etta, Lc reve d'un ecolier, given at a concert,
1868.— Fetis, Supijle'ment, i. 363 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 118.
GARNIER, FRANCOIS JOSEPH, born
at Lauris (Vaucluse) in 1759, died there iu
1825. Virtuoso on the oboe, pupil of Sal-
leutiu ; in 1778 he became second, and in
1786 first, oboist in the orchestra of the
OjJera, Paris, and from 1783 was a mem-
ber of the king's chamber music. At the
outbreak of the Revolution he lost these
positions, but secured au ajipointment as
commissaire ordonuateur in the Army of the
Rhine ; at Frankfort he appeared with great
success in a concert given by Kreutzer ;
afterwards attached to an army corps in
Italy, he visited Rome and Najjles, and on
leaving the army retired to his native vil-
lage. He published concertos, and duos
for his instrument, duos for oboe and vio-
lin, trios for oboe, flute, and bassoon, and a
l-JO
GARRETT
method for oboe. His brother Joseph,
called Garnier the younger, was oboist, and
afterwards flutist, iu the orchestra of the
Opera, 1789-1814, and composed a concerto
for flute, trios for flute, horn, and bassoon,
duos for flute, and etudes and a method for
flute. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GAEEETT, GEOEGE MUESELL, born
in Winchester, Eng-
land, June 8, 1834,
still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, ijupil of S. S.
Wesley, whose assist-
ant at the organ he
was iu 1851-54 ; then
organist successively
of Madras Cathedral,
1854-56, St. John's
College, Cambridge,
18G7 ; University, 1873.
bridge, 1857 ; Mus. Doc.
Mus. Bac, Cam-
ib., 18G7 ; univer-
sity lecturer, 1883 ; examiner in music for
University of Cambridge. Works : The Shu-
namite, oratorio, 1882 ; The Deliverance of
St. Peter, sacred cantata ; The Triumph of
Love, secular cantata ; Church services ;
Anthems, part-songs, and songs.
GAETH, JOHN, English composer of
the last half of the 18th century. He
probably lived in London as an organist.
Works : 6 sonatas for harpsichord, two vio-
lins, and violoncello (17G8) ; 6 organ volun-
taries ; 30 collects set to music. He pub-
lished, also: "The First Fifty Psalms, set
to music by Benedetto Marcello " (Loudon,
8 vols., 1757).— Mendel.
G.ARTNEE, JOHANN, born ou the
Petersberg, near Fulda, in 1740, died in
Fulda in 1789. Flutist, pupil in Mannheim
of Wendling ; travelled over Germany, and
then settled down as first flute of the court
chapel of the abbot Prince of Fulda, who
had been his patron. W^orks : Operettas ;
Flute solos ; Cantatas. — Mendel ; Fetis.
G.A.SCOGNE (Gascongne, Gaseoine, Gas-
cong), MATHIEU, French composer of the
beginning of the 16th century. His motets
are found in Attaignant's collection of 1534,
and in Salblinger's collection of 1545. Bai-
ni mentions his masses, written ou French
chansons, as preserved in the archives of
the Pontifical Chapel. Under the name of
Gascoug his masses in MS. are found in
the royal library at Munich ; others are in
the pulilic library at Cambrai among the
MSS. of the 16th century.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GASPAR VAN WERBECKE (Weerbeke),
born in Audenarde, Flanders, about 1440,
died after 1509. He was singing master to
the house of Sforza in Milan until 1490,
when he returned to his native town.
Works : Misser (sic) Gaspar, 5 masses (pub-
lished by Petrucci, Venice, 1509) ; 3 parts
of masses in Fragmenta missarum (ib.,
1509) ; a mass in Missarum diversorum auc-
torum liber primus (1508) ; Sevei'al motets
and lamentations in Petrucci's diflerent col-
lections ; Manuscript masses in library of
Pontifical Chapel. — Fetis ; Eiemann ; Am-
bros, iii. 246.
GASPAEI, GAETANO, born in Bologna,
March 14, 1807, died there, March 31, 1881.
Church composer, p)upil of Benedetto Do-
nelli at the Lyceo, where he won several
important prizes. He became maestro di
cappella of the church at Cento in 1828,
and of the cathedral at Imola in 1836-39,
when he was called to assist Donelli at the
Lyceo in Bologna. He became librarian of
the musical library of the Lyceo in 1856,
and maestro of S. Petrouio in 1857. A
clever contrapuntist, he wrote church com-
positions, chiefly Miserere and masses. He
published, also : ]\Iemorie risguardanti la
storia dell' arte musicals in Bologna al xvi
secolo. — Fetis, iii. 413 ; do., Supplement, i.
364 ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
GASPAEINI (Guasparini), FRANCES-
CO, born at Camajore, near Lucca, March
5, 1668, died iu Eome, April, 1727. Dra-
matic comjjoser, pupil in Eome of Corelli
and Pasquini. He was maestro di coro at
the Ospedale della Pieta, Venice, and mem-
ber of the Accademia Filarmonica. In 1725
he was elected maestro by the chapter of S.
Giovanni iu Laterano, Rome, with Girolamo
121
GAsrARmi
Cbiti as bis coadjutor, but ill-bealtb com-
pelled bim soou after to retire ou balf-pay.
He wrote equally well for tbe stage and
tbe cbureb, but tbe work by wbicb be is
best remembered is bis treatise ou accom-
paniment entitled, " L' armonico prattico
al cembalo," etc. (Venice, 1G83 ; 7tb ed.,
1802), wbicb bas maintained its position
in Italy, even since tbe appearance of tbe
clearer and better-arranged treatise by
Feuaroli. Works : Tiberio, imperatore
d' Oriente, given in Venice, Teatro Saut' Au-
giolo, 1702 ; Amor della patria, Imenei
stabiliti dal caso, II priucipe tra i vassali,
Rome, 1703 ; II miglior d' ogni amore per
il peggior d' ogni odio, Venice, Teatro San
Cassiano, 1703 ; Fedc tradita e vendicata.
La mascbera levata al vizio, Rome, 1704 ;
Amleto, Antioco, Fredegouda, ib., 1705 ;
II principato custodito dalla fraude, Statira,
Venice, Teatro San Cassiano, 1705 ; Jaicou,
re della China, Rome, 1706 ; Amor gene-
roso, Anfitrioue, ib., 1707 ; Flavio Anicio
Olibrio, ib., 1708 ; L' Alcide, o violenza d'
amore, Engelberta, ib., 1709 ; Laprincipessa
fedele, Sesostri, re d' Egitto, Tamerlano,
La ninfa Apollo, Venice, Teatro San Cas-
siano, 1710 ; Costautiuo, La pazzia amo-
rosa, ib., 1711 ; Mcrope, ib., 1712 ; La ve-
rita neir iugauuo, ib., 1713 ; Bajazette, ib.,
1711) ; II Pirro, H trace in catena, Rome,
1717 ; Lucio Vero, Astianatte, ib., 1719 ; 11
Faramoudo, Amore e Maestu, ib., 1720 ; La
Zoe, ovvero il comandononinteso, ib., 1721 ;
Gli equivoci d' amore e d' iunocenza, La
fede in cimento, Venice, 1730 ; Mose liber-
ate dal Nilo, oratorio. — Fetis ; Grove ; Men-
del ; Riemann ; Scbilling.
GASPARINI, MICHELE ANGELO, born
at Lucca, died in Venice in 1732. Dra-
matic composer and contralto singer, pujjil
of Lotti. He founded in Venice a cele-
brated school of singing, where many well-
known singers were formed, among otbers
Faustina Bordoni. Works — Operas : II
principe selvaggio, given in Venice, 1695 ;
II Rodomonte, ib., 171-t; ; Ai'sace, ib., 1715 ;
Lamano, ib., 1719 ; II piii fedel tra gli
amici, ib., 1721. — Fc'tis ; Burney, Hist., iv.
526 ; Mendel.
GASPARINI, QUIEINO, maestro di cap-
pella to tbe Iving of Sardinia, Turin, in
1749-70. He was a virtuoso violoncellist
and composed motets, a Stabat Mater, and
trios for two violins and violoncello, which
last were published in London. — Fetis;
Mendel.
GASSE, FERDINAND, born in Naples,
March, 1788, died (?). Violinist and dra-
matic composer ; pupil at tbe Paris Con-
servatoire of Kreiitzer, Catel, and Gossec.
He won the 1st violin prize in 1801 ; tbe
2d grand prix in 1801, and tbe grand pri.x:
de Rome in 1805. He was violinist in tbe
orchestra of tbe Opera, Paris, in 1812-35.
Works— Operas : La linta Ziugara, opera
buifa, given at Naples, 1812 ; Le voyage
incognito, Paris, Opera Comique, 1819 ;
L' idiote, ib., 1820 ; Une unit de Gustave
Wasa, ib., 1825 ; Te Deum for two cbo-
i-uses ; Cbriste eleison, fugue for six voices ;
Three duos for violins, op. 1 ; Duos faciles,
2d and 3d book ; 3 grand duos coiicertants ;
3 duos faciles ; 3 sonatas for violin and vio-
loncello.-— Fetis ; Mendel.
GASSMANN, FLORLVN LEOPOLD,
born at Briix, Bohemia, May 4, 1723, died
in Vienna, Jan. 21, 1774. Dramatic com-
poser, ran away from home when thirteen
years old, and, supporting himself by play-
ing the harp, worked bis way to Bologna
and became the pupil of Padre Martini,
who established bim as organist of a church
in Venice. He entered the service of Count
Leonardo Veneri, and soon began to attract
attention by bis comijositions. In 1762 the
Emperor Francis I. called him to Vienna
as composer for the theatre, and Jose^jb II.
subsequently ajipointed him Hoflcapellmeis-
ter and librarian of the imperial musical
library. He founded the Society for tbe
widows and orphans of Vienna musicians,
which in 1862 was reorganized under the
name of Haydn Society. His most distin-
guished pupil was Salicri. He composed a
great deal of church music, which Mozart
GASSNER
tliouglit more of than of his operas, among
which are : A Mass, for chorus and orches-
tra, and a very fine Dies irpe ; Psalms, hymns,
offertories, and an oratorio, Betulia liberata,
which had a briUiant success. Works —
Operas : Slerope, given in Italy, about 1759 ;
Issipile, ib., ab. 17G0 ; Catone in Utica, ib.,
ab. 17G1 ; Ezio (two different settings), ib.,
ab. 17G1 ; Olimpiade, Vienna, 17G4 ; II
mondo nella luna, Venice, 1765 ; II trion-
fo d' Amore, ib., 17G7 ; Gli uccellatori, Vi-
enna, rewritten for Venice, 17G8 ; II filosofo
innamorato, ib., 17G8 ; do. (new music, Vi-
enna, 1771) ; Un pazzo ne f;i cento, ib.,
17G9 ; I viaggiatori ridicoli, Vienna, 17G9 ;
L' Amor artigiano, ib., 17G9, Milan, 1770 ;
La pescatrice, Vienna, 1771 ; I rovinati,
La casa di campagna, Amore e Venere, ib.,
1772. Two German operas : Die jiiuge Gri'i-
fin, Berlin, about 17G9 ; Die Liebe unter
den Handwerlisleuten. Instrumental mu-
sic : Symphonies for orchestra ; G quartets
for flute, viola, and bass ; G quintets for 2
violins, 2 violas, and bass ; G quartets for 2
violins, viola, and violoncello (Amsterdam).
— Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wurz-
bach.
GASSNER, FERDINAND SIMON, born
in Vienna, Jan. G, 179S, died in Carlsruhe,
Feb. 25, 1851. Violinist, went early to
Carlsruhe, where he studied the violin while
attending the gymnasium ; entered the
court orchestra, and in ISIG became violinist
of the new Nationaltlieatcr in Mainz and
soon after Correpetitor and vice music di-
rector, being influenced by Gottfried Weber.
In 1818 he was university music director in
Giessen, received in 1819 the degree of doc-
tor, and authority to lecture on music ; re-
turned to the Carlsruhe orchestra in 182G,
and was later singing teacher and music
director of the court theatre there. Com-
posed operas, ballets, cantatas, and other
music, edited musical journals, and wrote
several books. Works : Der Scliifflsrueh,
opera ; Das Stiindchen, do. ; Die Jliiller,
ballet ; Several other ballets ; Die Aufer-
weckung des Junglings von Nain, cantata ;
Songs and male choruses. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., viii. 40G ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Weech,
Badische Biogr., i. 277 ; Wurzbach.
GASTINEL, LEON GUST AVE CY-
PRIEN, born at Villers - les - Pots (Cote
d'Or), France, Aug. 15, 182.3, still living,
1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of Halevy,
won in 18J:G the grand prix de Rome for
his cantata Velasquez. Several of his ope-
ras-comiques have been successful. Works
— Operas : Le miroir, given in Paris, Jan.
19, 1853 ; L'opera aux fenetres, 1857 ;
Titus et Berenice, 18G0 ; Le buisson vert,
18G1 ; Bianca Capello ; La Kermesse ; Les
dames des pres ; La tulips bleue ; Le roi
barde (the last five unrepresented). Orato-
rios : Le dernier jour, 1853 ; Les sept pa-
roles ; Saiil ; La fee des eaux ; Mexico, can-
tata, 18G3 ; 3 grand masses ; 3 symphonies ;
Concerto for two violins with orchestra ; 2
overtures ; Chamber music ; Songs.— Fetis ;
do.. Supplement, i. 3G5 ; Mendel.
GASTOLDI, GIOVANNI GLICOMO,
born at Caravaggio, Italy, about the middle
of the IGth centurj', died after 159G. Maes-
tro di cappella in Mantua, and in 1592 in
Milan. His Balletti da suonare, cantare e
ballare are said to have served Morley as
models for his Ballets or Fa-las. Two of
tliem are well known to English amateurs :
Maiden fair, of Mantua city, and. Soldiers,
brave and gallant be. He was a prolific
writer of canzonets and madrigals. Thei'e
were published five or more books of his
madrigals for five, six, eight, and nine
voices, 8 books of canzonets for three, four,
and five voices, besides books of masses,
psalms, vespers, etc., published in Venice,
Mantua, Milan, and Antwerp, between 1581
and IGll. He was one of the composers
who dedicated a collection of psalms for
five voices to Palestrina in 1592 (Martini).
His madrigals are found in a collection j)ub-
lished at Antwerp by Andre Peveruage in
1593 with the title, Harmonie celesti di di-
versi excel, mus. They are also in the col-
lection Trionfo di Dori (Venice, 1596) ; in
IMadrigali a otto voci (Phalesius, Antwerp,
12.3
GASTEITZ
1596) ; and in many other collections of that
time. — Fetis ; Grove, Mendel ; Kiemann.
GASTEITZ (Castritz, Castricius, Castri-
tius), ]\L\TTHTAS, German eomj)Oser of
the IGth century. He was organist in Am-
berg, Upper Palatinate, about 1571 ; wrote
Latin and German songs, and particularly
the melody to Herzlich lieb hab' ich dich, o
Herr. He is sometimes called erroneously
Iilichael Gastritz. — Allgem. d. Biogr. ; Mo-
natshefte fiir Musik-Geschichte, v. 123 ; vi.
26 ; Mendel.
GATAYES, F£LIX, born in Paris, 1809,
still living, 1889 (?). Pianist, self-taught,
afterwards received a few lessons from
Liszt ; he improvised with rare facility, and
won great applause on his concert tours,
which led him for twenty years through
Europe, Ameiica, and Australia. His sym-
phonies and overtures for orchestra are es-
teemed by critics. For jjccuniary reasons
he devoted himself later to compositions for
military band. — Fetis.
GATAYES, GLTLLAUME PIERRE AN-
TOINE, born in Paris, Dec. 20, 1774, died
there, October, 1846. An illegitimate son
of the Prince de Conti and the Marquise
de Silly, he ran away from the theological
seminary where he had been placed and was
befriended at the time of the Revolution by
Marat, who was attracted by his singing and
guitar playing. His romances, especially
Mon delire, which was sung throughout
France, soon won him popularity and he
became noted as a guitar and harp virtuoso.
His guitar method (1790) was for a long
time the only one used in France. He pub-
lished trios for guitar, flute, and violin ;
duos for two guitars, for guitar and piano-
forte, for guitar and violin or flute, and for
harp and horn ; and solos for guitar and for
harp. His son, Joseph Leon Gataj-es (1805-
1877), was a harp virtuoso and composer.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Larousse ; Riemann.
GATTI, Abbate LUIGI, born in Mantua,
Italy, about 1750, died('?). Dramatic com-
poser ; maestro di cappeUa at Salzburg in
1790. Works— Operas : L' Olimpiade, Pia-
cenza, 1784 ; La Nitteti, Lucca, 1786 ;
Demofoonte, Mantua, 1787. The Death of
Abel, oratorio, 1788 ; Church music in MS.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
GATTI, SIMONE, born in Venice about
the middle of the 16th century, died (?).
Composer of several religious dramas or
mysteries written for the Duke Albert of
Bavaria, in whose chapel he was musician,
after serving in the same capacity in that of
the Archduke Charles of Austria. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GATTI, TEOB.ALDO DI, born in Flor-
ence about 1650, died in Paris, 1727. Dra-
matic composer. He heard Lulli's music
in Italy and went to Pai-is to join him,
served in his orchestra at the Opera, and re-
mained there fifty years. Works : Coronis,
pastorale, given in Paris, Opera, 1691 ;
Sylla, ojiera, ib., 1701 ; Twelve Italian arias
(Paris, 1696).— Fetis ; Hawkins, Hist., v.
45 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GATTY, ALFRED SCOTT, born at Ec-
clesfield, England, April 25, 1847, still liv-
ing, 1889. Vocal composer, studied at
Marlborough and Christ's College, Cam-
bridge. Appointed, 1880, Rouge Dragon,
Pursuivant of Arms, Heralds' College,
London. Works : Sandford and Merton's
Christmas Party, operetta, 1880 ; Songs ;
Pianoforte music.
GAUCQUIER (du Gaucquier, Nuceus),
ALARD DUNOYER, born at Lille, Flan-
ders, first half of the 16th centurj'. He was
tenor in 1564, and second maitre de chapelle,
in 1567-76, to the Archdukes of Austria
Ferdinand I., Maximilian H., and Matthias.
Works : Magnificat, 4-6 voc. (1547) ; Qua-
tuor missse 5, 6 et 8 vocum (Antwerp, 1581).
— Fetis ; Van der Straeten, iii. 150 ; v. 103 ;
Mendel ; Ambros, iii. 325.
GAUDE, THEODOR, born at Wesel-on-
the-Ehine, June 3, 1782, died (?). He fin-
ished his musical education in Paris, where
he made a reputation as a guitar virtuoso
and teacher. In 1814 he started on a con-
cert tour for St. Petersburg, but was taken
sick in Hamburg, and on recovering settled
GAUDEAMUS
there as a teacher of his instrument, for
which he composed and pubUshed about
80 works. — Mendel ; SchilHng ; do., Sup-
plement, 162.
GAUDEAMUS IGITUE, Humoreske for
orchestra, soli, and chorus, by Franz Liszt,
op. 10. Published, score and parts ; also
for i^ianoforte (2 and -i hands), Schuberth.
GAUL, ALFKED (EOBEET), born in
Norwich, England,
April 30, 1837, 'still liv-
ing, 1888. He was a
cathedral boy at Nor-
wich, from nine until
fifteen years old, when
he was articled to Dr.
Zachariah Buck, or-
ganist of the cathedral.
In 1851-59 he was or-
ganist at Fakenham, Norfolk, and in the
latter year he became organist of St. Augus-
tine's, Edgebaston, Birmingham, a jiosition
he still holds. He is also teacher of harmony
and counterpoint at the Midland Institute
and conductor of the Sunday School Union
Choral Society, Birmingham. Mus. Bac,
Cambridge, 18G2. Works : Hezekiah, ora-
torio, 18G0 ; 1st Psalm, cantata ; 9Gth Psalm,
for solo voices and 8-part chorus ; Kuth,
cantata, 1881 ; The Holy City, do., Bir-
mingham Festival, 1882 ; Passion Service,
do. ; Joan of Arc, historical cantata, text
by Frederick Enoch, Birmingham Festival,
1887 ; Offertory Sentences ; Anthems ;
Glees ; Songs and part-songs. His Holy
Citj' is often sung in the United States ; his
Passion Service was sung for the first time
in America at Chickering Hall, New York,
Dec. 15, 1885 ; and his Euth, ib., Feb. 14,
1887.
GAULTTEE , French dramatic com-
poser in the last part of the 18th century.
He wrote the following operas for the The-
atre des Jeunes Artistes, Paris : Pheuix, ou
I'ile des vieilles, 1796 ; Zephyr et Flore, ou
rose d' Amour, 1797 ; Le dodit, 1798 ; Le
nid d'Amours, 1798 ; Vert- Vert, ou le per-
roquet de Nevers, 1800 ; Frosiue, ou la
negresse, 1801 ; Le petit Poucet, ou I'or-
phelin de la forct ; Josejih. — Fotis, Supple-
ment, i. 367 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 119.
GAULTIEE, DENIS, born at Marseilles
between 1600 and 1010, died in Paris be-
fore or in 1664 Celebrated virtuoso on
the lute, went early in life to Paris, where
he studied law, and about 1637 was already
famous as a lute player. In 1647-48 he es-
tablished, with his cousin Jacques Gaultier,
the Paris school of the lute, where they con-
jointly formed many pupils. In 1056 he
became lieutenant-general of the bailiwick
at Clermont, and after 1660 lived again in
Paris. He was equally great as a virtuoso
and composer, and looked upon by his con-
temporaries as the most distinguished rep-
lesentative of lute music in general. Of his
compositions two j)rinted collections are
preserved : Pieces de luth (1660), and Livre
de tablature, besides the Codex Hamilton,
containing La rhetorique des dieux, a col-
lection of 62 pieces in manuscript (1650-
55 '?), now in the cabinet of engravings at
the Berlin Museum. — Vierteljahrsschrift fiir
Musikwissenschaft, ii. (1886) 1-180.
GAULTIEE, JACQUES (Gautier le
vieux?), called Gautier d'Angleterre, born
(at Lyons ?) about 1600, died in Paris be-
fore 1671. Virtuoso on the lute, pupil of
Mesangeau ; was royal lutist in London,
1017-47, had won reputation in 1622, and
settled in Paris, 1647, where he formed
many pupils of note, with his cousin Denis
Gaultier. He is probably identical with
Gautier le vieux, Sieur de Neiie, of Lyons.
Some of his compositions are preserved in
the Codex Milleran in the library of the
Conservatoire, Paris. — Vierteljahrsschrift
fiir Musikwissenschaft, ii. 2-11.
GAULTIEE, PIEEEE, born at La Ciotat,
Provence, in 1642, died in the harbor of
Cette in 1697. Dramatic composer in the
style of LuUi, of whom he bought, in 1685,
for Marseilles, his patent to give operas,
and brought out with great success his
opera Le triomphe de la paix, March 22,
1687. He then played with his company
125
GAUNTLETT
alternately at Marseilles, Montpellicr, ami
Lyons, and on embarking in 1097 for Mar-
seilles was shipwrecked and lost with his
entire troupe. He published also a collec-
tion of duos and trios for violin and flute,
and left other instrumental music in MS.
— Vierteljahrsschrift f. Musikwissenschaft,
ii. 28.
GAUNTLETT, HENRY JOHN, born at
Wellington, Shropshire, England, in 1806,
died in London, Feb. 11, 1876. Organist,
studied law and music ; practised law in
1831-42 ; organist in 1827-47 of St. Olave's,
Southwark, and afterwards of several other
churches. Mus. Doc, Lambeth, 1842. In
1846 he was chosen by Mendelssohn to play
the organ part in Elijah, on its jiroduction
at Birmingham. Works : Hymns for Mat-
ins and Evensong (1844) ; Church Hymnal
and Tune Book, with W. J. Blew (1844-51) ;
Cantus melodici (1845) ; The Congrega-
tional Psalmist, with Dr. Allon (1851) ;
Hymns and Glorias ; Tunes new and old
(1868) ; Anthems ; Songs and glees ; Organ
music. — Grove ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 110.
G.\USSOIN, AUGUSTS LOUIS, born in
Brussels, July 4, 1814, died there, Jan. 11,
1846. Composer, professor at the Brus-
sels Conservatoire. Pnpil of Masset, Snel,
Hanssens, and Ft'tis. In 1837 he insti-
tuted people's concerts in Brussels, and free
choral schools for workmen. Works : Ser-
enade for orchestra ; Le poMe mourant,
cantata ; La mort du contrebandier, do. ;
Overture for grand orchestra ; La chute
des feuilles, elogie ; Album lyrique ; Album
de chant. — Fetis, Sujiplement, i. 307 ; Men-
del, Ergiinz., 119.
GAUTIER (Gautier le vieux, or I'aneien),
DENIS, Sieur de Neiie, born about 1620,
died in 1678-80. Lutist at the French
court ; published a Livre de tablature de
pieces de luth sur ditferents modes (Paris,
1664), and other music. — Ft'tis ; Mendel.
GAUTIER, JEAN FRAN^'OIS EUGENE,
born at Vaugirard, near Paris, Feb. 27,
1822, died there, April 3, 1878. Violinist,
pupil of Habeneck and Halevy at the Con-
servatoire, Paris ; won the 1st violin prize
in 1838) and the 2d grand prix in 1842.
He became in 1848 second chef d'orchestre
at the Lyrique, in 1864 chef de chant at the
Theatre Italien, and in the same year pro-
fessor of harmony at the Conservatoire for
the female classes and afterwards of the class
in musical history. He was also for several
years maitre de chapelle of the Church of
Saint-Eugi'ue, Paris. Works — Operas : L'an-
neau de Marie, given at Versailles, 1845 ;
Les baiTicades (with Pilati), Paris, 1848 ;
Le marin de la garde, ib., 1849 ; Murdock
le bandit, ib., 1851 ; Flore et Zophire,
Choisy le Roi, ib., 1852 ; Schahabaham H.,
ib., 1854 ; Le mariage extravagant, ib.,
1857 ; Le docteur Mirobolan, ib., 1860 ; La
bacchante, Jocrisse, ib., 1802 ; Le trc'sor de
Pierrot, ib., 1864 ; La clef d'or ; La mort
de Josus, oratorio ; Lo 15 aoftt, cantata,
1801 ; Ave Maria, 1848.— Fetis; do., Sup-
lik'raent, i. 368 : Mendel ; do., Ergiinz, 120 ;
Riemann.
GAVEAUX, PIERRE, born at Beziers
(Herault), France, August, 1761, died in the
hospital for insane atCharenton (Paris), Feb.
5, 1825. At the age of six he became choir-
boy at the cathedral in his native town. He
was destined for the church, and studied
Latin and philosophj-. In 1778 ho purposed
going to Najjles to complete his musical
studies, but was prevented by the Bishop
of Beziers offering him a benefice. On the
death of this prelate, however, he accepted
the position of first tenor at the Church of
Saint-Severin at Bordeaux, where he also
studied composition under F. Beck. After
the successful production of several compo-
sitions, he determined to make music his
vocation ; so he quitted the cloth, and en-
tered the company at the Bordeaux theatre
as tenor. In 1788 he went to Montpellier,
and in 1789 to Paris, where he was made
leading tenor at the Theatre de Monsieur,
which was then at the Tuileries. When the
Feydeau was opened, on Jan. 6, 1791, this
company was joined with the Italian troupe
of the foire Saint-Germain, and from that
GAVINIES
time Gaveaux never sang at any other thea-
tre. In 1801 the companies of the The:'itre
Favart and the Feydeau were united, and
Gaveaux was made a member of the new
combination, but no longer as first tenor.
His compositions, too, began to atti-act less
attention than formerly, and his singing
could not vie with that of Elleviou and
Martin. In 1812 an attack of insanity
forced him to quit the stage. He recovered
a few months later, but in 1810 his insanity
returned, and he was sent to Charenton,
where he remained until his death. Ga-
veaux wrote many operas for the Feydeau,
in which his graceful, facile style almost
made up for a certain lack of melodic
originality ; but for a time his works were
very popular. Works : Le paria, ou la
chaumicre indienue, given at the ThOutre
Feydeau, 1792 ; Les deux Suisses, ib. (after
the events of Aug. 10th, entitled L'amour
filial, ou la jambe de bois) ; Les deux
ermites. La famille indigente. La partie
carroe, 1793 ; Sophronime, 1791: ; Le petit
matelot, Lise et Colin, 1795 ; Tout par
hasard, Celiane, Delmon et Nadine, La
gasconnade, 1796 ; Le traitu nul, Sophie et
Moncars, ou I'intrigue portugaise, 1797 ;
Lconore, ou l'amour conjugal (his best
work, subject identical with Beethoven's
Fidelio), 1798 ; Les noms supposc's, 1798 ;
Les deux jockeys, 1799 ; Owinska, Le trom-
peur trompe, 1800 ; Le locataire. Theatre
Favart, 1800 ; Avis aux femmes, Un quart
d'heure de silence. Theatre Feydeau, 1804 ;
Le diable couleur de rose, ou le bonhomme
Misere, Le boufl'e et le tailleur, Trop tut,
Le manage inattendu. Theatre Montansier,
1804 ; L'amour a Cythere, Opera, 1805 ;
Monsieur Deschalumeaux, Theatre Feydeau,
1805 ; Le diable en vacance. Theatre Mon-
tansier, 1805 ; L'echelle de sole. Theatre Fey-
deau, 1808 ; La rose blanche et la rose rouge,
1809; L'eufant prodigue, 1811; Une nuit
au bois, ou le muet de cireonstance, 1818.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i. 369 ; Mendel.
GAVINIES, PIERRE, born in Bordeaux,
May 26, 1726, died in Paris, Sept. 9, 1800.
I Violinist, considered in France the founder
of the French school ; mostly self-taught,
forming his style chiefly after that of the
great Italian violinists. He made his debut
in 1741, at one of the Concerts Spirituels,
and after that resided chiefly in Paris,
where he soon won the reputation of being-
one of the greatest violinists of his age.
His Romance de Gavinies, played at his
concerts, is said to have always moved
his hearers to teai's. He became director
of the Concerts Spirituels with Gossec in
1773, and professor of violin at the Conser-
vatoire in 1795. Among his pupils were
Capron, Robineau, Le Due aiue, Paisible,
Imbault, Baudran, and Verdiguies. Works ;
Le pretendu, opura-comique, played at the
Comedie Italienne, 1760 ; Les vingt-quatre
matinees (1794) ; 6 sonatas for violin with
bass ; 6 do., op. 3 ; 6 concertos for violin
and bass ; 3 sonatas for violin solo (Nader-
man, Paris, 1801). — Fetis ; Grove ; Hart,
The Violin, 285 ; Larousse ; Fayolle, No-
tices sur Corelli, Tartini, Gavinies et Viotti
(1810).
GAYER, JOHANN JOSEPH GEORG,
born at Engelhaus, Bohemia, April 17,
1748, died in Homburg in 1811. Violinist,
pupil in Prague of Pichl, and in composi-
tion of Loos. He made a concert tour to
Darmstadt, and in 1774 became Conzert-
meister in Homburg. His compositions in-
clude symphonies, church music, concertos
for the violin, horn, and other instruments.
—Mendel ; Fetis.
GAZTAMBIDE, JOAQUIN, born at Tu-
dela, Navarre, Spain, Feb. 7, 1822, died in
Madrid, March 18, 1870. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Jose Guelbenzu, an organist
of Pampeluna, on the pianoforte and in com-
position, and later, at the Madrid Conser-
vatorio, of Albeniz and Carnicer. When
leader of the orchestra at the Teatro del
Principe, Madrid, he brought out his first
zarzuela, and in the twenty-five years fol-
lowing he wrote upwards of forty, some of
which were verj' jjopular. He became di-
rector of the theatre and of the Conser-
127
(iAZZA
vatoi'io concerts for tlie Society for Mutual
Helj), Chevalier of the Order of Charles
HL, Commander of that of Isabella la
Catolica, and honorary professor of the
Couservatorio of Madrid. Works — Op-
eras : Escenas de Chamberi (with Bar-
bieri, Hernando, and Oudrid), 1850 ; La
picaresca (with Barbieri), 1851 ; Por seguii-
a una mujer (with Barbieri, luzenga, and
Oudrid), 1851 ; El Valle de Andorra, 1852 ;
Don Simplicio Bobadilla (with Barbieri,
Hernando, and Inzenga) 1853 ; Uu dia
de reinado (with Barbieri), 1851: ; Cata-
lina, 1851 ; El sarjento Federico (with
Barbieri), 1855 ; Eutre dos aguas, 1856 ;
La zarzuela (with Arrieta and Barbieri),
1855 ; Los Magyares, played over one hun-
dred times, 1857 ; Amor sin conocer (with
Barbieri), 1858 ; El jm-amento, 1858 ; Una
Vieja, 1860 ; En las astas del torre, 1862 ;
Al Amanecer ; Anarquia conjugal ; Casado
y soltero ; El amor y el almuerzo ; El es-
treno de un artista ; El laucero ; La cotor-
ra ; La nina ; La edad en la boca ; Una
historia en un meson ; Un plcito ; Tribula-
ciones ; La hija del pueblo ; Las sefias del
archiduque ; Del palacio ii la tabei-na ; El
diablo las carga ; La mensajera ; Esteba-
nillo ; El sueno de una noche de verano ;
La cisterua encaiitada ; La conquista do Ma-
drid ; Las hijas dc Eva ; Los comuueros ;
Matilde y Malek-Adel ; El secreto de la
reina. A kinsman, Xavier Gaztambide,
was leader of orchestra at a Madrid theatre
in 186G, and the author of several dramatic
comijositions. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 370 ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 120.
GAZZA LADRA, LA (The Thieving Mag-
pie), Italian comic ojDera in two acts, text
by Gherardini, music by Rossini, first rep-
resented at La Scala, Milan, May 31, 1817 ;
given in Loudon, King's Theatre, March 10,
1821, and in Paris, Theatre Italien, Sept.
18, 1821. It was first produced in New
York, in the new opera-house in Church
Street, Nov. 18, 1833. The libretto is
founded on a French melodrama, " La jjie
voleuse," which, with Mile Jenny Vertpre
in the princijial chai-acter, had a long and
successful run at the Porte Saint-Martin,
Paris, in 1815. Paer, seeing its operatic
capabilities, sent the play, with marginal
notes showing how it should be divided for
musical purposes, to bis librettist at Milan ;
and the latter, instead of returning it to
Paer, offered it to Rossini, who wrote for it
one of his most brilliant scores. The over-
ture, among the composer's best orchestral
works, begins with a duet for snare drums,
one of the earliest instances of the use of that
instrument in the orchestra. It was con-
sidered at the time such an innovation that
Violante Camporese.
ii j'oung musical enthusiast went about
armed, with the avowed purjiose of kill-
ing Rossini. The part of Pippo, too, was
the first auxiliary part wi-itten for a con-
tralto voice, though generally sung at the
time, in the English and French theatres,
by a baritone or bass ; and it was not until
after this that a contralto was considered
an indisjiensable member of an opera
company, except for first parts. The part
of Ninetta, sung in 1821 in London by
Madame Camporese and in Paris by IMa-
dame Fodor, afterwards became a favourite
character with Sontag, Malibran, and Grisi.
GAZZANIGA, GIUSEPPE born in Ve-
rona, Italy, October, 1743, died at Cremona
GEAR
before 1819. Dramatic comjioscr, jinpil of
Porpora iu Venice and at S. Ouofrio, Naples,
and in 1767-69 of Piccinni. He returned
to Venice about 1770, and becauie tbe
friend of Saccbini, who aided bim in tbe
production of bis first opera. In 1779 be
went to Napiles and remained until 1781,
wben be visited Palermo, to bring out sev-
eral operas and a mass composed for tbe
fete of St. Cecilia. In 1791 be became
maestro di cappella of tbe Catbedral of Cre-
mona and devoted bimself cbiefly to cburcb
music. Among bis operas, II convitato di
pietra, tbe forerunner of Don Giovanni,
bad a great success in tbe Italian cities,
and later iu Loudon. He left several can-
tatas, a Te Deum, and otber cburcb music.
Works — Ojjeras : II fiuto cieco, given at Vi-
enna, 1770 ; La locanda, 1771 ; II calan-
drino, 1771; L' isola d'Alcina, 1772; Ezio,
1772 ; La tromba di Merlino, 1772 ; La
donna soldato, 1774 ; II ciarlatano in tiera,
1771 ; Marino Carbonaro, 1775 ; La fedelta
d' amore alia prova, 1776 ; Ai-mida, 1777 ;
La contessa di Nuova Luna, Dresden, 1778 ;
Antigono, Naj^les, 1779 ; La donna cajnic-
ciosa, 1780 ; II ritorno d' Ulisse, Palermo,
1781 ; Peneloppe, ib., 1781 ; La veudemmia,
Venice, 1783 ; La creduta infedele, Naples,
1783 ; II seraglio d' Osmanno, Florence and
Milan, 1785 ; Circe, Venice, 17SG ; Le douue
fanaticbe, ib., 178G ; La dama incognita,
1787 ; La cameriera di spirito, Venice,
1787 ; La Didone, ib., 1787 ; II couvitato
di pietra, Venice, 1787 ; L' Italiana in Lou-
dra, Piacenza, 1789 ; L' amor costante, L' im-
presario in angustie, Ferrara, 1789 ; La
moglie cappricciosa, 1789 ; Idomeneo. Pad-
ua, 1790 ; Achille in Sciro, about 1790 ;
La donna cbe non parla, about 1790 ; La
disfatta de' Mori, Turin, 1791 ; H marito
migliore, Milan, 1801. He left also several
cantatas, a Te Deum, and otber cburcb mu-
sic.— Fetis, iii. 431 ; Supplement, i. 371 ;
Grove, Larousse.
GE.\E, GEORGE FREDEEICK, born in
London, May 21, 1857, still Hving, 1889.
Pianist, pupil of Dr. Wylde, and Jobn
Francis Barnett at tbe London Academy of
Music. Works : Sonatas for jjianoforte ;
String quartet ; Songs ; Two operettas.
GEBADER, ETIENNE FRANCOIS, bom
at Versailles iu 1777, died in 1823. Flu-
tist, brotber and pupil of Micbel Josejib
Gebauer, and, ou tbe flute, pupil of Hugot ;
entered tbe orcbestra of tbe Opera Comique
iu 1801, became first flutist in 1813, and
retired iu 1822 on account of feeble bealtb.
Among bis numerous compositions are : 19
works of duets for flutes ; Several do. for 2
violins ; Sonatas for flute, witb bass, op. 8,
14 ; More tban 100 soli, airs varies, etc.,
for flute ; Airs varies for clainet. — Fetis.
GEBAUER, FRANgOIS RENfi, born in
Versailles iu 1773, died in Paris, July, 1845.
Bassoonist, jjupil of bis brotber Micbel
Josepb Gebauer and Devienne. He was
bassoonist in tbe Garde Suisse wben fifteen,
professor at tbe Versailles Conservatoire
wben twenty-tbree, member of tbe orcbestra
of tbe Op)era, Paris, in 1801-26, and musician
of tbe emjieror's cbapel. Cbevalier of tbe
Legion of Honour, 1814. Works : Sonatas ;
Duets ; Trios ; Quartets ; Quintets ; Sympbou-
ies ; Overtures. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GEBAUER, inCHEL JOSEPH, born at
La Fere (Aisue), France, in 1763, died in
December, 1812, during tbe retreat from
Moscow. Tbe sou of a regimental mu-
sician, be became oboist in tbe Swiss
Guard ; was also a singer in tbe cbapel at
Versailles, and a clever violinist. He was
a member of tbe baud of tbe Garde Na-
tionale, Paris, in 1791, aud professor at tbe
Conservatoire in 1794-1802. He left tbe
last position to become cbef of tbe con-
sular guard band, subsequently tbe Garde
Imix'riale. Works : 200 military marcbes ;
2 Quartets for flute, clarinet, born, and
bassoon ; Duets for various instruments.
— Fetis, iii. 433 ; do., Supplement, i. 371 ;
Larousse ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GEBEL, FRANZ XAVER, boru at Fiir-
stenau, near Breslau, iu 1787, died iu Mos-
cow iu 1843. Pupil of Vogler and Al-
brecbtsberger. He was director of tbeatro
XS9
GEEEL
orchestras in Vienna, Pestli, and Lemberg,
where he brought out with success several
operas of his composition. From 1817 he
taught the isiauoforte in Moscow. Works :
Mass ; 4 symphonies ; Several overtures ;
Quartets and quintets for strings ; Sonatas,
fantasias, etc., for pianoforte ; Preludes for
organ ; German songs. — Mendel ; Fetis ;
do., Supplement, i. 371 ; Riemaun.
GEBEL, GEOKG, the elder, born at
Breslau iu 1GS5, died there in 1750. Or-
ganist, pupil of Tiburtius Winkler and of
Johann Heiurich Krause ; became organist
at Brieg in 1709, where he was much iuflu-
cnccd by Stulzel, and in 1713 went iu the
same capacity to Breslau. He was the in-
ventor of a clavichord with quarter tones,
and of a clavi-cymbalum with manual and
pedal. He composed a Passion-Oratorio ;
60 cantatas ; Mass with orchestra ; 25
psalms ; a collection of canons (among
which, one for 30 voices) ; 70 chorals ; 24
concertos for pianoforte ; 48 concertos and
other works for various instruments ; prel-
udes for organ, etc., all in MS. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemaun ; Schilling.
GEBEL, GEORG, the yomiger, born at
Brieg, Silesia, Oct. 25, 1709, died at Rudol-
stadt, Sept. 24, 1753. Organist, son and
pupil of Georg Gcbel the elder, was second
organist at S. M. JMagdalena, Breslau, and
at the same time Kaj^eUmeister to the Duke
of 01s. In 1835 he became a member of
Count Briihl's orchestra in Dresden ; was
ai^pointed royal Kapellmeister in Rudolstadt
in 1747. Works— Operas : Oedipus, 1751 ;
Medea, 1752 ; Tarquinius Superbus, 1752 ;
Sophonisbe, 1753 ; Marcus Autouius, 1753 ;
Serpillo e Melissa, given in Dresden, about
1740 ; Several cantatas ; An Oratorio ; A
Mass ; More than 100 symphonies for or-
chestra ; Concertos for pianoforte ; Church
and chamber music. His younger brother,
Georg Sigismund (died in 1775 in Breslau,
where he was organist at St. Elizabeth's),
composed fugues and preludes for the or-
gan.— Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 452 ; Fetis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
GEBHARDI, LUDWIG ERNST, born
at Nottleben, Thuringia, iu 1787, died in
Erfurt, Sejjt. 4, 18G2. He was organist at
the Predigerkirche and royal music director
in Erfurt. He published several collections
of organ music. — Mendel ; Riemaun ; Fetis.
GEBHART, ANTON, born at Sonthofen,
Bavaria, in 1817, stiU living, 1889. Organ-
ist, pupil of his father and of Anton Schmid,
whose successor he became as organist and
music teacher in Dilliugen in 1842. In 1858
he became also director of the church music.
He composed a mass, a Requiem, a Stabat
Mater, Miserere, Pangue lingua, and other
church music, and wrote on music. — Mendel.
GEBT MIR MEINEN JESUM WIE-
DER, aria in G major for the bass of Coro
H, with accompauiment of violin solo,
strings complete, and continue, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's Passion nach Matthilus,
Part H.
GEDENK AN UNS, jNHT DEINER
LIEBE, soprano aria in B minor, with ac-
companiment of oboe, strings complete, or-
gan, and continue, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's cantata Bei der Rathswahl zu Leip-
zig, 1731, " Wir danken dir, Gott, wir dan-
keu dir ; " published separatelj-, with addi-
tional accompaniments by Rob. Fi'anz, by
F. Wliistling, Leipsic, 18G0.
GEDULD ! GEDULD !, aria in A minor
for the tenor of Coro H, with accompani-
ment of violoncello and continue, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's Passion nach Matthilus,
Part I.
GEGRUSST, GEGRUSST. See Eienzi.
GEHOT, JEAN, born in Belgium about
1756. Violinist ; made concert tours in
England, Germany, and France ; he was liv-
ing in London in 1784. He wrote quartets,
trios, and duets for strings ; also a method
for \dolin, and other musical instruction
books. — Jlendel ; Fetis ; Wasielewski, Die
Violine, 284.
GEIGER, JOSEPH, born in Lower Aus-
tria in 1814, died in Vienna, Dec. 30, 1861.
Pianist, lived long in Vienna as a music
teacher, in favour at court and with the
130
GEIJER
public. Works : Wlasta, opera, given in
Vienna, 1840 ; Solemn mass for 4 voices
and orchestra, op. 7 ; O Deus, ergo, gradual
for 4 voices and organ, op. G ; Marches,
caprices, divertissements, rondos, etc., for
jjiauoforte. — Futis, iii. 430 ; Mendel, iv.
172.
GEI.JEE, ERIK GUSTAF, born at Raii-
siitter, Wermlaud, Sweden, Jan. 12, 178.3,
died in Upsala, April 23, 1847. He was
professor of history in the University of
Upsala from 1817. With Lindblad he made
a collection of new Swedish songs, and with
Afzelius made the valuable compilation of
old Swedish songs. He comjjosed piano-
forte music and some tasteful songs in the
style of his nation. — Riemann ; Fetis.
GEISLER, PAUL, born at Stolp, Pom-
erania, Aug. 10, 1856, still living, 1880.
Dramatic composei-, pupil of his grand-
father, who was director of music atMaricn-
burg, and of Konstantin Decker ; has lived
mostly in Leipsic since 1873. Works :
lugeborg, opera, text by Peter Lohmann,
Bremen, 1884 ; Der Rattenfilnger von
Hameln, symphonic poem, Magdeburg,
1880 ; Till Eulenspiegel, Mira, Maria Mag-
dalena, symphonic poems ; Ejnsodes; Mon-
ologues ; Songs.
GEISSLER, KARL, born at Mulda,
near Frauenstein, Saxony, April 28, 1802,
died at Bad Elster in 18G9. Pupil of his
father and of Fischer, cantor in Freiberg,
and prefect of the chorus. In 1822 he be-
came organist and third teacher in the city
school at Zschoi)au, and later was cantor
and music director. He composed songs,
pianoforte and organ music, and edited a
Choralbuch. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
GELINEK, HERJIANN ANTON (called
Cervetti), born at Horzeuiowecs, Bohemia,
Aug. 8, 1709, died in Milan, Dec. 5, 1779.
Organist and violinist, entered the Premon-
strant Abbey at Seelau, after becoming a
priest, and was sent to study law in Vienna,
but on his return found the life unbearable,
and leaving the abbey secretly, travelled as a
violinist. He lived in Najjles under the name
of Cervetti. His works comprise concertos
and sonatas for the violin, church music,
and some pieces for the organ. — Mendel;
Fetis.
GELINEK, Abt JOSEF, born at Selcz,
Bohemia, Dec. 3, 1758, died in Vienna, April
13, 1825. Pianist, pupil of Segert ; entered
the seminary of Prague in 1783, and be-
came a i3riest in 178G. On Mozart's recom-
mendation he was ajopointed domestic chap-
lain and pianoforte teacher to Count Philipp
Kinsky, who took him in 1795 to Vienna,
where he was in the ser\ice of Prince Joseph
Kinsky thirteen years. He studied theory
under Albrechtsberger, and became inti-
mate with Mozart. He was a very fashion-
able teacher until about 1810, and his com-
positions brought him so much money that
he was able to leave his poor relatives 42,000
florins. He composed about 1,000 pieces,
mostly very shallow, though occasionally
showing an easy and elegant style. He was
called the variation-hero, and Paris dealers
had men in their employ writing music to
be jJublished under Gelinek's name in the
time of his greatest popularity. Works :
About 125 themes with variations ; Trios
and sonatas for pianoforte and strings ;
Fantasias, rondos, sonatas, and many other
pieces for j>ianoforte. — Wurzbach ; Mendel ;
Fetis ; Grove.
GELOSIE VILLANE, LE (Rustic Jeal-
ousies), Italian opera buffa in two acts, text
by Grandi, music by Sarti, represented at
Venice, 177G. Mozart wrote for it, in 1791,
a fine chorus, of which nothing has sur-
vived but five measures in his autograph
catalogue (Kochel, G15).
GEMINIANI, FRiVNCESCO, born in
Lucca in 1G80, died in Dublin, Dec. 17,
17C2. Violinist, pupil of Scarlatti, Lonati,
and Corelli, who considered him his best
schol.ar, and of whose school he must be con-
sidered one of the foremost representatives,
although his playing and compositions dif-
fered in style from those of his great master.
He went in 1714 to England, where he soon
won reputation as a virtuoso. He visited
131
GEMMINGEN
Paris in 1748-55, and on his return to Eng-
land settled permanently in London. In
17G1 he went to
Dublin on a visit,
and died there. Ge-
iniuiaui had found
the art of violin
playing in its in-
fancy on his arrival
in England, and lie
did considerable to
advance it. His
most valuable con-
tribution was his " Art of Playing the Violin "
(London, 1740), the first book of the kind
ever published in England, it being six years
earlier than Leopold Mozart's " Violin
School." It has the merit of handing down
to j)Osterity the principles of the art of play-
ing the violin as they were finally established
by Corelli. His rules for holding the vio-
lin and bow are the same as are recognized
in our day. Works : 12 solos, op. 1 (Lon-
don, 1716) ; G concertos for seven parts, op.
2 (ib., 1732, Paris, 1755) ; 6 concertos, op.
3 (London, Paris, 1775) ; 12 solos, op. 4
(Loudon, 1739) ; G solos for violoncello, op.
5, arrangements from violin solos ; 6 con-
certos, op. G (London, 1741) ; 6 concertos
for eight parts, op. 7 ; 12 sonatas for violin,
op. 11 (Loudon, 1758) ; 12 trios and G trios,
the latter an arrangement of op. 1 ; Lessons
for the harpsichord (London). He pub-
lished also an arrangement of Corelli's
solos, op. 5, as Concerti grossi (London).
—Grove ; Fetis ; Hart, The Violin, 218 ;
"VVasielewski, Die Violine, 48 ; Dubourg,
The Violin, 5G.
GEMmNGEN, EBERHARD FRIED-
RICH, Freiherr VON, pianist, born at Heil-
bronn, Nov. 5, 1726, died in Stuttgart, Jan.
19, 1791. He adopted the judicial profes-
sion, and rose to the dignity of president of
the government council in Stuttgart, prac-
tising music as an amateur, and composing
pianoforte concertos and sonatas, six sym-
phonies, chamber and vocal music, mostly
remaining in MS. He was also a poet. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 557 ; F('tis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
GEMMA DI VERGY, Italian opera, text
by Bidera, music by Donizetti, represented
in i\Iilan, 1835, and in Paris, Theatre Ita-
lien, Dec. IG, 184.5. It was first produced
in New York, in 1843, by a French com-
l^any from New Orleans.
GENAST, EDUARD FRANZ, born in
Weimar, July 15, 1797, died in Wiesbaden,
Aug. 3, 18GG. Dramatic composer, pujiil
of Eberwein and later of Hiiser in singing.
He made his debut at Weimar in 1814 un-
der Goethe's direction ; was director of the
theatre in Magdeburg in 1828 ; and from
1829 had an engagement for life at the
Weimar Court Theatre, being pensioned in
18G0. He was also opera manager in Wei-
mar in 1833-51. Works : Die Sonnenmiin-
ner, and Die Verriither in den Alpen,
operas, i^erformed in Weimar ; Music to
Saphir's Die letzto Stunde des Hauscs ;
Songs. Ho i^ublished his memoirs, Aus
dem Tagebuche eiues alteu Schauspielers
(Leipsic, 18G1-GG).— Mendel ; Fetis.
GENEE, RICHARD, born in Dantzic,
Feb. 7, 1823, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, i^upil of Stahlknecht in Berlin.
In 1848-G7 ho was Kapellmeister of theatres
in Reval, Riga, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle,
Diisseldorf, Dantzic, Mainz, Schwerin, Am-
sterdam, and Prague. Became Kapellmeis-
ter of the Vienna Theater an der Wien in
18G8, and retired in 1878 to his villa at
Pressbaum, near Vienna. He is the author
of most of his own librettos, has translated
many, and has furnished some to Strauss,
Supije, and Millijcker. Works — Operas :
Polj-phem, oder eiu Abenteuer auf Marti-
nique, given in Dantzic, 185G ; Der Geiger
aus Tirol, 1857 ; Der Musikfeind, Die Gen-
eralprobe, Schwerin, 18C2 ; Rosita, Mainz,
1864 ; Der schwarze Prinz, Prague, 18GG ;
Am Runenstein (with Flotow), Prague,
18G7; Dor Seekadett, Vienna, 1876, trans-
lated into several languages ; Nanon, die
Wirtin vom Goldenen Lamm, Vienna, 1877 ;
Im Wuuderlande der PjTamiden, ib., 1877 ;
GENEKALI
Die letzten Mobikaner, Munich, 1878 ; Nisi-
ka, Vienna, 1880 ; Rosina, ib., 1881 ; Songs ;
Choruses for male voices. — Brockhaus ;
Kiemann ; Mendel ; Fetis, Suj)plement, i.
372.
GENERALI, PIETRO, bom at Masse-
rano, Piedmont, Oct. -i, 1783, died atNovara,
Nov. 3, 1832. Dramatic composer, luipil
of Giovanni Massi. His real name, Mer-
candetti, had been changed by his father
on his banki-uptcy and removal to Rome.
He began to write masses and church mu-
sic soon after finishing his studies, and pro-
duced his first opera in 1800. In 1801-17
he visited many Italian cities, producing
operas, meeting with success especially in
Venice, where most of his best works were
given. His I baccanali di Roma had great
success, and was given in many Euroj)eau
cities. In 1817-20 he was director of the
Barcelona theatre and gave there many of
his works ; but, his popularity waning as
Rossini came into favour, he accepted the
position of maestro di cappella of the Ca-
thedral of Novara and devoted himself to
church music. In 1827, however, he brought
out an oratorio, II voto di Jef te in Florence,
and followed this with an opera buffa, II
divorzio persiano, which was not a suc-
cess. In 1829, after studying Rossini's style,
he gave his opera Francesca da Rimini,
written for the opening of the Fenice, but
it was badly received. The precursor of
Rossini, he was the first to emploj' certain
harmonies and modulations of which Ros-
sini took advantage, but he did not possess
the genius of his successor. Works —
Operas : Gli amauti ridicoli, Rome, 1800 ;
II duca Nottolone, ib., 1802 ; La villana al
cimento, farce, ib., 1802 ; Le gelosie di
Giorgio, farce, Bologna, 1802 ; La Pamela
nubile, Venice, 1802 ; La calzolaja, ib.,
1803 ; Misantropia e pentimento, Gli effetti
della Somiglianza, farces, ib., 1805 ; Don
Chisciotto, Milan, 180.5 ; Orgoglio ed umi-
liazione, Venice, 1806 ; L' idolo Cinese, Na-
ples, 1807 ; Lo sposo in Bersaglio, Flor-
ence, 1807 ; Le lagrime d' una vedova, II
ritratto del duca, Venice, 1808 ; Lo sposo
in contrasto, Vienna, 1808 ; La moglie di
tre mariti, Venice, 1809 ; Amore vince lo
sdegno, Rome, 1809 ; L' Adelina, La Cec-
china, farces, Venice, 1810 ; Chi non risica
non rosiea, Milan, 1811 ; La vedova deli-
rante, Rome, 1811 ; La sciocca per gli altri e
r astuta per se, Venice, 1811 ; Gaulo ed
Ojtono, Naples, 1812 ; La vedova strava-
gante, Milan, 1812 ; L' orbo die ci vede,
Bologna, 1812 ; Isabella, farce, Venice,
1813 ; Eginardo e Lisbetta, Naples, 1813 ;
Amor prodotto dall' odio, Milan, 1813 ; Ba-
jazetto, La contessa di CoUe Erboso, II servo
padrone, Turin, 1814; ; L' impostore ossia
il marcotondo, Milan, 1815 ; I Baccanali di
Roma (his best work), Venice, 1815 ; La
Vestale, Trieste, 1816 ; II trionfo d' Ales-
sandro, Bologna, 1816 ; Elato, ib., 1817 ;
Rodrigo di Valenza, Milan, 1817 ; II divor-
zio persiano o il gran Bazzaro di Bassora,
Trieste, 1829 ; Francesca da Rimini, Ven-
ice, 1829. — Piccoli, Elogio di P. Generali
(Novara, 1833) ; Fetis, iii. 4:15 ; do., Supple-
ment, i. 372 ; Grove ; Mendel.
GENET, ELIAZAR (Elziar), surnamed
Carpentras, or il Carpentrasso, born at Car-
pieutras (Vaucluse) in the second half of the
15th century. Church composer, and maes-
tro di cappella of the Pontifical Chapel,
which he entered under Leo X., who be-
came his patron, and made him bishop in
partibus in 1518. He was sent on a mis-
sion to Avignon in 1521 (?), and having re-
turned to Rome at the end of 1523 or in
1524, we know of his being again at Avi-
gnon in 1527. Works : Liber primus mis-
sarum, containing 5 masses (Avignon, 1532) ;
Liber Lamentationum Hieremie prophete
(sic) (ib., 1532) ; Liber Hymnorum usus Ro-
manre ecclesise (1533) ; Liber cantici Mag-
nificat, omnium tonorum. The manuscript
of the book of masses is in the Imperial
Library, Vienna. — Fetis ; Schilling.
GENEVliiVE DE BRABANT, French
opera-bouffe in two acts and seven tableaux,
text by Jaime fils and Etienne Trcfeu, mu-
sic by Ofleubach, first represented at the
GENISCIITA
Theatre des Bouflfes Parisiens, Paris, Nov.
19, 1859. In 1875 it was given at the The-
atre de la Gaite, iu five acts, with text re-
vised hj Hector Cromieux and Trefeu, and
■vvith eight new numbers by the comjioser,
mostly written for Mile Thorcsa.
GEXISCHTA, rV'AN, born in Russia
about 1810, still living, 1889. Pianist and
violoncellist, lived at Moscow, where he be-
came director of a singing society in 1837.
His style was formed under the influence
of Beethoven's music. AYorks : 3 grand so-
natas for pianoforte and violoncello, or vio-
lin, op. 6, 7, 9 ; Grand sonata for piano-
forte, op. 12 ; 3 nocturnes for violoncello,
with violin, op. 10 ; Sonata for pianoforte
and violoncello, op. 13 ; Fantasia for piano-
forte, op. 14. — Fetis.
GENOVES (Geuues), TOMMASO, born
at Seville in the first years of the 19th cen-
tury. Dramatic composer ; went to Italj-
in 183-1, and lived in Bologna, Rome, and
Naples. Works — Operas : La rosa bianca
e la rosa rossa, given iu Madrid, 1831 ;
Zelma, Bologna, 1835 ; La battaglia di Le-
pante, Rome, 183G ; Bianca di Belmonte,
Venice, 1838 ; Iginia d' Asti, Naples, 1810 ;
Luisa della Valliere, ]\Iil;ui, 1845 ; Le sere
d'autunno al Monte Pincio, collection of ro-
mances (Milan, Ricordi). — Fetis ; Mendel.
GEN0\T3VA, German opera iu foiu' acts,
text by Robert Reiniclc, music by Schu-
mann, represented at the thesitre of Leipsic,
June 25, 1850. The libretto, founded on
the legend of St. Genevieve, follows jsartly
the two versions of the story in the trage-
dies of Tieck and Hebbel, though princi-
pally the latter. Schumann, dissatisfied with
Reinick's work, changed it materially to suit
his own ideas. The music, begun iu 1847,
was finished in August, 1848, but its pro-
duction was delayed. Its reception was
honourable but not enthusiastic, and it was
withdrawn after three rei^resentations. The
overture, one of Schumann's masterpieces,
is a standard work in the concert repertory
all over Europe and America. — Grove, iii.
399 ; Hanslick, Moderne Oper, 25G.
GENST, AUGUSTE DE, born iu Brus-
sels, June 24, 1801, living in 1889. Pianist,
pujjil of Cazot. His compositions for pi-
anoforte, numbering about forty, were pub-
lished in Brussels, Holland, and Germanj-.
Afterwards he composed also operas, and
symphonies.- — Fctis ; Mendel.
GENTILI, GIORGIO, born in Venice
about 1668, died (?). VioUuist, first violin
of the ducal chapel of Venice. "Works : So-
natas and concertos for violin (Venice, 1701-
08).— Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber, ii. 289 ; Schil-
ling, iii. 194.
GENTILI, RAFFAELE, born in Rome
about 1837, died there, Aug. 7, 1867.
Dramatic composer. His operas, Stefania,
given in Rome, 1860, Werther, ib., 1802,
Rosamonda, ib. , 1867, gave signs of great
promise, cut short by his early death. He
left also pianoforte music and songs. — Fe-
tis. Supplement, i. 372 ; Mendel, Ergiiuz.,
121.
GENTLE MRS, tenor air iu A major
with violoncello obligato, of Mathau, in
Handel's Alhalia, Part I.
GEPRIESEN SEI DIE STUNDE. See
Taniihduser.
GERBER, ERNST LUD"«1G, born in
Sondershausen,
Sept. 29, 1746, died
there, June 30,
1819. Composer,
son and pujjil of
Heinrich Nicolaus
Gerber, under
whom he studied
the pianoforte, or-
gan, and violon-
cello. He entered
Leipsic University
in 1765, but soon gave up law for music ; re-
turned to Sondershausen to assist his father,
and succeeded him as court organist in 1775.
He was also chamber musician, and from
1795 a court secretary. He visited Weimar
in 1772 and 1776, Leipsic in 1780, Cassel in
1786, and other German cities in 1793 and
1797. His collection of portraits of musi-
13-1
GERBER
cians led Liiii to think of writing biogra-
phies to accompany them. This resulted in
Lis " Historiscb-biographisches Lexicon der
Tonkiinstler " (2 vols., Leipsic, 1790-92).
Receiving corrections and further informa-
tion he prepared a new edition, " Neues
historisch-biographisehes Lexikon der Ton-
kiinstler" (i vols., Leipsic, 1812-14), which
does not supersede the older work, since it
constantly refers to it. Considering that
he lived iji a small city without a public
library, and that few had preceded him in
the same field, his Lexicons are remarkably
complete, and give evidence of wonderful
industry. They have been extensively used
by all subsequent investigators. He wrote
also for several musical papers. The Vi-
enna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde bought
his books and music. Works : Pianoforte
sonatas ; Choral preludes for organ, and
other instrumental pieces. — Gerber ; Schil-
ling ; Allgem. d. Biogr. ; Mendel ; Grove ;
Eiemann ; Eochlitz, Fiir Freunde der Tou-
kunst, ii. 35.
GERBEK, HEINRICH NICOLAUS, born
at Wenigen-Ehrich, near Sondershausen,
Sejit. G, 1702, died at Sondershausen, Aug.
G, 1775. Organist, pujjil of Johann Sebas-
tian Bach, became organist at Heringen in
1728, and court organist at Soudershausen
in 1731 ; was appointed secretary to the
court there in 1719, without, however, re-
signing his musical functions. He occu-
pied himself also with improvements in the
mechanism of the organ, and constructed
a Strohfiedel (Xylophone) with keyboard.
His compositions, consisting of concertos,
chorals, fugues, ijreludes, sonatas, and trios
for the organ, and concertos, menuets, mur-
kys, suites, and trios for pianoforte, remain
in MS.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GERECHTEE GOTT. See Riemi.
GERICKE, WILHELM, born in Gratz,
Styria, April 18, 1845, still living, in Boston,
1889. The son of a merchant in Schwan-
berg, he was brought up in that town un-
til 1857, when he was sent to school in
Gratz. In 18G2 he
entered the Vienna
C o n s e r V a t o r i u m ,
where he studied com-
position three years
under Dessoff; many
of his works date from
this period. In Oc-
tober, 18G5, he be-
came Kapellmeister of
tho theatre at Linz ;
in 1874, Kapellmeister at the Vienna Hof-
oper, conjointly with Hans Richter ; and in
1880 succeeded Brahms as conductor of the
Gesellschaftsconzerte, the principal concerts
in Vienna for the performance of large cho-
ral works. He conducted also the Singve-
rein, a branch society of the Gesellschaft
der Musikfreunde. In 1884 he threw up
his positions in Vienna to accept the post of
conductor of the Boston Symphony Orches-
tra in Boston, Mass., which he has held ever
since. After leaving the Conservatorium,
during his three years at which he com-
posed almost incessantly, his duties as Ka-
pellmeister left him but little leisure for
composition. His works have been given
principally in Linz, Vienna, and Boston, ex-
cept some male choruses, which have made
the round of almost all the singing societies
in Germany. He is especially distinguished
as an orchestral and choral conductor, and
a remarkable score reader ; it is chietiy ow-
ing to his drilling that the Boston orchestra
owes its present high position among the
great orchestras of the world. Shortly be-
fore leaving Vienna, in 1884, he was made
honorary member of the Gesellschaft der
Musikfreunde, a distinction verj' seldom
conferred. Works in MS.: 2 sonatas for
pianoforte ; 2 sonatas for violin and piano-
forte ; Trio for pianoforte, violin, and vio-
loncello ; String-quartet ; Septet ; Recpii-
em ; Little Siugspiel ; about 100 Lieder
and many choruses (all written between
18G2 and 18G5) ; Concert overture (first
1.35
GERKE
given in Vienna, and later twice in Boston,
in 1885-86 and 1SS7-88, under the pseudo-
nym of Wenzel Ecker) ; Sonata for piano-
forte ; Quintet for jjianoforte and strings ;
1 movement of a sonata for violin and j'ia-
uoforte ; Sclion Hanucben, operetta, Linz,
between 1865 and IST^, and also in Pestb ;
Huldigungscbor, given at a serenade to tbe
newly married Crown Prince and Princess
in tbe spring of 1881, and in Boston, Jan.
16, 1886 ; Additional accompaniments to
Handel's Judas Maccabeus, and to an An-
tbem ; 3 sonata movements by Bacb scored
for orcbestra ; 3 movements of a suite for
orcbestra, Boston. Publisbed works : Deut-
scbe Tanze, Vienna, Bosendorfer ; Weun dii-
Gott eiu Licb' gescbenkt, cborus witb tenor
and baritone solos, ib. ; i Lieder, ib.; 4
Clavierstiicke fiir die Jugeud, for i bands,
Vienna, Scbmidt ; 4 Lieder, ib. ; 2 male
choruses, Wacb auf, du scbOue Triiumeriu,
and, O Welt, du bist so wuuderscbiin, ib. ;
3 mixed cboruses, So weit, Muutrer Bacb,
and Herbst am Rbein, ib.; 3 male cboruses,
Marie von Oborlaud, Herbst im Meere, and
Weun der Friibling auf die Berge steigt,
Vienna, Bucbbolz ; 2 Lieder, Bitte, and
Meine Boten, New York, Scbirnier.
GERIvE, AUGUST, born in Poland about
1790, died after 1848. Violinist, Kapell-
meister to Count Hanski ; travelled with bis
four precocious musical children ; in 1824
was attached to the ducal court of Dessau,
then returned to Russia ; in 1835 was music
dii-eetor in Cassel, and in 1848 occupied a
similar position in Detmold. Works : Over-
tures ; Polonaises ; Chamber and pianoforte
music. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GERKE, OTTO, born in Limeburg, July
13, 1807, died at Paderborn, June 28, 1878.
Violinist, pupil of bis father and in Cas-
sel of Si)ohr and Hauptmann. He made
concert tours, and from 1837 Uved nine
years in Russia. In 1847 be settled in
Paderborn as a teacher. Works : Concer-
tos, quartets, etc., in all about forty works,
for violin ; Pianoforte music. — Mendel ;
Fetis.
GERL (GOrl), FRANZ, dramatic com-
poser, close of 18th century. He was an
actor at tbe Schikaneder Theater, Vienna,
before 1794, and after that time at tbe Na-
j tional Theatre in Briiun. Works — Operet-
I tas : Die Wiener Zeitung, given at Briinu,
' 1790 ; Das Schlaraffenland, Vienna, 1790 ;
' Die dummen Gartner, ib., 1794 ; Der Graf
Balbaroue, Briinn, 179G ; Der Stein der
Weisen, Vienna, 1797.— Mendel, iv. 195 ;
do., Ergiinz., 121 ; Fetis ; Schilling ; Ger-
ber.
GERLE, HANS ; two musicians of this
name lived in Nuremberg in the 16tb cen-
tury, and are distinguished as the elder and
the younger. They were both makers and
players of lutes and violins, but only tbe
elder one composed works that are of
historical value. Works : Lautenpartien
(1530) ; Musica Teusob, auf die Instrument
der grossen unnd kleinen Geygen, audi
Lautten (Nuremberg, 1532) ; a second edi-
tion of same, as Musica und Tabulatur (ib.,
1546) ; Eyn Newes sehr Kiinstlichs Lauten-
buch (ib., 1552).— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 23 ;
Gerber; Allgem. mus. Zeitung, xviii. 309,
325 ; Mouatsheft fiir Musik-Geschicbte, iii.
211 ; iv. 38 ; vii., Beilage, 100 ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling.
GERLI, GIUSEPPE, born in Italy in
1812, died at Milan in May, 1885. Dra-
matic composer and basso ; made his ap-
pearance on provincial stages in Italy, 1832,
attempted to establish Italian oijera in
Algiers, 1839, but, failing, proceeded to
Spain, where he sang at Pampeluna and
Bilbao in 1841, at Cadiz and Santander,
1842, and at Saragossa in 1845. In the
year following he was orcbestra conduc-
tor of the Italian theatre in Berlin. Works
I — Operas : II piocco, opera buffix, I gal-
antuomini falsi, do., given in Milan,
1834 ; II sogno punitore, Algiers, 1839, Mi-
lan, 1844 ; Pelagio, Algiers, 1840, Barcelona,
1845.— Fetis.
GERNE ^\^LL ICH MICH BEQUE-
MEN, aria in G minor for the bass of Coro
I II, with accompaniment of violin and con-
GERNSHEIM
tinuo, in Johann Sebastian Bacbs Fassion
nach Matthiius, Part I.
GERN8HEIM, FRIEDRICH, born at
Worms, July 17,
1839, still living,
1889. Pianist, first
instructed by Musik-
director Liebe, then
at Mainz puj)il of
Pauer, at Frankfort
of Rosenbain and
Hauff, at the Conser-
vatorium, Leipsic, of
Moscheles, Haupt-
mauu, Rietz, and Ricbter ; finally studied in
Paris (1855), where he began also to teach,
and was esteemed as a pianist. In 1861 he
became director of music at Saarbriicken,
in 18G5 instructor at the Couservatoriuni
of Cologne, where he conducted three mu-
sical societies, and in 1873 the opera or-
chestra ; in 1872 he was made professor by
the Duke of Gotha, and in 1871 director of
the Conservatorium at Rotterdam. Works :
WYichterlied aus der Neujahrsnacht des
Jahres 1200, for male chorus and orchestra,
op. 7 ; Salamis, Siegesgesang der Griechen,
for do., oj). 10 ; lliimische Leichenfeier, for
do., op. 1 ; Germania, Ein deutsclier Sieges-
gesang, for do., op. 24 ; Das Grab im Bu-
sento, for do., op. 52 ; Odina Meeresritt, for
baritone solo, male chorus, and orchestra,
po. 48 ; Nordische Sommeruacht, for mixed
chorus, soli, and orchestra, oix 21 ; Agrip-
pina, scene for contralto or mezzo-soi^rauo,
chorus, and orchestra, oj). 45 ; Salve Regina
for sojirano solo and female chorus, op. 11 ;
4 Gesilnge for male chorus, op. 40; Zwei
Lieder, for do., op. 41 ; Kriegslied, for do. ;
Lied der Stiidte, for do., op. 43 ; Festgruss,
for do., op. 49 ; Auf der Wacht, for do., Der
Liebesbote, for mixed chorus ; Waldmeis-
ter's Brautfahrt, overture for full orchestra,
op. 13 ; 2 symphonies for do., op. 32, 46 ;
Concerto for pianoforte, with orchestra, op.
16 ; Fautasiestiick, for violin with orchestra,
op. 33 ; do. for violin, op. 42 ; Elohe nu,
Hebrew song for violoncello with small or-
chestra ; Quintet for pianoforte and strings,
op. 35 ; 3 quartets for do., op. 20 and 47 ;
2 trios for do., op. 28 and 37 ; Quintet for
strings, op. 9 ; 3 quartets for do., op. 25, 31,
and 51 ; 2 sonatas for pianoforte and violin,
op. 4 and 50 ; Sonata for pianoforte and
violoncello, op. 12. — Mendel ; Mus. Wochen-
blatt, i. 388, 678 ; iii. 227 ; is. 66 ; xiv. 476 ;
N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (1868), 211 ; (1869),
116 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg. (1865), 34, 116,
339, 343.
GERO, GIOVANNI DE, known asMaistre
Jhan, Italian vocal comijoser, maestro di
cai)25ella of the cathedral at Orvieto during
the first half of the 16th century. He was
long erroneously identified with Jacobus
Gallus. Works : Symphonia quatuor modu-
lata vocibus (Venice, 1543) ; Madrigali a
tre voci, 2 books (ib., 1541, 1555) ; Madri-
gali italiani e canzoui alia francese, a due
voci, 2 books (Orvieto, 1544, Venice, 1552,
1572, 1582) ; Many detached pieces in va-
rious collections of the time, as in Motetti
della Simia (Ferrara, 1539), Selectissima)
nee nou familiarissimse cantiones ultra cen-
tum (Augsburg, 1540) ; Cantiones sei:)tem,
sex et quiuque vocum (ib., 1545); Conceutus
octo, sex, quinque et quatuor vocum omnium
jucundissinii (ib., 1545), Jacques Moderne's
fourth Livre de motets (Lyons, 1539). — Fc-
tis ; Mendel ; Riemaun.
GERSBACH, ANTON, born at Sack-
ingen, Baden, Feb. 21, 1803, died in
Carlsruhe, Aug. 17, 1848. Pupil of his
brother, Josejih Gersbach, also studied at
Nilgeli's Institute, Zurich. After a short
time spent in Nuremberg and Halle he
taught the pianoforte in Ziiricb, and in
1831 succeeded his brother in the seminary
at Carlsruhe, where he taught singing, the
organ, and harmony. He composed songs
and pianoforte music. Works : 12 varia-
tions for pianoforte ; 30 studies for do. ; 0
four-part songs ; 29 two-part songs (1839) ;
25 children's songs for one and two voices ;
12 motets for male chorus ; Songs. — Men-
del ; Fetis ; Riemann ; Allgem. d. Biogr.,
ix. 44.
IS!
GERSBACll
GEESBACH, JOSEPH, born at Siick-
iugen, Dec. 22, 1787, died iu Cai'lsruhe, Dec.
3, 1830. He studied at the gymnasium at
Villiugen in the Black Forest iu 1800-5,
then at the university iu Freiburg. He
taught music in Switzerland iu 1808-lG,
then in Wiirzburg, Yflerten, Rastatt, and
Nuremberg. In 1823 he received a j)osi-
tion at the seminary in Carlsruhe, where he
remained until his death. Works : Chorals
iu four parts (182(i) ; Wanderviiglein, col-
lection of four-part songs (1859, 4th ed.) ;
SingvOglein, 30 two-part songs for young
people (1839, 3d ed.) ; Singschule (1829);
Part-songs for mixed and male chorus
(1839).— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 45 ; Mendel ;
Fetis ; SchilUng.
GERVAIS, CHARLES HUBERT, born
in Paris, Feb. 19, 1G71, died there, Jan.
15, 1744. Dramatic com2)oser. MS. motets
by him are iu the National Library, Paris.
Four of his operas are mentioned by Fetis,
one of which, Hypermnestre, was partly
written by the Regent (1710). — Fetis ; La-
rousse ; Hawkins, Hist., v. 381 ; Mendel.
GERVAIS, PIERRE NO EL, born, of
French parents, in Mannheim, Germany,
about 174G, died in Bordeaux about 1805.
Violinist, pupil of Iguaz Frilnzl. He plajed
at the Concerts Spirituels, Paris, in 1785, and
was first violinist at the Bordeaux theatre
from 1791. His violin concertos were pub-
lished in Paris. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Wasielew-
ski. Die VioUne, 269.
GERVASI, LUIGI, Neapolitan composer,
pupil at the Naples Conservatorio. Made
his debut as comj)oser with I promessi
sposi, Rome, Teatro Vallc, 1834. In 1841
he was in Odessa, director of music at the
Italian opera, where he brought out II casino
di campagna. — Fctis ; Mendel.
GESANGE DER FRUHE (Morning
Songs), 5 pieces for the pianoforte, by Rob-
ert Schumann, op. 133, composed in 1853 ;
dedicated to the poetess Bettina. Published
by F. W. Arnold (Hberfeld, 1855).
'gESCHOPFE DES PROMETHEUS,
DIE. See Uomini di Prometeo, Gh.
GESIUS (Gese, Goss), B.ARTHOLO-
MAUS, born in IMiincheberg, near Frauk-
fort-on-the-Oder, about 1555, died in Frank-
fort-on-the-Oder about 1G13. He lived iu
Wittenberg, then settled in Fraukfort-on-
the-Oder, where he was chorister in 1595.
Works : Passion naeh Johannes (Witten-
berg, 1588) ; Teutsche geistliche Lieder
(1594) ; Hymni 5 vocum (1595) ; Melodise 5
vocum (1598) ; Psalmodia Choralis (IGOO) ;
Teutsche Lieder Dr. Lutheri und auderer
frommer Christen (IGOl, 1G07, 1G08, IGIG) ;
Hymni patrum cum cautu (1G03) ; Synopsis
MusicEc practicfo (1G09, 1G15, 1G18) ; Christ-
liche Musica (1G05) ; Christlicho Choral-
und Figuralgesilnge (IGll) ; Opus primum
et secundum cantionum ecclesiasticarum
(1G13) ; Cautioues nuptiales (1G14) ; Motet-
ta' Latino-Germanica; (1G15) ; Fasciculus
etlicher deutscher uud lateinischer Motetten
auf Hochzeiten und Ehrentage (IGlG) ; Mis-
sa3 5, 6 et plurium vocum (1621) ; Vierstim-
miges Haudbiiehlein (1G21) ; Teutsche und
lateinische Hochzeitsgesiinge (1624). — All-
gem, d. Biogr., ix. 93 ; Fetis ; Eiemann ;
Wiuterfeld, Der evaug. Kirchengesang, i.
359.
GESTEWITZ, FRIEDRICH CHRIS-
TOPH, born at Prieschka, near Meissen,
Nov. 8, 1753, died in Dresden, Aug. 1,
1805. He studied in Leipsic, in 1770, un-
der his brother-in-law, J. A. Hiller ; was
music director of Bondini's German theatre
in 1784, and iu 1790 du-ector of the royal
Italian opera in Dresden. Works : Dio
Liebe ist sinureich, operetta iu one act,
Leipsic, 1781 ; L' orfanella americana, oper-
etta, Dresden, 1790 ; Church music ; Pi-
anoforte music. — AUgem. d. Biogr., ix. 128;
Meudel ; Fi'tis.
GESUALDO, CARLO, Principe di Ve-
nosa, born about the middle of the 16th cen-
tury. Amateur composer of madrigals, pu-
pil of Pomponio Nenna. He was a finished
player on the lute and several other instru-
ments, and entertained several composers,
singers, and instrumentalists at his court.
He was one of the first to attempt chromat-
iss
GEVAERT
ic writing. His first five books of madri-
gals were printed iu separate parts (Genoa,
1585). Simone Molinara, maestro of the ca-
tliedral of that city, pubHshed a complete
edition of them with the title: "Partitura
delli sei libri de' madrigali a cinque voci
dell" Illustrissimo et Eccellentissimo Prin-
cipe di Venosa, D. Carlo Gesiialdo '" (Genoa,
1613).— Futis ; Ambros, iv. 23G.
GEVAEPvT, FPiANrOIS AUGUSTE,
born at Huysse, near Audenarde, July 31,
1828. Dramatic eomj)oser, pupil in 1841
at the Ghent Conservatoire, where he stud-
ied the pianoforte under Soinmere, winning
the first ijrize in 1843, and harmony under
Mengal. He became organist of the Jesuit
church, and in 1846 a Christmas cantata by
him was performed in Ghent. In 1847 he
took the prize given by the Societc des
Beaux-Arts for his cantata, Belgie, and the
grand prix at the Brussels Concours, and in
the same year his jisalm, Super flumina
Babylonis, was played at the Zangverbond.
After producing two operas with moderate
success, he went in 1849 to Paris, and then
to Spain, where his fantaisie, Sobre motivos
espanoles, won him the Order of Isabella la
Catolica. After a visit to Italy he returned
to Ghent in 1852, and in the following years
brought out, principally in Paris, several suc-
cessful ojjeras, which won him popular favour
in France as well as at home. In 1857 he
received the Order of Leopold for his can-
tata, De natiouale verjaerdag, for the 25th
anniversary of the reign of Leopold. In
1867 he became chef-de-chant at the Aca-
demic de Musique, Paris, a post which he
held until the Opera was closed by the War
of 1870. In 1871 he succeeded Fetis at the
Brussels Conservatoire. He was elected in
1873 a member of the Academie des Beaux-
Arts in the place of Mercadante. Works
• — Operas : Hugues de Somerghem, given in
Ghent, March 23, 1848 ; La comedie de la
ville, ib., 1848 ; Georgette, ou le moulin de
Fontenoy, Theatre Lyrique, Paris, Nov. 27,
1852 ; Le billet de Marguerite, ib., 1854 ;
Les lavandieres de Santarem, ib., 1855 ;
Quentin Durward, Opera Comique, ib.,
1858 ; Le diablo au moulin, ib., 1859 ;
Chateau-Trompette, ib., 1860 ; La poularde
de Caux, ib., 1861 ; Les deux amours, the-
atre of Baden-Baden, 1861 ; Le aqntaine
Henriot, Opera Comique, Paris, 1864 ; Per-
tinax, 1884. Le depart, cantata for three
voices ; Jerusalem, for double chorus with-
out accompaniment ; Chants lyriques de
Saiil ; Lc Lion Flamand ; Jacques Van Arte-
velde, cantata (1863) ; Ik Speek van zoo zel-
den ; Many Lieder in the collection Neder-
lansche zangstukkeu (Ghent) ; Flandre au
Lion, overture ; Transcriptions classiques
^-^f^^^i^-^r^^r^
pour petit orchestre, for the use of the Con-
servatoire ; Vade-mecum des organistes,
and many other minor works. — Clement,
Mus. celebres, 655 ; Fetis, iii. 470 ; do.,
Supplement, i. 375 ; Larousse ; Riemann.
GEYER, FLODOARD, born in Berlin,
March 1, 1811, died there, April 30, 1872.
After studying theology he became the
pupil of A. B. Marx in composition, and in
1842 founded the academic Miinnergesang-
verein and conducted it ; was also one of the
founders of the Berlin Tonkiinstlerverein.
He taught theory in the Kullak-Stern Con-
servatorium in 1851-54, and remained with
Stern after Kullak's departure until 1866.
In 1856 he received the title of professor.
He composed operas, sj'mphonies, songs,
and chamber music, and was connected
with the Neue Berliner Musikzeitung and
the Spener'sche Zeitung for a quarter of a
century. — Mendel ; Fetis, iii. 472 ; Supple-
ment, i. 376 ; Riemann.
GHEBART, GIUSEPPE, born in Pied-
mont, Nov. 20, 1796, died in Milan, Jan. 22,
1870. Violinist, pupil of Radicati ; he en-
tered the royal chapel in Turin in 1814, and
become solo violinist in 1824. From 1817
he directed the concerts of the Philharmon-
ic Academy, iu 1832 was conductor of the
theatre orchestra, and iu 1846 of the royal
GHERARDESCIII
chapel and cliamber music. Works : Violin
concertos, quartets, and quintets ; Church
music. — Mendel, Ergiinz., 122 ; Futis, Sup-
plement, i. 376 ; Wasielewski, Die Violrae,
107.
GHERARDESCHI (Gheradesca), FILIP-
PO, born at Pistoja in 1738, died at Pisa
in 1808. Dramatic composer and organist,
pupil of Bosamelli, and subsequently of
Padre Martini in Bologna. His first opera
buifa was given in Lucca iu 1763 ; one pro-
duced at Pisa, in 1769, on the occasion of
the visit of Leopold, Grand Duke of Tus-
cany, won him his nomination of maestro
di cappella to the conventual chapel of the
Knights of Pisa, and the position of director
of the court music and teacher of the pi-
anoforte to the ducal family. When Leo-
jiold became Emperor, Gherardeschi re-
mained at the ducal court of Ferdinand
m., and later became maestro to Louis I.
de Bourbon, King of Etruria, for whose
funeral ceremony he wrote a Requiem mass,
considered one of his best works (1803).
"Works — Operas : Amor aiiigiano, opei-a
buffa, Lucca, 1703 ; II curioso indiscreto,
ib., 1764 ; I visionari, ib., 176.5 ; La Con-
tessina, ib., 1766 ; L' astuzia felice, ib.,
1767; I due Gobbi, Pisa, 1760.— Fetis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
GHERARDESCHI, GIUSEPPE, born in
Pistoja, Nov. 4, 17.59, died there in 1815.
Organist, nephew of Pilipjio Gherardeschi,
pupil of his father, who was maestro di cap-
pella of the cathedral at Pistoja, and of
Sala in Naples ; he succeeded his father.
He wi'ote much church music, which re-
mained in manuscript. An opera L' aj^pa-
renza inganna, was given at Mantua, 1782,
and at Florence, 1784. — Fotis ; do.. Sup-
plement, i. 376 ; Mendel; do., Ergiinz., 122.
GHERARDESCHI, LIHGI, born at Pis-
toja, July 5, 1791, died there, March 21,
1871. Cliurch composer, son and pupil of
Giuseppe Gherardeschi, then at the acade-
my of Florence pupil of Disma Ugolini in
counterpoint and compositi(5u, for which
he carried oflf the first prize ; returned to
his native city, where he succeeded his
father as maestro di cappella at the cathe-
dral. Besides a cantata, Cristoforo Colom-
bo, performed at the Academy of Pistoja,
he has composed a great number of masses,
psalms, hymns, and motets, j)artly a cap-
pella, partly with organ or orchestra. — Fe-
tis, Supplement, i. 376 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
122.
GHERARDI, BLASIO, Itsilian composer,
maestro di ca^jpella of the Cathedral of Ve-
rona about the middle of the 17th century.
Works : Motets for 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 voices
(Venice, 1650). — Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber.
GHERSEM, GAL'GERIC (Gery) DE,
born in Tournay about 1570, died there,
May 25, 1630. At first a chorister iu the
Cathedral of Tournay, he was a jnipil of
Georges de la HMe, who kept him iu his
choir when he became maestro de capilla
to Philip n. of Spain. Ghersem succeeded
his master in this position, but returned
to Brussels in 1604 to become maestro to
the Governor of the Netherlands. In 1608
he was made canon of Sainte-Gudule and in
1614 of the Cathedral of Tourn.ay. His
masses, motets, and vilhancicos, published
in Spain, were much esteemed, as he was a
fine contrapuntist. — Van der Straeten, ii. 1 ;
v. 130; Fetis; Mendel, iv. 236; Ergiinz.,
122 ; Gerber ; Schilling.
GHEZZI, IPPOLITO, composer of mo-
tets, oratorios, etc., living in last years of
the 17th and early part of the 18th centu-
ries. He was maestro di cappella of tlie
Cathedral of Montepulciano. His music
was published in Florence and Bologna, in
1699-1708. As a theorist he is known by
"II setticlave canoro" (Bologna, 1709).
—Fetis; Mendel.
GHINASSI, STEFANO, born in Brescia
in 1731, died (?). Dramatic composer, pu-
pil of Andrea Labella. He was accompa-
nist at the Teatro San Samuele, Venice,
and in 1784-90 was director of the Italian
Ojiera, Dresden. He was later accompanist
in Warsaw. Works — Operas : II governa-
tore deir isole Canarie, Dresden, 1785 ; II
GPIIRETTI
seraglio cV Osmanno, ib., 1787 ; Lo strava-
gante Inglese, ib., 1790. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Gerber; Schilling.
GHIEETTI, GASPAKO, bom in Naples
in 174:7, died in Parma iu 1827. Violinist,
piij^il at the Conservatorio dclla Pieta ; be-
came chamber musician to the Duke of
Parma. Works : Several books of sonatas,
and caprices for the violin ; 2 masses, lit-
anies, and a Stabat Mater for 3 voices. All
in MS.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GHISELIN (Ghiselain, Ghiseling, Ghise-
linns), JEAN, Belgian composer of the 15th
and 16th centuries. Nothing is known of
his histor}', but he is surmised to have been
a native of the province of Haiuaut. He
left five masses, to be found in Petrucci's
Misspe Diversorum (Venice, 1500), as many
four-part motets, in the Ith book of Motetti
della Corona (1505), and a five-part song in
Glarean's Dodecachordon. — Fetis ; Biog.
nat. Belg., iii. 730.
GHIZZOLO (Ghizzola), GIOVANNI,
born in Brescia, second half of the 16th cen-
tury, died (?). A Franciscan monk, he vpas
maestro di cappella to Cardinal Aldobran-
dini at the Cathedral of Ravenna, and sub-
sequently in Milan and in Venice. Works :
2 books of madrigals (Venice, 1608-19) ; 4
books of motets, canzonets, etc. (1609) ;
Masses and concertos (1611) ; Psalms (1618);
Masses, psalms, litanies (1619) ; do. (1624).
— Fc'tis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GHYS, JOSEPH, born in Ghent in 1801,
died iu St. Petersburg, Aug. 22, 1848.
Violinist, pupil of Lafont ; was professor
of music at Amiens, and then at Nantes, for
several years. He was a most excellent
performer, and from 1832 to 1835 travelled,
and gave concerts with Servais the violon-
cellist, with whom he went to England, and
from 1837 to 1848 travelled through Ger-
many and the north of Europe. Works :
L'orage, grande etude pour violon seul,
op. 5 (Berlin) ; Sixieme air varie ; Mouve-
ment perpetuel, caprice de concert, violon
et quatuor, op. 36 ; Triste pensOe, melodie ;
Pensee fixe, grand agitato pour violon et
piano, op. 37 ; Concerto pour violon et or-
chestre, op. 40 (Mayence) ; Romances pour
voix avec accompagnement de piano. — Fe-
tis ; Biog. nat. Belg., vii. 746 ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine. 386.
GIACCHi: jNIORIR NON POSSO, con-
tralto aria of Zenobia, in C minor, with ac-
companiment of violins in unison, viola, and
bass, in Handel's Radaminto, Act II. Pub-
lished, with additional accompaniments, by
Robert Franz, Leij^sie, Kistner.
GIACOBBI, GIROLAMO, born in Bo-
logna about 1575, died there, Nov. 30,
1630. Dramatic composer, one of the
founders of the Bolognese school. He was
maestro di cappella of S. Petronio, Bo-
logna, and founder of the Accademia dei
Filomusi, which met at his house. His
oj^era Andromeda, 1610, was one of the
first, if not the first, given in Bologna. His
masses and motets, which were in Padre
Martini's collection of MS., now belong to
the Convent of S. Francesco, Bologna. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Ambros, iv. 294.
GIACO^MELLI, GEMINIANO, born at
Parma in 1686, died at Naples, Jan. 19, 1743.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Cajjelli ; he
wrote his first opera when only eighteen
years old. The Duke of Parma became his
patron, and sent him to finish his studies in
Naples under Scarlatti. After composing
operas for the principal theatres of Italy,
he went to Vienna as chamber musician to
Charles VI., returning in 1731 to Naples.
Works — Operas : Ipermestra, given at Par-
ma, Teatro Farnese, 1704 ; Catone iu Utica,
L'Arrenione, Vienna, about 1720 ; Epami-
nondas, Naples, 1731 ; Lucio Papirio, Ve-
rona, 1734 ; Merope, Venice, 1734 ; Cesare
in Egitto (his best work), Turin, 1735 ; Ar-
sace, ib., 173C. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann ;
Schilling.
GIAMBERTI, GIUSEPPE, born in Rome,
second half of the 16th century, died there
in 1630. Church composer, pupil of Na-
nini and of Agostini ; maestro di cappella of
the Cathedral of Orvieto and subsequently
assistant maestro, and iu 1629 fall maestro,
GIANELLA
of S. M. Maggiore, Rome. He is best
known for his corrections of the Eoman
Antiplional service published in Rome
twenty years after his death. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
GIANELLA, LIHGI, Italian flutist, who
went to Paris about 1800 ; died there in
1817. Was first flute at the Opera Boufle,
then established at the Theatre de la laie de
la Victoire. Works : L'argent fait tout,
ballet, La Scala, Milan, 1790 ; L'ofiicier co-
saque, opera (with Dumonchau), given at
the Theatre de la Porte Saint-Martin, 1805 ;
Acis et Galatee, ballet, Opera, 180C ; Three
concertos for flute and orchestra ; Quintets,
trios, duos, nocturnes, for flute and other
instruments ; Romances, with pianoforte.
— Fetis ; do., Supplement, i. 377 ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
GIANETTINI (Zauettini), ANTONIO,
born in Venice in 1049, died at Modena,
August, 1721. Dramatic composer, became
maestro di cappella to the court of Modena
in 1G8G. He w'as called to Hamburg to
bring out some of his 02)eras in 1C9;?.
Works — Operas : Medea in Atene, Venice,
1676 ; Aurora, ib., 1678 ; Irene e Costan-
tino, ib., 1G81 ; Ermione, Hamburg, 1G9.5 ;
I presagi di Melissa, IModena, 1709 ; L'in-
gresso alia gioventti di Nerone. Oratorios :
La creazione de' magistrati di Mosl' ; Amore
alia Catena ; L' uomo in Bivio ; La morte
di Cristo, Vienna, 1704 ; Jefte ; II martirio
di Santa Giustina ; Several cantatas ; Salmi
a quattro voci con stromenti (Venice, 1717) ;
Kyrie for 5 voices and instruments. — Fetis ;
Eiemann.
GIANNETTI, RAFFAELE, born at Spo-
leto, April IG, 1817, died in Naples in Au-
gust, 1872. Dramatic composer, pupil at
the Couservatorio, Naples, in 1837-4:4 ;
studied under Lanza, Spalletti, Cimarosa the
younger, Busti, Crescentini, Ruggi, Parisi,
and Donizetti. Published vocal melodies
and church music. Works : La colomba
di Barcelona, opera, Naples, 1855 ; Church
music ; Songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 378 ;
Meudel, Ei-giinz., 123.
GLkNNI DI CALAIS (Jean de Calais),
opera buffa, text by Gilardoni, music by
Donizetti, first represented in Naples, 1828,
and in Paris, at the Theatre Italien, Dec.
17, 1833. An opera of the same title, mu-
sic by Giacomo Panizza, was given at Trieste,
1834 ; and another, music by Giovanni Pa-
cini, at Naples, 1838.
GIANNI DI PARIGI(Jean de Paris), Ital-
ian opera, text by Romaui, music bj' Doni-
zetti, represented in Milan, Sept. 10, 1839.
The libretto is an adaptation of Jaan de
Paris by Saint-Just and Boieldieu (1812).
Romani's version had been previously set
to music by Morlacchi, Milan, May 30, 1818,
and by Giovanni Antonio Speranza, Naples,
August, 183G.
GLySfNINA E BERNADONE, Italian
opera in two acts, music by Cimarosa, rep-
resented in Venice, 1781, in Vienna, 1784,
in Naples, 1788 and in Paris, July 18, 1801.
GIANNINI, GIO'S'ACCHINOi born at
Lucca, March 20, 1817, died in Brazil in
18G1. Pianist and organist, pupil of Do-
menico Fauucchi and Marco Santucci.
Went to Brazil in 1843 or 1844. Works :
Two cantatas for several voices and instru-
ments ; Several pieces of church music, for
two, three, and four voices, a cappella,
1840-43 ; Music to Mauzoui's cantata, II
quinto di Maggio. — Fetis, Supi)lrment, i.
378 ; Mendel, Ergiiuz., 123.
GL\NNINI, SALVATORE, born in Na-
ples, Dee. 24, 1830. Pianist, pupil of Giu-
se^jpe Lillo. He wrote an opera, several
elementary works, and a number of piano-
forte and sacred pieces. — Fetis, Supi^le-
ment, i. 378 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 123.
GIANOTTI, PIETRO, born in Lucca,
died in Paris, June 19, 17G5. Contrabass-
ist, pupil of Rameau ; was engaged at the
Opera, Paris, in 1739-58. He became cele-
brated as a teacher. Works : 6 books of
sonatas for violin and violoncello ; Duos ;
Trios ; Songs. Author of " Guide du com-
positeur" (Paris, 1859), an instruction book
on Rameau's system. — Fetis ; Burney, Hist.,
iv. 626 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GIANSETTl
GIANSETTI (Gianzetti), GIOYANNI
BATTISTA, Composer of the Roman
school, maestro di cappella of S. Giovanni in
Laterauo, Rome, in l(JG7-73. He published
5G motets for 2, 3, 4, 5, and G voices. His
reputation rests on a mass for 48 voices iu
12 clioruses, executed at S. M. sopra Mi-
nerva, Aug. 4, 1675. — Fi'tis ; Mendel.
GIARDINI, FELICE DE', born in Turin,
April, 171G, died in Moscow, Dec. 17, 1796.
Dramatic composer and violinist, chorister in
the Milan Cathedral, pupil in Milan of Pala-
dini in singing, the harpsichord, and har-
monj', and in Turin of Somis on the violin.
After jjlaying iu the opera band in Rome and
iu the Teatro S. Carlo, Naples, he made a
tour through Germany, and played in Paris
in 1748-49. In 1750 he appeared in London,
where he was greatly admired for the mel-
lowness of his tone and the brilliancy of his
execution. In 1752 he became leader at
the Italian Opera and in 175G undertook its
management, but met with pecuniary loss.
He was manager again, however, in 17G3-
65. In 1774-80 he was leader at the Pan-
theon concerts, iu 1782-83 again at the
Opera, and in 1784 went to Italy with the
intention of remaining ; but in 1790 he re-
turned to London and tried to establish
there an Italian Opera, failing in which
he took his troupe to Russia, where he
died. Giardini was one of the greatest
violinists of his time and had no rival in
London until Cramer appeared. His best
works are his pieces for the violin, his operas
meeting with little success. He owned Co-
relli's violin and always used it at his con-
certs. Works — Operas : Euea e Laviuia,
London, 1756 ; Love in a Village, ib., 1757 ;
Rosmira, ib., 1757 ; Cleonice, ib., 1764 ;
Siroe, ib., 17G4. Oratorio, Ruth, London,
1752. Chamber music : 4 sets of violin
solos, op. 1, 7, 8, 16 ; 12 solos, op. 19 ; G
violin duets, op. 2 ; 6 sonatas for j)ianoforte
and violin, ojd. 3 ; 12 violin concertos, op.
4, 5, 15 ; 3 sets of trios for stringed instru-
ments, op. 6, 14, 20 ; 6 quintets for piano-
forte and string instruments, op. 11 ; 12
quartets for string instruments, op. 20, 29 ;
Songs, catches, etc. — Fetis ; Grove ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Hart, The Violin, 233 ;
Burney, History, iv. 521 ; Wasielewski, Die
Violine, 98 ; Dubourg, The Violin, 81.
GIASONE (Jason), Itahan opera, text
by Giacomo Andrea Cicognini, music by
Francesco Cavalli, represented in Venice,
1G49. The original score in MS. is pre-
served iu the library of S. Marco, Venice.
GIBBONS, CHRISTOPHER, born in
1615, died in Lou-
don, Oct. 20, 1G76.
Organist, sou of Oi-
lando Gibbons, pu-
pil of Edward Gib-
bons in the choir of
Exeter Cathedral.
He was organist of
Winchester Cathe-
dral iu 1G40-44;
served in the Royalist army, and in 1660
became organist of the Chapel Royal, pri-
vate organist to Charles II., and organist of
Westminster Abbey. Mus. Doc, Oxford,
July 7, 1GG4. Works : Anthems in MS. ;
Hymns in Dering's "Cautica Sacra" (1G74).
— Grove ; Fotis.
GIBBONS, Rev. EDWARD, born about
1570, died after 1650. Organist, probably
son of William Gibbons, one of the AVaits
of Cambridge. He graduated as Mus. Bac.
at Cambridge, and on July 7, 1592, was in-
corporated at Oxford. He was organist,
priest-vicar, sub-chanter, and master of the
choristers of Bristol Cathedral in 1592-
1611, and organist and custos of the col-
lege of priest-vicars of Exeter Cathedral in
1611—44. Some of his compositions are in
the Music School at Oxford ; and an an-
them. How hath the city sate solitary, with
prelude for the organ and accompaniment
for viols, is in the Trelawney collection,
British Museum. — Grove ; Fetis.
GIBBONS, ELLIS, born at Cambridge,
England, second half of 16th century. Or-
ganist, brother of Rev. Edward Gibbons.
He was organist of Salisbury Cathedral at
u-6
GIBBONS
the latter end of the IGth centuiy, and un-
til about the year 1601. He contributed
two madrigals, Long live fair Oriana, and
Round about her chariot, to " Triumphs of
Oriana" (1601).— Grove, i. ; Fetis.
GIBBONS, ORLANDO, born at Cam-
bridge, E n g -
land, in 1583,
died at Canter-
bury, June 5,
1625. Brother
of the two pre-
ceding, and
the most fa-
mous of the
family. He
got his early
musical education probably at Cambridge,
in the choirs of some of the college chapels.
He succeeded Arthur Cock as organist at
the Chapel Royal, March 21, 1604. In
1610 he published some three-part fantasies
for viols, the first musical jjublicatiou from
copper plates in England. In IGll he as-
sociated himself with Byrd and Dr. Bull in
compiling and publishing the "Pai-thenia."
In 1612 ho published his first set of five-
voice madrigals and motets. He was made
Bachelor and Doctor of Music at Oxford,
in May, 10'^'', at the request of Camden the
historian. In 1623 he was appointed to
succeed Parsons as organist at Westmin-
ster Abbey. In 1625 he was summoned to
Canterbury to attend the nuptials of Charles
I., for which he had composed some music,
and there he caught the small-pox, of which
he soon died. Gibbons was undoubtedly
the finest English oi'ganist of his time, as
well as one of the greatest composers of
English birth. His fame rests mainly on
his chiu'ch music, which gained him the
nickname of " the English Palestriiia " ;
for simple, solemn grandeur, and i3urity
of style it is hardly to be excelled. Much
of it was printed in Barnard's Church
Music, and in Boyce's Cathedral Music ;
the rest in a volume edited by Ouseley in
1873. His madrigals are among the best
of the English school, and were reprinted
bj- the Musical Antiquarian Society in 1811.
Works : Morning and Evening Service, in
F ; Te Deum and Jubilate, in D minor ;
Veuite exultemus, in F ; Te Deum and
Benedictus, do. ; Fii'st Preces, do. ; Second,
in G ; 23 Anthems ; Hymns ; 20 Madrigals
and Motets ; 9 Fantasies in 3 parts, for
viols ; 6 pieces for the virginals ; Galiards,
fantasias, pavans, etc. — Grove ; Fetis ;
Athenreum (1885), ii. 644.
GIBELLI, LORENZO, died at Bologna
in 1811. Church composer, one of the
last pupils of Padre Martini ; maestro di
cappella of S. Salvatorc, and of S. Barto-
lommeo, and later at the church of the
Theatines. Member of the Accademia fil-
armonica, 1743, principe in 1753. His
works are preserved in the library of S.
Bartolommeo. — Pancaldi, Vita di D. GibeUi,
celebre contrappuntista e cantore (Bologna,
1830).
GIBELLmi (GhibelUni), ELISEO, born
at Osimo, Marches of Ancona, Itah', about
1520. Church composer, maestro di cajv
pella at Ancona until 1581. He published
in Venice : Motetta super piano cantu ( 1546) ;
Motettorum cum quinque vocibus (1548) ;
Madrigali a tre voci (1552) ; Introitus mis-
sarum de testis per cursum anni (Rome,
15G5) ; II primo libro de' Madrigali a cinque
voci (1581). — Fetis; Riemann.
GIBEIIT (Gisbert, Gispert), FRANCIS-
CO JAVIER, born at Granadella, Spain,
second half of 18th century, died in Madrid,
Feb. 27, 1848. Pupil of Antonio Sala ;
maesti'o de capilla at Tarazona in 1800-08,
then of the convent in Madrid where he
died. Works : Motets ; Masses ; and other
church music. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 370 ;
Baltazar Saldoni in Efemerides de musicos
esiJanoles ; Mendel, Ei-giinz., 123.
GIBERT, PAUL CESAR, born at Ver-
sailles in 1717, died in Paris in 1787. Dra-
matic composer. Studied music in Naples
with the best masters, and settled in Paris to
teach music. His operas were played at the
Comedie Italienne. The best known are:
144
GIBSONE
La sibylle, 1738 ; Le carnaval d'<'to, 1759 ;
La fortune au village, 1760 ; Soliman, ou
les trois sultanas, 17G1 ; Aj)elle et Cam-
paspe, 1703. He wrote also for the Aca-
demie royale de Musique Deucalion et
Pyrrba, about 1770.— F6tis ; Meudel ;
Schilling.
GIBSONE, IGNACE, born in London in
182G or 1827, still hving, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Moscheles ; aj^peared at Brussels,
181:5, at Baden, Homburg, Frankfort, Wies-
baden, Darmstadt, Berlin, 1840, returned to
London in 1850. Works : An opera (5IS.) ;
Elfin Knight, cantata ; Wood Nymphs, do.
for female voices ; Two symphonies ; Sonatas
for violin and jjianoforte ; Pianoforte pieces,
and Songs.
GIDE, CASIMIR, born in Paris, July 4,
1804, died there, Feb. 18, 1868. Dramatic
composer, jjupil of Dourleu at the Paris
Conservatoire. Works — Ojieras : Les trois
Marie, Tht'atre des Nouveautes, 1828 ; Le roi
de Sicile, given at the Opera-Comique, 1830 ;
Les trois Catherine (with Adam), Theatre des
Nouveautc'S, 1830 ; Les jumeaux de la Ee-
ole, ib., 1831 ; L'Angelus, OjK'ra-Comique,
1834 ; Beljjhegor (unpublished) ; Fraujoise
de Eimiui (do.) ; ballets : La chatte blanche
(with Adam), Theatre des Nouveauti's, 1830 ;
La tentation (with Halevy), Ojaera, 1832 ;
L'ile des pirates (with Carliui), ib., 1835 ;
Le diable boiteux, ib., 1836 ; La voliere,
ib., 1838 ; La tarentule, ib., 1839 ; Ozai, ib.,
1847. — Futis ; do., Suijpk'ment, i. 379 ;
Mendel ; do., Erganz., 123.
GIGAULT, NICOLAS, born at Claye
(Brie), France, about 1645, died (?) He was
one of the best French organists of the
17th century, pupil of Titelouze ; published
organ music in 1685. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GIGOUT, EUGi:NE, born at Nancy,
March 23, 1844, still living, 1889. Organ-
ist, pupil of Bazile Maurice and Mess, organ-
ists of the cathedral of Nancy, and in Paris
of Dietsch, Saint-Saens, and Loret. He was
professor of plain-chant and of solfege in
Niedermeyer's school of sacred music, Paris,
and oi-gauist of Saiut-Augustin from 1863.
He has written a great deal of church music.
— Fetis, Supplement, i. 379 ; Mendel, Er-
ganz., 123.
GIL, FEANCISCO ASSIS, born at Cadiz,
Spain, in 1829, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil in Brussels of Fetis in 1850-
53, took the first j)nze in composition, and
after his return to Spain was appointed
professor of harmony at the Conseiwatorio,
Madrid. He wrote a treatise on harmony
(1850), au elementary treatise on same
(1856), and composed several ojjeras for the
theatre at Madrid. — Fetis ; do., Suj)ple-
meut, i. 380 ; Mendel.
GIL Y LLAGOSTEEA, CAYETAN, born
in Barcelona, Spain, Jan. 6, 1807, still living,
1889 (?). Flutist, pupil of Andrevi, Fran-
cisco Berinij and Calcante. He played first
flute in the orchestra of the cathedral and
in the theatre of Barcelona twenty-two years.
W'orks : Symphonies ; Masses ; Eequiem ;
Dance music for orchestra ; Flute music,
etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 380 ; Mendel,
Ergilnz., 124.
GILBERT, ALFRED, born in Salisbury,
England, in 1828, still living, 1889. Pianist,
pupil at the Eoyal Academy of Music.
Member of Philharmonic Society, and of
Eoyal Society of Musicians ; do. of Academy
of St. Cecilia, Eome, 1884. Works: The
Eival Eoses, dramatic scene, 1883 ; Trios
for pianoforte and strings ; Quintet.
GILBEET, ALPHONSE, born in Paris,
Feb. 2, 1805, still living, 1889 (?). Violon-
cellist and organist, pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire from 1822 ; won the 2d grand
prix in 1827, for the cantata Orphee. He
was a member of the Odeon orchestra, and
organist at Notre Dame de Lorette ; won
first government prize for historic and sa-
cred songs, 1847. Has published masses,
motets, cantatas, and organ music. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GILBEET, THOMAS BENNETT, born
in Salisbury, Oct. 22, 1833 (March 15,
1835?), died in London, May 11, 1885.
Instrumental and vocal composer, pupil at
the Eoyal Academy of Music, 1847, and at
145
GILBERT
the Conservatorium, Leipsic, of Moscheles,
Hauptmann, Eicliter, Rietz, etc., 1852. Or-
ganist of different
churches, 1853-67, af-
terward singing teach-
er in London. He
used sometimes the
names Ernest Bennett
Gilbert and Charles
Bennett as pseudo-
nyms. Works : Das
Stelldichein, operetta,
Leipsic, 1851 ; A
Night in Fairj-land, do., Surrey theatre, 18G1 ;
Eamiro, dramatic cantata, 1879 ; Concert
overture, 1853 ; Overture to Merry Wives
of Windsor, 1854 ; String quartets ; Trio
for pianoforte, violin and violoncello ; Part-
songs, and songs ; Pianoforte music.
GILBERT, WALTER BOND, born of
English parentage in Exeter, England, April
29, 1829, still living, 1889. Organist ; ar-
ticled pupil of Alfred Angel, organist of Ex-
eter cathedral, under whom he studied the
organ, the pianoforte, composition, and
choir-training ; then pupil of Dr. S. S. Wesley,
organist of Winchester cathedral, in organ
playing and composition, and afterward of
Sir Henry Bishop in instrumentation. He
was organist in 1847—19 at Topsham ;
1849-53 at Bideford ; 1853-58 at Tmi-
bridge ; 1858-G5 at Maidstone ; 1865-G7, of
St. INIargaret's Church, Loudon ; and 18G7-
69 in Boston, Lincolnshire. In 1869 he
went to America and became organist of
Trinitj' Chapel, New York, a position he
still holds. lu 1854
the degree of Mus.
B a c . was conferred
upon him by the Uni-
versity of Oxford, in
1886 that of Mus. Doc.
by the University of
Toronto, and in 1888
Mus. Doc. by Oxford.
He has been also a
fellow of the London College of Organists
since its foundation in 1864. Mi-. Gilbert
aided in preparing the historical part of
Hopkins and Rimbault's " History of the
Organ." Works : Songs : Once 'twas my
Hope, Never more, 1849 ; Madrigal, I had
both money and a friend, 1854. Piano-
forte : Fantasias, 1856 ; Cecilia's Medita-
tion, 1856. Organ : 3 Pieces, 1856 ; 10
Preludes and Fugues, 1876. Oratorios :
Saint John, 1857 ; Restoration of Israel,
1859 ; 19 services for Trinity Chapel, New
York, composed between 1870-87 ; and
about 25 anthems for the same church, com-
posed between 1870-88. He has prepared
also the following collections of church mu-
sic : Parish Church Manual, 1854 ; The
Canticles, 185G ; Church Chorister, 1872 ;
Hvmnal, 1872.
GILCHRIST, ^ATLLIAM WALLACE,
born of American par-
entage in Jersey City,
New Jersey, Jan. 8,
1846, still li'ving, 1889.
Organist, j^upil at the
University of Pennsyl-
vania of H. A. Clai'ke ;
was for a time solo
baritone of Holy
Trinity Church, and
of St. Mark's Church,
Philadelphia. In 1872 he went to Cincin-
nati and became choir-master of the First
New Jerusalem Society of that city, and in-
structor in the Cincinnati Conservatory ;
in 1873 he returned to Philadelphia and
was for four years choir-master of St.
Clement's Church. Since 1877 he has been
organist and choir-master of Christ Church,
Germantown, Penn., and since 1882 in-
structor in the Philadeljjhia INIusical Acad-
emy. He is conductor of the following
musical associations: Philadelphia Festival
Chorus, Amphion Society, The Arcadian,
Mendelssohn Club, Germantown Choral,
West Philadelphia Choral. Works: 46th
Psalm, for soli, chorus, orchestra, and organ
(Cincinnati Festival prize, 1882) ; Song of
Thanksgiving, for chorus and orchestra ;
The Rose, cantata, New York, Feb'. 8,
146
GILDEMYN
1887 ; 3 m.ale choruses ; Ode to the Sun ;
Autumn ; Dreaming (New York Mendels-
sohn Glee Club prize, 1880) ; also many
pieces of churcli music, songs, etc., and
unpublished music, both vocal and instru-
mental.
GILDEmN, CHARLES FERDINAND,
born in Bruges, Aug. IS, 1791, died there,
March 22, 185i. Organist, pupil of Govaert
and Thienpont, chorister of Notre Dame de
Bruges, and organist of that church from
1807. He was awarded a silver medal by
the Soeictc Royale des Beaux-Arts in 181G,
for his cantata, Waterloo. His opei-a-co-
mique, Edmond et Henriette, was repre-
sented at Bruges, Sept. 15, 1819. He com-
fiosed church music also. — Fctis, Supple-
ment, i. 381 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 121.
GHiES, NATHANIEL, born in Worces-
tershire, England, about the middle of the
16th century, died at Windsor, Jan. 24,
1633. Organist, chorister of Magdalen Col-
lege, Oxford, in 1559-61, and clerk of the
same in 1577. In 1595 he was clerk, or-
ganist, and master of the choristers in St.
George's chapel, Wiudsoi', and in 1597
gentleman and master of the children of
the Chapel Royal. Mus. Bac, Oxford,
1585, Mus. Doc, 1622. He contributed to
Leighton's " Teares or Lamentacions of a
Sorrowfull Soule " (1614) ; A service and
anthem by him were printed in Barnard's
Church Music (1641), and other anthems
are in MS. Hawkins prints a curious
" Lesson of Descant of thirtie eighte Pro-
portions of sundrie kindes," in the Apjjen-
dix to his History of Music. — Grove ; Fetis.
GILLE ET GILLOTIN, opera-comique
in one act, in verse, text by Thomas Sauvage,
music by Ambroise Thomas, represented at
the Opera Comique, April 22, 1874. It was
written in 1861.— Clement, Diet. Lyr., Sup-
plement, iii.
GILLES, JEAN, born at Tarascou in
1669, died in 1705. Maitre de chapelle at
Aix, Provence, and subsequently at Agde.
Celebrated in the south of France for his
church compositions, he was called in 1697
to direct the maitrise of Saint-l^tienne,
Toulouse. A famous Messe des Morts by
him, preserved in the National Library,
Paris, was plaj'ed at Rameau's funeral cere-
monies.— Fetis ; Mendel, iv. 246 ; Ergilnz,
124 ; Gerber.
GILLIERS, JEAN CLAUDE, born in
Paris in 1667, died there in 1757. Dra-
matic composer, first vdolin at the Comedie
Franyaise, one of the first writers of music
for vaudevilles, divertissements, etc., at the
Comedie Italienne and the Comedie Fran-
<;aise. Works : L'hymenee royal, 1699 ;
Cephale et Procris, 1711 ; La foire de Gui-
bray, Le tombeau de Nostradamus, 1714 ;
Parody on Telemaque, La ceinture de Ve-
nus, 1715 ; Les dieux a la foire, 1724 ;
L'amante retrouvee, 1727 ; Sancho Pan<;a,
gouverneur, ou la bagatelle, Le bouquet
du roi, 1730 ; La niece vengee, ou la dou-
ble surprise, 1731 ; La fille sauvage, Le
pot-pourri comique, Sojihie et Sigismoud,
1732 ; La premiere representation, Lucas
et Perrette, 1734, etc. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 381 ; Poisot, Hist, de la Mus. en France.
GIMENEZ HUGALDE, CIRIAQUE,
born in Pampeluna, Spain, Feb. 5, 1828,
still living, 1889. Church composei', pupil
at the Madrid Conservatorio of Eslava. He
was maestro de ca23illa of the primatial
church of Toledo in 1865. Works: Motets ;
Masses ; Psalms, etc. A Miserere by him
is celebrated. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 382 ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 124.
GIMENO, JOAQUIN, born at Santo Do-
mingo de la Calzada, Nov. 21, 1817, died at
Nivelles, Brabant, Nov. 29, 1849. Church
composer, member in 1834 of the Society of
Jesus, Madrid. On the suppression of the
religious orders in Spain he went to Bel-
gium, and taught in the College of Saint-
Michel, Brussels. His church compositions
have an orchestral as well as an organ ac-
companiment.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GINESTET, (FRANCOIS REGIS) PROS-
PER, Vicomte DE, born at Aix, Provence,
about 1796, died in 1860. Dramatic com-
poser, served in the Gardes du Corps under
GINOU^fiS
Louis XVnL Works — Operas : L'orplic-
lin et le brigadier, given in Paris, 1827 ;
Franyois lier ii Chambortl, ib., 1830 ; Le
mort fiancL', ib., 1833. Pianoforte and violin
music. — Fotis, iv. G ; do.. Supplement, i.
382 ; Larousse ; Mendel.
GINOUVfiS, FERDINAND, born at Cay-
enne in 18-44, died at Marseilles, August,
1888. Pianist, pupil from 185G at the Mar-
seilles Conservatoire, wliere Le won the
pianoforte prize ; became professor of the
pianoforte in 1867. Wrote operas-comiques.
Works : Wilfride, grand opera in five acts,
given at Mai-seilles, 1809 ; Le violou de
Stradivarius, opera-comique, ib., 1877.
Songs, etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 382.
GIOCONDA, LA, opera in four acts, text
by Arrigo Boito, music by Amilcare Pon-
cbielli, first represented at La Scala, Milan,
April 8, 1876. The libretto is an adapta-
tion of Victor Hugo's drama, " ^\jigelo.'"
This oj)cra, one of the best of the modern
Italian school, had a success iu Italy ex-
ceeded bj' Aida oulj-. It had tlie same en-
thusiastic recejjtion at the Teatro Carlo
Felice, Genoa, and the Pagliano, Florence,
as at Milan.
GIOEDANI, Padre DOMENICO AN-
TONIO, church composer, maestro di cap-
pella of the Cathedrals of Narni and Ilieti,
and of the church of the SS. Aj)ostoli in
Home ; became a monk in the convent of
Eocca Sinibalda. His ofifertories were pub-
lished in Rome in 1724. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GIORDANI, GIUSEPPE (caUed II Gior-
danello), born in Naples in 1744 (1753 ?),
died at Fermo, Jan. 4, 1798. Dramatic com-
poser, violinist, and pianist, jiupil at theCon-
servatorio of Loreto, where he was a fellow-
student of Cimarosa and Zingarelli. Joined
his family, 1772, in Loudon, whither they
bad gone in 1762, and became composer for
the troupe they formed. Was also much in
vogue as a teacher, and published a great deal
of violin music, lessons for the hari^sichord,
etc., between 1776 and 1782. Returned to
Italy and remained there ten j'ears, produc-
ing in that time 24 ojjeras, and oratorios ;
went to Lisbon to conduct Italian opera, and
iu 1791 was called to Fermo, as maestro di
cappella of the cathedral. Works — Operas :
L' astuto in imbroglio, given at Pisa, 1771 ;
Artaserse, pasticcio, London, 1772 ; Anti-
gone, ib., 1773 ; II bacio, opera bufi'a, ib.,
1774-79 ; II ritoruo d' Ulisse, Mantua, 1782 ;
Aeomato, Pisa, 1783 ; Erifile, Bergamo,
1783 ; Epponinia, Novara, 1783 ; Elpinice,
Bologna, 1784 ; Tito Maulio, Genoa, 1784 ;
Pizzarroneir Indie, Florence, 1784 ; Osmaue,
Bergamo, 1785 ; La Vestale, Modena, 1786 ;
Ifigenia in Aulide, L' imisegno, ossia chi la
fa' r asjietta, Ferdiuaudo nel Messico, Rome,
1780 ; I ripieghi fortunati, intermezzo, Al-
ciade e Telesia, Rome, 1787 ; Cajo Ostilio,
Faenza, 1788 ; Ariai-ate, Turin, 1788 ; La
distruzioue di Gerusalemmo, II corrivo,
Naples, 1788 ; La disfatta di Dario, Milan,
1788 ; Cajo Mario, Venice, 1790 ; Medonte,
re d' Ejiiro, Rome, 1791 ; Don IMitrillo cou-
trastato, Venice, 1791 ; Atalanta, Turin,
1792 ; Demetrio. La morte d' Abele, ora-
torio, performed at lesi, 1785 ; Le tre ore
d' agonia di N. S. Giesfi Cristo, do. (MS.
in the royal library, Berlin). Instrumental
music : 0 quintets for jnanoforte ; 3 quar-
tets for do. ; 30 trios ; 6 string quartets ; 3
concertos for violin and orchestra ; besides
chuixh music and vocal music, including lit-
anies, 23salms, 5 books of canzonette for one
voice. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Schil-
ling.
GIORD.AXI, TOT^IMASO, born in Naples
in 1744, died in Dublin after 1816. Singer,
comf)osei', and teacher, brother of Giusej)pe
Giordani, with whom he is often confounded ;
he was one of a family of opera buffa sing-
ers in Naples, consisting of a father, two
sons, and three sisters, who went to Eng-
land in 1762 and played at the Haymarket.
He went to Dublin in 1779, associated with
Leoui to establish an opera, but, failing, set-
tled there as teacher. Works : Perseve-
rance, or the third time is the best, opera,
given at Dublin, 1789 ; Isaac, oratorio ; 5
books of duos for flute (London, 1775-
1783) ; 6 trios for flutes, and violoncello ; 0
148
GIOKGETTI
do. for flutes aud bass ; G duos for violon-
cellos, op. 5 ; Songs, Italian and English,
and jfianoforte music. — Grove ; Fetis ; Men-
del.
GIORGETTI, FERDINANDO, born in
Florence, June 25, 179G, died there, March
23, 18G7. Violinist, pujnl of Francesco
Giuliani. At tlie age of fifteen he was vio-
linist in the band of the Queen of Etruria.
Illness in 1814 making him an invalid, he
took up composition and teaching, studying
harmony under Disma Ugolini. In 1839
he became ijrofessor of the violin at the
Lyceo, Florence, where he formed many ex-
cellent ijui^ils, among whom were Giuseppe
Giovacchini, Corazzi, Ferroni, and Bruni.
Works : Le turbe nel deserto, oratorio ;
Violin music ; Church nnisic. — Fotis, iv. 9 ;
do., Supijlemeut, i. 383 ; Mendel, iv. 2-18 ;
do., Erganz., 124 ; Schilling.
GIOEGI, GIOVANNI, born about the
(tnd of the 17th century, died in January,
1725. Maestro di cappella of the Chapel of
S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, in 1719.
Works : Church music, preserved in MS. in
S. Giovanni in Laterano and in S. M. Mag-
giore.— Fetis, iv. 10 ; Mendel, iv. 248.
GIOEGIS, GIUSEPPE, born in Turin in
1777, died(?). Violinist, pupil of Colla.
He appeared in Paris as a virtuoso in 1807,
entered the royal chapel in Cassel, made
concert tours in 1813, and .settled in 1820
in Paris, where, in 1823-34, he was first
violin at the Opera Comique. He composed
trios, duets, and other pieces for the violin.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Wasielewski, Die Vio-
line, 131.
GIORNO D' ORRORE. See Semira-
m idc.
GIORNOVICHI (Jarnovich), GIOVANNI
MANE, bom at Palermo, Sicily, in 1745,
died in St. Petersburg, Nov. 21, 1804.
Violin virtuoso, pupil of Lolli, made his first
concert tour to Paris in 1770, and won great
success in the Concerts Spirituels by his
elegant style of playing as well as with his
own compositions. Called to Berlin in 1779,
he belonged to the orchestra of the Crown
Prince until 1783, when he started on a
concert tour, crowned with brilliant success,
to St. Petersburg, Warsaw, Vienna (178G),
and other capitals. In London he was with-
out a rival until 1792, when Viotti appeared
there, and he could have held his own
against this master, but for his irregular
life and arrogant behaviour which made him
unbearable there, as before in Paris and
Berlin. In 179G he went to Hamburg,
whence he visited Berlin again in 179G aud
1802, winning undiminished applause ; in
1802 he went to St. Petersburg, and was
the lion of the day until Kode's arrival.
Struck by apoplexy, he died suddenly while
playing at billiards. His compositions, much
in favour in their time, consist of IG con-
certos, 7 symphonies, 6 string quartets, IG
duos for violins, sonatas for violin and bass,
aud variations. — Fetis, iv. 429 ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
GIORZA, PAOLO, born in Milan in 1832,
still living, 1889. The son of an organist
and singer, who gave him his first musical
instruction, he is a composer of the higher
class of ballet music peculiar to Italy. He
has written more than forty ballets, some of
which have had a successful run in many of
the larger cities of Europe. His one opera,
Corrado, console di Milauo, Milan, 18G0,
was not successful. He is the author also
of much dance music, published in the form
of albums. During the war of 18GG he wrote
a martial hymn for Garibaldi at the hit-
ter's request. Principal ballets : Un fallo,
Milan, 1853 ; I Bianchi ed i Negri, ib., 1853 ;
Un' avventura di Carnevale a Parigi, Genoa,
1863 ; Farfalletta, London, 18G3 ; La mas-
chera, Paris, 18G4 ; Fiammella, Milan, 18GG ;
La Cai^anna dello zio Tom, Florence ; Fol-
gore ; La Silfide a Pechino (with Madoglio
and Sarti) ; Un ballo nuovo ; Cherubina, o
la rosa di Posilippo ; Pedrilla ; etc. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 383 ; Mendel, Erganz. , 124.
GIOSA, NICOLA DA, born at Ban, May
5, 1820, died there, July 7, 1885. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Naples Consei-va-
torio, under Pasquale Bongiorno for flute.
GIOVANELLT
Ruggi for counterpoint, Zingarelli and Don-
izetti for composition. He was maestro
di capisella at diflereut times at the San
Carlo, Naples, the Fenice, Venice, and at
the Italian theatres at Buenos Ayres and at
Cairo. His iivst opera, produced in 1842,
was fa vourabl}- received, and his Don Checco,
his best work, represented in 1850, had a
greater success than any opera Luffa had
enjoyed for nearly a quarter of a century,
and still holds its place in the theatres of
Italy, but none of his m.any other works
met the popular taste. His albums of vocal
music, containing romances, melodies, can-
zoui, etc., more than twenty of which were
publi-shed in Naples, had a groat success.
Among them are the following : La cetra
capricciosa, .'5 melodies ; Stornelli d' amore,
G ; Gioja e dolore, G ; Le canzoni d" Italia, i ;
Serenata di Mergcllina, G ; Eco dell' oceano,
3 ; etc. Besides these ho published masses,
cantatas, and instrumental pieces. — Fetis,
iv. 11 ; do., Supph'mcnt, i. 38.5 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 125 ; Ricmann.
GIOVANELLI, RUGGIERO, born at
Velletri, near
Rome, about
15G0, died after
1G15. One of
the best compos-
ers of the Rom.an
school, but little
is known of his
life. Ho was
maestro di cap-
pella of S. Luigi
de' Francesi, Rome, in 1587, and later of
the Chiesa dell' Anima of the German Col-
lege, and was appointed in 1594 successor
to Palestrina at St. Peter's. In 159!) he be-
came a member of the Sistino choir. He
was living in 1G15, in which ye.ar he pub-
lished the second volume of his new edition
of the Graduale, undertaken at the request
of Paul v., and magnificently printed at
the Medici press. Works : 3 books of five-
part madrigals (158G, 1587, 1589) ; 2 books,
four-part madrigali sdruccioli (1587) ; 2
books, five- and eight-part motets and three-
part canzonets (1592) ; Villanelle a 3 voci
(1593) ; Villanelle a 5 voci (1G08) ; Masses,
motets, psalms in MS. in the Vatican, among
them a Miserere for four and eight voices
and a mass for eight, on Palestrina's madri-
gal Vestiva i colli. Other madrigals are in
the collections of Scotto and Phalcsius ; and
motets and psalms in those of Fabio Con-
stantini and Proske. — Fotis ; Grove ; La-
rousse.
GIOVANI LIETI. See Nozze di Figaro.
GIOVANNA D' ARCO (Joan of Arc), Ital-
ian opera in three acts, text by Solera, mu-
sic by Verdi, first represented at La Scala,
Milan, Feb. 15, 1845. It was given in Paris,
at the Italiens, Jlarch 28, 1868, with Patti,
Nicoliui, and Steller in the cast, but with-
out success. The score contains nuuibors
of great merit, but the libretto is weak and
ridiculous. — Hanslick, 222.
GIOVENTU DI ENRICO QUINTO, LA
(The Youth of Henry the Fifth), Italian
ojiera buffa in two acts, text by Landri-
ani tho composer, music by Herold, repre-
sented at tho Teatro del Fondo, Naples,
1815. The libretto is an adajitation from
Duval's comedy, " La jcune.sse de Henri V."
The opera, written in the third year of Ho-
rold's residence in Italy as a pensioner of the
Acadcmie do France, was a succes.s. The li-
bretto was printed (Naples, 1815) anonj--
mously, but tho music remains in MS.
Operas of the same title are by J. Mosea,
Palermo, 1817 ; Carlini, Naples and Milan,
1820 ; Pacini, Rome, 1821 ; Morlacchi, Dres-
den, 1823; Garcia, New York, 1827; and
Mercadante, Milan, 1834.— Grove, i. 731.
GIPPENBUSCH, JACOB,, born in Speyer
in 1G12, died July 3, 1GG4. Entered the
Order of Jesuits in 1629, taught the classics
in Cologne, and at the same time acted as
choir-master. Published hymns and mo-
tets.— Mendel ; Ft'tis ; Gerber.
GIPSY'S WARNING, THE, English ro-
mantic opera, text by Linley, music by Ju-
lius Benedict, first represented at tlie Ly-
ceum Theatre, London, 1838. This work.
150
GIEALDA
Benedict's first English opera, was given
afterwards in Berlin and other (Tcrman cities.
GIBALDA, ou la nouvelle Psjche, opcra-
comique in three acts, test by Scribe, mu-
sic by Adolphe Adam, first represented at
the Opera Comique, Paris, July 20, 1850.
A king of Spain, accompanied by his queen
on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,
stops at the farm of Gines, the betrothed
of Giralda. She is secretly in love with a
cavalier whom she has met, but whose face
she has never seen, he being obliged to con-
ceal himself on account of some political in-
trigue. He (Don Manoi'l) gives farmer Giuus
six hundred ducats to let him take his jjlace
at the altar on his wedding-day, and so be-
comes the husband of Giralda. Ou the arri-
val of the king he is obliged to take to flight,
and during his absence jjoor Giralda believes
herself in turn wedded to Gines and then
to an old seigneur named Don Jaj^het ; but
at last the queeu secures the pardon of Don
MauoOl, and he returns to claini his bride.
This work, the best of the composer's from
a musical point of view, was well interpreted
by Miles Miolau and Meyer, and by Messrs.
Bussine, Audrau, Sainte-Foy, and Ricquier.
It met with great success throughout France
and in Germany, and was revived in Paris
in 18G2 and 187G. — Pougin, Adolphe Adam,
204 ; Larousse, viii. 12G7.
GIKANEK, ANTON, born in Bohemia
about 1712, died at Dresden, Jan. 16, 1761.
Violinist, lived for some years in Prague,
then went to Warsaw, where he became
first violinist in the royal orchestra, after-
wards director of music in Dresden. He
composed 24: concertos for the violin, and
several concertos for pianoforte, flute, and
viola di gamba. — Fetis ; Meudek
GIRAED, NARCISSE, born at Mantes,
France, Jan. 27, 1797, died in Paris, Jan.
16, 1860. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
Paris Conservatoire, from 1817, of Baillot
for violin ; won the 2d prize in 1819 and
the 1st in 1820. He studied counterpoint
under Reicha. In 1830-82 he was conductor
of the orchestra at the Opera Italien, and in
1837-4G at the Opera Comique. In 184G
he succeeded Hnbeneck at the Opera, and in
1856 became director in chief there. He
also became in 1847 Habeneck's successor
as professor of the violin in the Conserva-
toire, and chef d'orchestre of the Socicte
des Concerts. Legion of Honour, 1843.
"Works — Operas : Les deux voleurs. Opera
Comique, Paris, 1841 ; Le conseil des dix,
ib., 1842. He arranged Beethoven's Sonate
pathetique as a symphony, and gave it at a
concert in Paris presided over by Liszt in
1832.— Fc'tis ; Larousse.
GIRAUD, FRANgOIS JOSEPH, French
composer of the 18th century. Violoncel-
list, member of the orchestra at the Opera,
Paris, in 1752-67 musician of the royal
chapel and of the King's chamber music.
Several of his motets were played at the
Concerts Spirituels. He wrote Deucalion
et Pyrrha (with Berton pere), 1755 ; and
L'opera de sociOte, 1762. He published a
book of sonatas for the violoncello. — Fetis,
iv. 14 ; do., Supplement, i. 385 ; Mendel.
GIRBERT, CHRISTOPH HEINRICH,
born at Frijhnstockheim, near Crailsheim,
Wiirtemberg, July 8, 1751, died in Baireuth
about 1826. Pupil of his stejj-father in
singing, pianoforte, and organ, then of Can-
tor Stadler, and settled in Baireuth as a
teacher in 1769. Became music director
of Schmidt's travelling company in 1784,
bringing out seven of his operettas, and re-
turned to teaching in Baireuth. Works :
Two symphonies for 8 and 10 instruments ;
Four concertos for pianoforte ; Eleven for
do. ; Five quartets for violins. — Mendel ;
Fetis.
GIR0FLT5-GIR0FLA, opera-bouffe in
three acts, text by Vanloo and Leterrier,
music by Charles Lecocq, first represented
at the Theatre des Fantaisies Parisiennes,
Brussels, March 21, 1874. The plot turns
on the confounding of Girofle and Girofla,
the two daughters of Don Bolero d'Alcara-
zas, one of whom is promised in marriage
to the banker Marasquin, and the other to
the Moorish warrior Mourzouk. It was
GIEOUST
given in Paris, at the Theatre cle la Eenais-
sance, Nov. 11, 187-1.
GIllOUST, FRANgOIS, bom iu Paris,
April 9, 1730, died in Versailles, Aug. 28,
1799. When maitre de musique iu the
metropolitan church in Orleans, his psalm,
Sujjer flumina Babylonis, won the 1st prize
in 1768 at a government concours, he being
awarded also the 2d prize. In consequence
be was called to Paris to become maitre de
chajjelle of the Church des Innocents, and
he subsequently held a similar position iu
the royal chapel, and in 1775 became super-
intendent of the king's music. His orato-
rios were jjlayed at the Concerts Spirituels,
among them, Le passage de la Mer Rouge.
His motets were composed for the royal
chajiel. His music is jsreserved in the
national library, Paris. — Fetis ; Larousse ;
Mendel.
GIRSCHNER, CHRISTIAN FRIED-
RICH JOHANN (or Karl, according to
Mendel), born at Spaudau in 1794, died at
Libourne (Gironde) in June, 1860. Dra-
matic and church composer, studied music
at Frankfort-ou-the-Oder, and in 1820 went
to Berlin, where he held a position as or-
ganist for two years. Logier arriving then
in Berlin, to establish a school for his new
method of musical instniction, Girschner
allied himself with him, and in 1822 became
director of the Logier Academj-, which
flourished, however, for scarcely ten years.
In 1833 he was editor of the Berliner mu-
sikalische Zeitung, and, having occupied
various positions at Potsdam, Dantzic, Jena,
and Aix-la-Chapelle, he finally obtained an
appointment as organist of the Lutheran
chapel at Brussels in 1840, and was made
professor of the organ at the Conservatoire
in the year following. His intemperate
habits unfortunately led to his resignation
from both positions in 1848, after which he
lived for a few months at Ghent ; for sev-
eral j'ears nothing was heard of him, until
1851, when he appeared as chef d'orchestre
of a theatre at Rochefort, France. "Works :
Undine, ojsera, given in Berlin, 1830 ; Die
drei Schulmeister, do., ib., 1834 ; Sympho-
nies, overtures, psalms, and songs. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GISELLE, ou les Willis, fantastic ballet
in two acts, text by ThL'Oj)hile Gautier and
Saint-Georges, music by Adolphe Adam,
first represented at the Opera, Paris, June
28, 1841. Subject derived from a Slav
legend related by Heinrich Heine in " De
I'Allemagne " (ii. 60), concerning a noc-
turnal dance called in the Slav countries
the Willi. Willis are betrothed girls, who,
having died before their wedding-day, can-
not lie quiet in their graves, but come out at
midnight in their weddmg-garments and,
crowned with roses, dance in the moon-
light like elves. If they meet any young
man, they foi'ce him to dance with them
untU he falls dead. — Pougin, Adolphe
Adam, 156 ; Larousse, viii. 1280.
GIUDITTA (Judith), oratorio, by An-
tonio Lotti, written for Venice.
GIUDITTA, oratorio, text and music by
Benedetto Marcello, 1710.
GKILI.\NI, FRANCESCO, born in Flor-
ence in 17G0, died after 1819. Violinist
and jiianist, jiupil of Nardini on the violin,
and of Bartolommeo Felici in counterpoint ;
when quite young he became first violin at
the Teatro Nuovo in Florence. His violin
music was j^rinted in Berlin, Amsterdam,
and London ; he composed also vocal mu-
sic.-—Fetis ; Mendel.
GIULIANI, GIOVANNI DOMENICO,
born in Lucca about 1670, died in 1730.
He was maestro di cappella of the Church
of San Michele in Foro of his native place.
His masses, motets, and psalms are still
presei-ved there, and are occasionally per-
formed.— Mendel, Ergiinz., 125 ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 387.
GIULIANI, MAUEO, born iu Bologna
about 1780, died (?). Famous guitarist and
composer. He settled in Vienna in 1807,
was in Rome iu 1821, then in St. Peters-
burg for several years. He wrote much
music for guitar and orchestra, two guitars,
etc. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
152
GIDLIO
GIULIO CESARE, Italian opera in three
acts, text by Nicolo Fraucesco Hajm, music
by Hamlel, first represented at the King's
Tlieatre, London, Feb. 20, 1724. The orig-
/C'^ j,"*"#!*A
inal MS. score, in the Buckingham Palace
collection, is dated 1723. Characters rep-
resented : Giulio Cesare, Curio, Cornelia,
Sesto Pompeo, Cleopatra, Tolomeo, Achilla,
Nireno. Senesiuo (Francesco Beruardi,
called) created a profound impression in
this work by his magnificent delivery of the
accompanied recitative, "Alma del gran
Pomjjeo." Giulio Cesare often reappeared
on the stage, the last time in 1787, when
George HI. attended the theatre. Published
first by Cluer ; full score, Hiindelgesell
. — llockstro, Handel,
Schalcher, 70, 90 ;
schaft (Leipsic, 1875
139 ; Eeissmanu, 92
Chrysander, ii. 106.
GIULIO SABINO, Italian opera in three
acts, text by lletastasio, music by Giu-
seppe )Sarti, represented at the Teatro San
Benedetto, Venice, 1781. Subject founded
on the story of Julius Sabinus, a noble
Gaul who, in the time of Vespasian, joined
Civilis in the revolt against the Roman
yoke. Defeated and forced to fly for his
life, he pretended to burn himself in his
country house, but escaped in the disguise of
a jDeasant and hid himself in a cave in the
depths of a forest, where he lived, attended
by two servants and by his faithful wife
Epponina, nine years. Betrayed at last, he
was delivered up to Vespasian, who sent
both to punishment, Ej^ponina demanding
to be permitted to die with her husband.
In the opera the denouement is changed:
the two prepare to die together when Ti-
tus, moved to pity by Epponina's devotion,
pardons Sabinus. The characters are : Giu-
lio Sabino, Arminio, Annio, Tito, Voadice,
Epponina. Although a work of the second
order, Giulio Sabino shows that Sarti was
possessed of considerable dramatic ability.
His work was given in other Italian cities
in 1782, and in Loudon in 1785. The same
text has been set also by Cherubiui, Lon-
don, 178G ; and by Tarchi, Turin, 1791.
— Larousse, xiv. 11 ; Burney, iv. 530.
GIURAMENTO, IL (The Oath), lyrical
drama in four acts, text by Rossi, music
by Mercadante, first represented at La
Scala, Milan, Dec. 26, 1837, and in Paris,
at the Theatre Italien, Nov. 22, 1858. The
libretto is an adaptation of Victor Hugo's
Marietta Brambilla,
drama, "Augelo, tyrau de Padoue," but the
scene is changed to Syracuse, and other
concessions are made to the Italian taste.
It is one of the best of Mercadante's
scores. It was sung at Milan by Carta-
genova, Pedrazzi, and Mmes Schoberlech-
GIUSTINO
ner and Marietta Brambilla ; iu Paris by
Francesco ami Lodovico Graziani, and
Mines Penco and Alboni.
GIUSTINO (Justin), Italian opera in'
three acts, text by Count Beregoni, music
by Handel, first represented at Covent Gar-
den Theatre, London, Feb. 16, 1737. The
MS., iu Buckingham Palace, is dated at the
beginning August 1-4, 1736, and at the i
end Oct. 20, 1736. The text was proba- ,
bly written for Venice, 1683. Characters
represented : Anastasio, Ariauna, Leocasta,
Amanzio, Giustino, Vitaliauo, Polidarte, La
Fortuna, Voce di dentro. It had only five
representations. Giustino, whose part was
sung by Gizziello, engages and slays a sea-
monster to the music of a descriptive sym-
phony, which was jjarodied by Carey in the
Dragon of Wantley. Originally published
by "Walsh ; full score, Hiludelgosellschaft
(Leiijsic, 1883). — Schcelcher, Handel, 185 ;
Rockstro, 192 ; Chrysander, ii. 397.
GIVE ME BACK MY DEAREST
MASTER. See Gebt mir meinen Jesum
wieder.
GLADLY WILL I, ALL RESIGNING.
See Gerne will ich mich bequemen.
GLADSTONE, FRANCIS EDWARD,
born in Oxford, Eng-
land, March 2, 1845,
still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, pupil of S. S.
Wesley in 1859-64 ;
organist of Llandaff
(1860) and Chichester
(1870) Cathedrals,
lived in Brighton, 1873
-76, and London, 1876
of Norwich Cathedral,
1877-81, and since of Christ Church, Lan-
caster Gate, London. Mus. Bac, Cam-
bridge, 1876 ; Mus. Doc, ib., 1879. Works
. — Cantatas : Nicodemus, London, 1880 ;
Philippi, 1882 ; Constance of Calais, 1884.
Church services ; Anthems ; Trio for piano-
forte, violin, and violoncello, 1876 ; Organ-
music ; A wet sheet and a flowing sea, cho-
rus with orchestra ; Songs.
4
77, then organist
GLASER, FRANZ, born at Ober-Geor-
genthal, Bohemia, April 19, 1798, died iu
Copenhagen, Aug. 30 (or 29?), 1861. Dra-
matic composer, piq^il iu singing, while a
choir-boy iu the court chapel at Dresden,
of Mieksch ; at the Prague Conservatorium
of Pixis on the violin ; and in Vienna of
Heydeureich in couuterijoiut. He became
Kapellmeister of the Josephstiidter Theater,
Vienna, in 1817 ; of the KOuigstiidtisches
Theater, Berlin, iu 1830 ; and was appointed
royal Kapellmeister in Copenhagen iu 1842.
Works — Oj)eras: Der Brief an sich selbst,
Sauertopfchen, oder der Ritter mit der
goldenen Gans, given iu Vienna, 1824 ;
Sonderbare Lauue, ib., 1825 ; Heliodor,
ib., 1826 ; Elsbeth, oder die Brautschau auf
Kronstein, Armida, die Zauberiu im Orient,
ib., 1828 ; Die vier Haimons-Kinder, ib.,
1830 ; Des Adlers Horst, Berlin, 1833 ;
Aurora, ib., 1836 ; Der Ratteufiluger von
Hamelu, ib., 1837 ; Das Auge des Teufels,
ib., 1840 ; Andrea, ib., 1841 ; Die Hochzeit
am Comosee, ib., 1848 ; and music to many
dramas, farces, melodramas, pantomimes,
etc.; Festival overture, Berlin, 1830; Fu-
neral cantata, ib., 1837. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
ix. 216 ; Fc'tis ; Ledcbur, Tonkihistler Lex-
icon Berlins, 189 ; Mendel ; Wasielewski,
354.
GLASER, KARL GOTTHELF, born at
Weissenfels, Prussian Saxony, May 4, 1784,
died at Barmen, Rhenish Prussia, April
16, 1829. Son and pupil of Karl Lud-
wig Traugott Gliiser, and studied at the
Thomasschule of Leipsic under J. A.
Hiller and A. E. Miiller in pianoforte and
harmony, and under Campagnoli in violin.
He began the study of law at Leipsic Uni-
versitv', but became a teacher and dealer iu
music in Barmen. He wrote songs, motets,
chorals, music for pianoforte, and several
elementary works for musical instruction.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 217 ; Riemann ;
Mendel.
GLASER, KARL LLT)WIG TRAU-
GOTT, bom at Ehrenfriedensdorf, Sax-
ony, iu 1747, died at Weissenfels, Jan. 31,
GLEASOlSr
1797. He was cantor, music director, and
seminary teacher in Weissoufels. Com-
posed much manuscript church music, and
published a collection of minuets and polo-
naises for the pianoforte. His melody to
Feinde riugsum, by Karl Gottlob Cramer,
became widely known, and to the same
melody Nonne wrote another jwpular text,
Flamme empor ! — Mendel ; Allgoni. d. Bi-
ogr., ix. 217 ; Schilling ; Gerber ; Fctis.
GLEASON, FREDEIUC GIUNT, born,
of American parentage,
at Middletown, Con-
necticut, Dec. 17, 1848,
still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil
in Hartford on the pi-
anoforte and in compo-
sition of Dudley Buck,
and in 18G9 at the
Leipsic Conserv.ato-
riiim on the pianoforte
of Moscheles, Papjje-
ritz, and Plaidy, and in theory and compo-
sition of E. F. Eichter, J. C. Lobo, Pappe-
ritz, and Oscar Paul. In 1870 he studied
in Berlin the pianoforte under Oscar Raif
and A. Loeschhorn, theory and composition
under C. F. Weitzmann, and the organ
under August Haupt ; and in London the
pianoforte under Oscar Beringer. Return-
ing home in 187.5, he became organist of
the Asylum Hill Congregational Church in
Hartford, and in 187(5 of the First Congre-
gational Church in New Britain. In 1877
he became teacher of the pianoforte, organ,
composition, and orchestration in the Her-
shey School of Music, Chicago, and in 188-t
examiner, director, and fellow of the Amer-
ican College of Musicians. He is also musi-
cal editor of the Chicago Tribune. Works :
Olho Visconti, grand ojicra in three acts,
op. 7 (MS.); Montezuma, do. (MS.) ; Ouver-
ture triomphale, for organ, op. 11 ; God our
Deliverer, cantata for soli, chorus, and or-
chestra, op. 12 ; 3 trios for pianoforte, violin,
and violoncello ; Praise Song to Harmony,
symphonic cantata, for soli, chorus, and or-
chestra, op. 17 ; Concerto in G minor, for
pianoforte and orchestra, op. 18.
GLEISSNER, FKANZ, born at Neustadt
an der Waldnab, Bavaria, in 17G0, died in
Munich after 1815. Dramatic and instru-
mental composer ; completed his philosophi-
cal and musical studies in Munich, and be-
came a member of the royal chapel there
about 1800. He was the first who used
lithography for printing music, and estab-
lished a house for this jnirpose at Offenbach
in 1799. Works: Der Pachtbrief, opera,
given in Munich, 1814 ; Several ballets, ib.,
among them, Paul und Virginia; Agnes
Bernauerin, melodrama, ib., about 1790 ;
Lazarus, oratorio, ib., 1795 ; Six masses and
offertories, op. 2 (Augsburg, Lotter) ; Sym-
phonies for several instruments, op. 1 and
15 ; Quartets, duos, etc.; Several collections
of pianoforte music. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Eie-
mann ; Schilling.
GLETTLE, JOHANN MELCHIOR, born
at Bremgarten, Switzerland, in the first part
of the 17th century. He was Kapellmeister
in Augsburg about 1G80, and one of the
most favourite composers of his time.
Works : 36 motets, op. 1 (Augsburg, 1GG7) ;
Masses for five voices and five instruments
(ib., 1GG7) ; do., and mass for eight voices
and seven instruments, op. 3 (ib., 1G70) ;
Psalms for five voices and five instruments
(ib., 1GG7) ; 36 motets for solo voice and
two violins (ib., 1GG7) ; Musica generalis
latino-germanica, for from one to five voices,
partly with two violins, besides 2 sonatas
and 36 Tromfieter-Stiicklein (ib., 1674) ;
do., 2d part, op. 8 (ib., 1684) ; 18 psalms
for three voices (ib., 1685). — Fctis; Gerber,
Hist. Lex.; Mendel.
GLUMES, JEAN BAPTISTE JULES DE,
born in Brussels, J.an. 24, 1814, died there,
Oct. 4, 1881. Pianist, pupil of Hanssens and
of Fctis at the Conservatoire, Brussels, and
teacher of singing there in 1837-40. He
was a teacher in London for about twenty
years from 1842. Works : Pianoforte mu-
sic ; Chamber music ; Songs. — Fetis ; Men-
del.
155
GLINKA
GLINKA, MICH AIL IVANOVITCH
DE, born in the village of Novo-spaskoi, near
Smolensk, Russia,
May 20 (or June 1)
1804 died in Ber-
lin, Feb. 15, 1857.
Dramatic composer,
pupil on the piano-
forte of John Field.
A Russian of PoUsh
extraction, he first
took up music as an
amateur, but later
adopted it as a profession. In 1830 he
went to Italy, and made a close study
of the Italian mode of composition for
the voice, and in 1833 studied counter-
point under Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn in
Berlin. In 1830 he brought out in St.
Petersburg an ojjera, Zar.skaja skisu (Life
for the Czar), which had an immediate suc-
cess, and has always been popular in Rus-
sia. In 1876 its 4:48th representation was
celebrated, and the bust of the composer
crowned. In 1842 his second opera, Rus-
zlan and Ludmilla, won almost an equal
popularity. Glinka became court con-
ductor and director of the opera and of
the choral performances in the imperial
churches. In 1844 he went to Paris, in
1845-47 he was in Madrid and Seville,
and, after living a while in Warsaw and St.
Petersburg, returned to Spain in 1851.
In 1854-55 he lived near St. Petersburg,
engaged on his autobiography and in
new opera projects, and in 185G visited
Dehn, his old master, in Berlin, where he
died. Works : Zarskaja skisu, opera, St.
Petersburg, 183G ; Huszlan and Ludmilla,
do., St. I'etersburg, 1842 ; Kamarinskaja ;
Symf)hony (unfinished) ; Liixjola Aragonesa ;
Adagio and Rondo for orchestra ; Septet ;
Quartets ; Serenades for several instru-
ments ; Rondos and variations ; Romances
and other songs. — Fctis ; do., Supplement,
i. 387 ; Fouque, l5tude sur Glinka ; Men-
del ; Riemann ; Cui, La Musique en Rus-
sie, in Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris
(1878-79) ; Serow, in Theater- und Musik-
bote (1857), and in Musik und Theater
(18G8) ; Soloviev, in Musikaluy Listok
(1872) ; Oscar Comettaut, Mus. et Musi-
ciens, 414.
GLOCKEN DES STRASSBURGER
MONSTERS, DIE (The Bells of Strasburg
Cathedral), cantata for baritone solo, mixed
chorus, and orchestra, by Franz Liszt, op.
155, WTittcn in 1874. Dedicated to Long-
fellow, to whose "Golden Legend" in
" Christus " Liszt was indebted for his
theme. The cantata deals only with the
prologue, in which Lucifer and the Powers
of the air attempt to tear down the cathe-
dral cross during the night-storm. Pub-
lished, score, pianoforte score, and parts
(Schuberth). — Upton, Standard Cantatas,
22L
GLOIRE LVIMORTELLE DE NOS
AIEUX. See Faust, Gounod.
GLOOMY TYRANTS WE DISDAIN,
contralto air in D minor, of Josabeth, in
Handel's Athalia, Part I.
GLORIA ALL' EGITTO. See AUa.
GLORIOUS APOLLO, glee by Samuel
Webbe, composed for the London Glee
Club on its establishment in 1787. It was
the first glee sung at every meeting of the
club during its existence. — Grove, i. 599.
GLORREICHE AUGENBLICK, DER
(The Glorious Moment), cantata for four
solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, text by
Dr. Aloys Weissenbach, music by Beethoven,
op. 136, composed in 1814 by order of the
magistracy of Vienna for the celebration of
the Congress held in Vi-
enna to readjust the rela-
tions of Europe after the
downfall of Napoleon ; per-
formed, Nov. 29, 1814, be-
fore the assembled monarchs, Franz I. of
Austria, Nicholas I. of Russia, and Friedrich
156
GLORY
Willielm in. of Prussia, to whom it was
dedicated. Published by Hasliuger, after
Beethoven's death, under the title Preis
der Tonkunst (Praise of Music), with the
original text, and also with a new text by
Friedrich Rochlitz. Edition by Breitkoj^f
& Hiirtel (Leipsic), Beethovens Werke,
Cautaten, No. 1.— Marx, ii. 202 ; Thayer,
Verzeichuiss, 118 ; Lenz, Beethoven, ii.
304 ; Upton, Standard Cantatas, .53.
GLORY TO GOD IN THE HIGHEST,
chorus in D majoi", in Handel's Messiah,
Part I.
GLORY TO THE CALIPH. See Oberon.
GLOSCH, KARL WILHELM, born in
BerHn in 1732, died there, Oct. 21, 1809.
Dramatic composer, pupil of his father ;
chamber musician from 17G.5 to the Prince
of Prussia and teacher of the princess.
Works : La fete des vertua et des graces,
Berlin, 1773 ; Der Bruder Graurock iind
die Pilgerin, ib., 1775 ; Pianoforte music ;
Flute music. — Fctis ; Mendel.
GLOVER, CHARLES WILLIAJI, born in
London, February, 180G, died there, March
23, 18G3. Violinist, pupil of T. Cooke ; was
engaged at the Drury Lane and Coveut Gar-
den Theatres ; musical director of Queen's
Theatre, 1832. Has composed songs, duets,
and pianoforte music.
GLOVER, JOHN "^TLLIAM, born in
Dublin, June 19, 1815,
still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, studied in Dub-
lin, where he became
violinist in the orches-
tra, 1830. Established
the Choral Institute of
Dublin, 1851. Works :
St. Patrick at Tara,
cantata, London, 1870 ;
Erin's Matin Song,
Patria, do., ib., 1873 ;
for violin and orchestra ; Fantasia on Irish
airs for do. ; Concerto for organ ; Piano-
forte music ; Numerous songs. The De-
serted Village, opera, London, 1880 ; Two
Italian operas (MS.).
Masses ; Concerto
GLOVER, STEPHEN, born in London
in 1812, died there, Dec. 7, 1870. Brother
of Charles William Glover, and composer
of more than three hundred popular songs
and duets, most of which were publishers'
successes. Works : Merry is the Green-
wood, cavatina ; Duets, What are the wild
waves saying ?, Stars of the summer night.
There's a sweet wild rose. Our bark is on
the Rhine, The Curfew bell, and Voices of
the night ; Songs, Annie on the banks o'
Dee, The Minstrel knight, and Emigrant's
farewell ; Trios ; Quartets ; Pianoforte tran-
scriptions, etc. — Brown ; Mendel.
GLOVER, WILLIAM, born in London,
1822, still living, 1889. Organist at Cam-
bridge, 1841-42, at Manchester, 1842, and
at Cheetham, 1846 ; pupil of Walmisley.
Works : Jerusalem, oratorio, Manchester,
1848 ; Emmanuel, do., ib., 1851 ; The Cor-
sair, cantata (1849) ; Chamber music, songs,
and pianoforte music.
GLOVER, WILLIAM HOWARD, born
at Kilburn, London, June G, 1819, died in
New York, Oct. 28, 1875. Dramatic com-
poser and violinist. Son of Mrs. Glover the
actress, pupil on the violin of Wagstaflf,
leader of the Lyceum band. After a long
tour on the Continent he settled in London,
where he taught, conducted, and sang in op-
era, and was musical critic for the Morn-
ing Post. He resided in the United States
after 1868. Works : The Coquette, opera,
London, about 1845 ; Tam O'Shauter, can-
tata, produced by the Philharmonic Society,
London, July 4, 1855 ; Aminta, opera. Hay-
market, London, about 1855 ; Ruy Bias,
opera, Covent Garden, ib., 1861 ; Once too
often, operetta, Drury Lane, ib., 1862 ;
Palomita, or The Veiled Songstress, oper-
etta ; Overture to Manfred ; 12 romances
for pianoforte, in two books ; Vocal quar-
tets and duets, etc. ; Pianoforte music.
— Grove ; Brown.
GLUCK, CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD,
Ritter VON, born at Weidenwang, near
Neumarkt, Upper Palatinate, July 2, 1714,
died in Vienna, Nov. 15, 1787. His father.
157
GLUCK
Alexander, aud his motber, Walpurga, were
of Prinz Lobkowitz's household, and he
M^i'\~;\, passed his childhood
at the prince's Castle
of Eisenberg. lu
172G he entered the
Jesuit school at Kom-
motau in Bohemia,
where he studied the
classics, singing, the
violin, pianoforte, and
organ. In 1732 be
went to Prague, where he studied under
Cernohorsky, and practised the violoncello.
In 173G he went to Vienna, where he en-
tered the private baud of Prince Melzi, whom
he followed to Milan, where he finished his
studies in harmony under G. B. Sammartini.
He soon wrote ojieras, Artaserse (17-11) be-
ing the first, for Milan, Venice, and Turin,
all of which were well received. lu 1745
he went, by invitation, to London, but was
unable to compete with Handel, and the
operas he brought out were failures. In
April 23, 1746, he appeared at the Hay-
market as a performer on the musical
glasses. He then visited Paris, where he
heard Eameau's operas, Hamburg, and
Dresden, and arrived, near the close of 174:G,
in Vienna, wliei'e he applied himself to the
study of a'sthetics, and of languages and
literature, frequenting the most intellect-
ual society. His Semiramide riconosciuta
(1748) was a marked advance upon his pre-
vious works. From 1749 to 1755 he trav-
elled, visiting and producing works in Co-
penhagen, Rome, Naples, Schonbrunn, and
again in Rome. The ojierettas, divertisse-
ments, and other things he wrote after his
return to Vienna, in 1855, showed a marked
falUng off; but he was gaining in facility
of style. Abandoning IMetastasio's libretti,
after much consultation with the poet Calza-
bigi he set the latter's Orfeo ed Euridice
(given, Oct. 5, 1762), in which his important
reforms in the operatic style wei-e fully man-
ifest. After this masterpiece, however, he
fell back again, writing music in his former
vein to libretti by Metastasio, undoubtedly
in obedience to outside pressure from the
court. It was probably between 1765 and
1770 that he gave singing and clavecin les-
sons to Marie Antoinette. At length he re-
turned to Calzabigi and his new dramatic
stj'le, producing Alceste (1767) and Paride
ed Elena (1769). In this latter year he
wrote also two lighter intermezzi for the
court of Parma. But he had lost all faith
in his older manner, and his new style was
so harshly criticised in Vienna that he de-
termined to seek some other field for the
practical development of his ideas. En-
couraged by the Bailli du Rollct, an attache
of the French embassy, he went to work
upon Iphigunie en Aulide, which, when com-
pleted, he took to Paris, after a few futile
rehearsals in Vienna iu 1772. It was
brought out triumphantly in Paris in 1774,
and marked the opening of a new era in
the French Ij-ric drama, as Orfeo had in the
history of the whole lyric stage. It began
very much the same revolution in the French
tragedie-lyrique that had been brought
about in the oprra-comique by Philidor,
Mousigny, and Grt'try. Still Glnck had to
! rely upon no little dijilomacy, pamphleteer-
ing, and, above all, uj)on the influence of
JNIarie Antoinette, now queen, to have his
work performed. Orphee, a revised version
of his Orfeo, and a new arrangement of his
Alceste (1774 and 1776) soon followed. In
spite of the success of these works, their
novel, intensely dramatic, and severe style
met with no little opposition ; when Gluek
had set to work on his Armide, Piccinni had
already been invited to Paris, and was hard
at work with IMarmontel on his Roland.
Armide was brought out, Sept. 23, 1777 ;
Roland, Jan. 17, 1778. The war between
the Gluckist and Piccinnist factions bvirst
forth with even more fury than that which,
years before, had raged in London between
the Handel and Bononcini parties. That
Gluck came out victorious in the end with
his Iphigenie en Tauride (May 18, 1779) is
well known ; Piccinni's opera, on the same
I
158
GLUCK
169
GLUCK
subject (Jan. 23, 1781), was too inferior to
keej) up the contest. Gluck brouglit out
(Sept. 21, 1779) liis Echo et Narcisse, which
was not so successful as his Iphigenie, al-
though it was revived a year later. He had
set to work on Les Danaides, intending it
to be his last opera, but an apojilectic at-
tack forced him to give up this task, and he
gave the libretto to Salieri. He soon re-
turned to Vienna, where he passed his last
years ; his fame and fortune were alike
great. He died of a second stroke of apo-
plexy. Gluck is, apart from his great ge-
nius, consj)icuous in the history of the lyric
drama as being the first man avowedly to
return to the original general a'sthetic j^rin-
ciples of the opera, virtually as they were
set forth by the Florentine music-reformers
of the 17th century, and first embodied in
the works of Cacciui and Peri. Such a re-
turn to first 2)rinciples has been made only
twice, first by Gluck, then by Wagner. The
unquestionable difference in form and char-
acter of the music of Peri, Gluck, and Wag-
ner, brought about by the gradual musical
evolution of over one and two centuries re-
spectively, should not blind our eyes to its
absolute identity of artistic aim ; namely, its
entire subservience to the di'amatic spirit of
the text. Of all the many reactionaries and
reformers in the history of the lyric drama,
Gluck and Wagner have been the only radi-
cal ones. Of Gluck's operas, Orph^e and
Armide have had the widest and most last-
ing popularity ; Alccste comes next, but it
is probable that none of his French operas
have permanently passed from the stage ; a
revival of any of them would not be a mat-
ter of surprise. The best portrait of Gluck
is the one by Duplessis (1775) in the Vi-
enna Gallery. It has been engraved by
Unger and Schilling and etched by Le Rat.
A replica, decidedly finer in the head, but
inferior in other portions, in the library of
the Harvard Musical Association, Boston,
Mass., has been etched for this Cyclopedia.
Another portrait, by HoudeviUe, has been en-
graved by Phihppeaux ; Houdou's famous
bust has been engraved by Saint-Aubin.
Cavelier's statue is in the Opera in Paris.
Works — Operas, intermezzos, and ballets :
Artaserse, given at Milan, 1741 ; Demo-
foonte, ib., 171:2 ; Demetrio, Venice (under
the title Cleonice), 1742 ; Ipermestra, ib.,
1742 ; Ai-tamene, Cremona, 1743 ; Si/ace,
INIilan, 1743 ; Fetba, ib., 1744 ; Alessandro
neU' Indie, Turin (under the title Poro),
1745 ; La caduta de' giganti, Loudon, 1746 ;
Ai'tameue (remodelled), ib., 1746 ; Piramo e
Tisbe, pasticcio, ib., 1746 ; La Semiraniide
riconosciuta, Vienna, 1748 ; Filide, serenade
in 2 acts, Copenhagen, 1749 ; Tekmacco,
Eome, 1750 ; La demenza di Tito, Naples,
1751 ; L' eroe Cinese, Schonbruun, near Vi-
enna, 1755 ; II trioufo di Camillo, Antigono,
Rome, 1754 ; La Danza, Laxenburg, near
Vienna, 1755 ; Les amours champctres, Vi-
enna, 1755 ; L' innocenza giustificata, II re
pastore, ib., 1756 ; Le Chinois poll en
France, Laxenburg, 1756 ; Le deguiscment
pastoral, Schimbrunu, 1756 ; L'ile de Mer-
lin, ib., 1758 ; La fausse esclave, Vienna,
1758 ; Cyth6re assiegee, ib., 1759 ; L'i-
vrogne corrige, ib., 1760 ; Tetide, ib., 1760 ;
Le cadi dupe, ib., 1761 ; Don Juan, ballet,
1761 ; On ue s'avise jamais de tout, L'arbre
euchautu, ib., 1762 ; R IrionJ'u di Clclia, Bo-
logna, 1762 ; Oifeo ed Euridice, Vienna,
17G2 ; Ezio, ib., 1763 ; La rencontre impre-
vue, Vienna (also in German as Die Pilgrime
von Mekka), 1764 ; R Parnasso confuso,
performed by the imperial family, Schon-
brunn, 1765 ; Telemacco (remodelled). La
Corona (by the imperial family), Vienna,
1765 ; Alceste, ib., 1766 ; I'aride ed Elena,
ib., 1769 ; Le feste d' Apollo, Bauci e File-
mone, Ai'isteo, Parma, 1769 ; Iphigenie en
Aulide, Orphce et Eiirydice (rearranged),
Paris, 1774; Alceste (remodelled), ib.,
1776 ; Armide, ib., 1777 ; Iphigenie en Tau-
ride, £cho et Nai-cisse, ib., 1779. Other
160
GLtJCK
works: G symphonies for 2 violins, viola,
bass, and 2 horns ; De j^rofundis, for chorus
and orchestra ; The eighth psalm, a cap-
pella ; 8 odes of Klopstock, for a voice and
pianoforte ; Part of a cantata, The Last
Judgment, which was finished by Salieri. —
Clement, Mus. celcbres, 88 ; Futis ; do., Sup-
jilement, i. ; Mi'inoires pour servir a I'histoire
de la revolution opi'ree dans la musique par
M. le chevalier Gluck (Paris and Naples,
1781) ; Siegmeyer, Ueber den Eitter Gluck
und seine Werke (Berlin, 1825) ; Riedel,
Ueber die Musik des Ritters Christoph von
Gluck (Vienna, 1775) ; Miel, Notice sur Chr.
G. (Paris, 1840) ; Solie, Etudes biogra-
phiques, etc. (Annecy, 1853) ; Schmid, Chr.
W. Eitter von Gluck, etc. (Leipsic, 1854) ;
Desnoiresterres, Gluck et Piccinui (Paris,
1872).
GLUCK VON EDENHALL, DAS (The
Luck of Edenhall), ballad by Uliland, music,
for soli, chorus, and orchestra, by Robert
Schumann, op. 143, composed in 1853.
The Luck of Edenhall is a goblet left by
the fairies on St. Cuthbert's well at Eden-
hall, and the superstition is that there will
be no more luck in the family if the goblet
be lost or broken. Longfellow has trans-
lated the poem.
GLUCKSRITTER, DEE, operetta, text
by Genee and Mannstiidt, music by Alfons
Czibulka, represented at the Carl Theater,
Vienna, Dec. 22, 1887. It was a success.
GNECCO, FRANCESCO, born in Genoa
in 17G9, died in Milan in 1810. Dramatic
composer, pupil of Mariani, of the Sistine
Chapel, and the Cathedral of Savona.
Works — Operas : Lo sposo di tre, marito
di nessuna, Milan, 1793 ; Gli Bramini, Italy,
about 1794 ; Argete, Naples, about 1794 ;
Le nozze de' Sanniti, Turin, about 179G ;
Le nozze di Lauretta, ib., about 1797 ; La
prova d' uu opera seria, Italy, about 179G,
Paris, 1806 ; Carolina e Filaiulro, Italy,
about 1798 ; II pignattaro, Naples, about
1799 ; La scena senza scena, ib., about
1800 ; Gli ultimi due giorni di Carnevale,
Venice, about 1800 ; Arsace e Semiramide,
about 1808 ; I falsi galantuomini, Milan,
Teatro Carcano, 1809 ; Gli amanti filarmo-
nici, Italy, about 1810 ; Adelaide e Gues-
clino ; II nuovo podesta ; La testa riscal-
data. — Potis ; Mendel.
GO, BAFFLED COWARD, duet in A
minor for tenor and bass, between Samson
and Harapha, in Handel's Samson, Part 11.
GOBATI (Gobatti), STEFANO, born at
Bergantino, Veuetia, July 5, 1852, still liv-
ing, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil at
Mantua of Campioni, at Bologna of Giu-
seppe Busi, and at Parma of Lauro Eossi,
whom he followed to Naples. His first op-
era, I Goti, brought out at Bologna, Nov.
30, 1873, was a success and was repeated
on all the iirincijial stages of Italy. His
second opera. Luce, Bologna, 1875, Milan,
Scala, 1876, was equally successful. — Fotis,
Supplement, i. 395 ; Mendel.
GOBBAEETS, JEAN LOUIS, born in
Antwerp, Sept. 28, 1835, died at Saint-Gil-
les, April 28, 1886. Pianist, pupil at the
Brussels Conservatoire. He published,
often under the pseudonym of Streabbog
(Gobbaerts reversed), about 1,200 numbers
of light pianoforte music, much of which
was popular.— Works : Valse des masques,
op. 39 ; Nocturne, op. 45 ; Idylle, op. 49 ;
Galojo di bravura, op. 56 ; Serenade, oj).
84 ; Les jjapillons, G dances, op. 108 ; Trans-
criptions, etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 395 ;
Eiemann.
GOBEL, JOHANN FEEDINAND, born
at Baumgarten, Silesia, in 1817, still living,
1889 (?). Violinist, pupil of Pixis on the
violin, and of Dionys Weber in composition
at the Prague Conservatorium. In 1840 he
was first violin in the theatre orchestra at
Breslau, and in 1844 became director there.
Works : Overtures ; Violin music ; Songs.
—Mendel ; Fctis.
GOBEL, KAEL, born in Berlin, March
11, 1815, died at Bromberg, Oct. 26, 1879.
Pianist, Kaijellmeister of the theatre in
Dantzie and, later, director in Bromberg.
He had the title of royal Prussian music
director. Works — Operas : Chrysalide,
GOCKEL
about 1840 ; Fiitbjof, 1860. He was the
author of a " Kompeiidium tier Klavier-
literatur." — Meudel, iv. 285 ; Ergiinz., 127.
GOCKEL, AUGUST, born at Willibades-
sen, Westphalia, in 1831, died tliere in
18G1. Pianist, pupil of Mendelssohn and
Plaidy at the Leipsie Couservatorium in
1845. In 1853-56 he made a concert tour
in the United States. — Works : Pianoforte
music ; Chamber music ; Songs. — Men-
del.
GODAHD, BENJAMIN (LOUIS PAUL),
born ill Paris, Aug. 18, 1849, still living,
1889. Violinist and dramatic composer, pu-
pil of Richard Hammer on the violin, and
from 1863 at the Conservatoire in composi-
tion of Reber, and on the violin of Vieux-
temps, whom be accompanied twice on con-
cert tours to Germany. He is one of the
most noteworthy representatives, among
the younger generation of French compos-
ers, of the tendency inaugurated by Berlioz.
Prix Chartier of the lustitut de France,
for his chamber music. W'orks : Pedro de
Zalamea, opera, given at Antwerp, Jan. 31,
1884 ; Jocelyn, opera, Brussels, Feb. 25,
1888 ; Dante et Beatrice, Paris, 1888 ; Les
Guelfes, do. (MS.) ; Diane ct Acteou, lyric
scene ; Le Tasse, dramatic symphony, op.
39 (prize of city of Paris, 1878) ; Symph-
onic gothique, op. 23 ; Symphonie orieu-
tale, op. 84 ; Sijmplwiiie k'gendau'e, Paris,
Chatelet, 188G-87 ; Scenes j)oetiques, suite
for orchestra, op. 46 ; Solitude for do. ; 2
valses for do. ; Concerto for pianoforte with
orchestra, op. 31 ; Introduction et Allegro,
for do., op. 49; Concerto romantique, for
violin and orchestra, op. 35 ; 2 quartets for
strings, op. 33 and 37 ; 2 trios for piano-
forte and strings, op. and 72 ; 4 sonatas
for pianoforte and violin, op. 1, 2, 9, and
12 ; Legende et Scherzo, for do., op. 3 ; 6
duettini, for 2 violins with pianoforte, op.
18 ; Deux morceaux, for violoncello, with
do., op. 36 ; Suite de trois morceaux, for
violin, with do., op. 78 ; Pianoforte music
and many songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
395 ; Riemann.
GODECHAELE (Godcbalk), EUGENE
CHARLES JEAN, born in Brussels, Jan. 15,
1742, died there about 1814. Violinist,
sou of Jacques Autoine Godecharle, singer
in the royal chapel (1712). He was edu-
cated a chorister of the chapel, and was sent
to Paris to study the violin ; on his return,
in 1773, to Brussels he became violin player
in the chajiel, and in 1788 iirst violin. He
was also maitre de chapelle of the Church
of Saint-Gery, from 1776 until his death.
Most of his compositions are in MS., but
some were i)ublished in Brussels and Paris
(1765).— Fetis ; Van der Straeten, ii. 231 ;
iv. 320 ; Hart, The Violin, 319 ; Mendel ;
Wasielewski, Die Violine, 284.
GODEFROID, (DIEUDONNE JOSEPH
GUILLAU^LE) FELIX, born at Namur,
July 24, 1818, still living, 1889. Harp vir-
tuoso, pupil at the Paris Conservatoire
from 1832 of Nadermann on the harj), for
which be won in 1835 the 2d prize. A
clever performer also on the pianoforte, he
wrote before he was nineteen years old a
trio for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello,
one of his best works. By constant jirac-
tice he became as expert with his left as
with his right hand, and has been called
the Pagauiui of the harp. In 1839 he went
to Germany and afterwards to London, and
he has since made successful concert tours
in the principal countries of Europe. In
1856 he j)articipated, in Brussels, in the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the accession of
Leopold I., and was awarded the cross of
the Order of Lt'opold. Works : La harpe
d'or, opera-comique, given at the Theatre
Lyrique, Paris, 1858 ; La dernicre bataille,
operetta, Pai'is, 1861 ; La lille de Saiil,
opera, Boulogne, 1883 ; Le reve, etude me-
lodi(iue, oj). 23 ; La melancolie, op. 24 ; Les
reves de la Plata ; La danse des Sylphes ;
Souvenir castellan ; Danse indienne ; Me-
lodies de Schubert ; Rondo russe, etc. He
wrote also in 1869 the cantata for the in-
auguration of the statue of Leopold I. in
Namur. — Fetis, iv. 43 ; do.. Supplement, L
396.
GODEFROID
GODEFROID, JULES JOSEPH, boiu
at Namur, Feb. 23, 1811, died in Paris,
Feb. 27, 1840. Harp virtuoso, brother of
the preceding ; pujiil of Nadermanu on the
harp, for which he won the 2d prize in
1828, and of Lesueur in composition. He
lived chiefly in Boulogne as teacher of the
harp and composer. In 1837 he made a
concert tour through Belgium. Works :
Le diadeste, opera-comique, given in Paris,
1836 ; La chasse-roj'ale, opcra-comique in
two acts, Paris, 1839 ; Harp music ; Piano-
forte music ; Songs. — Fetis; Larousse.
GODFREY, ADOLPHUS FREDERICK,
born in London in 1837, died there, Aug.
28, 1882. Bandmaster and composer, son
of Charles Godfrey, pupil at the Royal
Academy of Music. Li 18G3 he succeeded
his father as bandmaster of the Coldstream
Guards. He was a jJi'olific writer of lan-
cers, quadrilles, galops, jMlkas, and other
dance music.
GODFREY, CHARLES, born at King-
ston, Surrey, England, Nov. 22, 1790, died
in London, Dec. 12, 18G3. Bassoonist, for
fifty years bandmaster of the Coldstream
Guards ; appointed in 1831 musician in or-
dinary to the King. He composed and ar-
ranged much music for military bands and
was the editor of " Jullien's Military Band
Journal," the first journal of military music
published in England. His three sons,
Daniel, Adolphus Frederick, and Charles,
Jr., are all noted in the same profession.
GODFREY, CHARLES, JR., born in
London, Jan. 17, 1839, still living, 1889.
Bandmaster and comjwser, son of Charles
Godfrey, pupil at the Royal Academy of
Music, London. He was bandmaster of
the Scots Fusiliers in 18G0-68, and since
18G9 has held the same position in the
Royal Horse Guards. He is also professor
of military music in the Royal College of JIus.
Music and the Guildhall School of Music. Grove.
He is the author of numerous popular
waltzes, galops, quadi-illes, and other dance
music, and is editor of the " Orjjheus Jour-
nal," a military music periodical. |
GODFREY, DANIEL, born in West-
minster, London, in 1831, still living, 1889.
Bandmaster and composer, eldest son of
Charles Godfrey, pupil at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, London. He became in
1856 bandmaster of the Grenadier Guards,
and is professor of military music at the
Royal Academj-. In 1872 he made with his
band a concert tour in the United States,
the first visit there of an English military
band since the War of Independence. He is
the author of many marches, waltzes — Ma-
bel, Hilda, Guards, etc. — and transcriptions
from poj^ular operas. — Grove ; Mendel ;
Brown.
GOD SAVE THE KING, the English
national air, author of text and music un-
certain. It was first sung in j)ublic in Sep-
tember, 174.'), at Drury Lane and Covent
Garden Theatres, London, Dr. Arne har-
monizing it for the former and Dr. Burney
for the latter ; but there is some evidence
that it was sung in 1740 by Henry Carey at
a tavern in Cornhill, and that he announced
it as his own comj^ositiou. Its authorship
has been attributed also to Dr. John Bull
and to others, but the weight of authority
seems to be in favour of Carej'. It has been
adojited as a national air in Hanover, Bruns-
wick, Prussia, Saxony, Weimar, Sweden,
and in Russia until 1833, when the new
Russian anthem was composed. In Switz-
erland it is the air of the federal cantons,
"Rufst du, mein Vaterland," and in Ger-
many it is sung to the words " Heil dir im
Siegerkranz," and also to "Brause, du
Freiheit-Sang." Weber introduced it into
his cantata Kampf und Sieg, and his Ju-
bel-Ouvertiire, and Beethoven wrote varia-
tions on it for the pianoforte.— Chappell,
Popular Music of Olden Time, ii. 691 ;
Chrysandai', Jahrbiicher, i. 287 ; London
Times (March to August, 1878)
GOD SAVE THE KING, variations on,
for the liianoforte, in C major, by Beet-
hoven. Published first in Vienna, 1804.
Edition by Breitkopf & Hartel (Leipsic),
163
GOES
Variationen fiir das Pianoforte, etc., page
109. — Thayer, Verzeichniss, 58.
GOES, DAfflAO DE, born at Alemquer,
Portugal, in 1501, died
in Lisbon in 1573.
Church composer.
He was ambassador
successivelj' to France,
Italy, Poland, and
Denmark, was in Rome
several years, and set-
tled in 1542 in Lou-
vain. On his return
to Portugal he was made historian to the
court and was otherwise honoured. His
church compositions are in several collec-
tions of the time, including the Dodecachor-
don of Glareanus. He was thrown into the
prisons of the Inquisition in 1571 and was
killed in 1573, according to Vascoucellos,
who gives a list of his w-orks. — Fetis ; Vas-
concellos ; Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 127.
GOETHE, WM.THEE "WOLFG.ANG
VON, born in Weimar in 1817, died there,
April 15, 1885. A grandson of the poet,
he studied music under Mendelssohn and
Weinlig in Leijisic, and under Karl Loewe
in Stettin. He lived about 1850 for some
time in Vienna. "Works — Operas : Ansel-
mo Lancia, oder das Fischermi'idchen, text
by Theodor Ki'irner, given in Weimar,
1839 ; Der Gefangene von Bologna, ib.,
1846 ; Elfriede, ib., 1853. Pianoforte mu-
sic ; Songs. — Mendel ; N. Zeitschr, f. Mus.
(188.5), 190.
GOETZ, FRANZ, born at Straschitz, Bo-
hemia, in 1755, died at Olmutz, IMoravia,
after 1799. Violinist, at first in the thea-
tre orchestra at Briinu, then made a con-
cert tour through Bohemia and Silesia, and,
through the recommendation of Dittersdorf,
whose acquaintance he made at Breslau,
was made Conzertmeister in the ej^iscopal
orchestra at Johannisberg ; afterwards again
in Breslau, he went as conductor of the
theatre orchestra to Briinn, and soon after
became Kapellmeister to the Archbishop of
Olmutz. He composed symphonies, con-
certos, and sonatas for violin, duos, trios,
etc., which remain in manuscript. — Dlabacz,
Kiinstl. Lex. fiir Buhmeu, 481 ; Fetis ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
GOETZ, HER]\IANN, born at Konigs-
berg, Dec. 17, 1840, died at Hottingen
(Canton of Zurich), Switzerland, Dec. 3,
1876. Dramatic composer, first instructed
by Louis KiJhler, on the pianoforte and in
harmony ; after completing his studies at
the University of Kouigsberg, in 1858, he
entered Stern's school, Berlin, where he
studied the pianoforte under Billow, and
composition under Ulrich. In 1863 he suc-
ceeded Kirclmer as organist at Winterthur,
where he also gave lessons, founded a sing-
ing society, and conducted an amateur or-
chestra. Over-exertion bj' travelling be-
tween Zurich, whither he moved in 1867,
and Winterthur,
where he had kept
his former engage-
ments for over two
years, undermined
his health, and his
death at Hottingen,
where he had settled
in 1870, occurred just
as fame and fortune
began to smile on
him. Like Norbert
Burgmidler, Goetz died jirobablj- before his
full genius had had time to develop. He
may be regarded as one of the most notable
of the legitimate followers of Mendelssohn
and Schumann. Although he could not
escape the musical influences of his day,
the general bent of his genius was in the
classic, rather than the " future " direction.
His best-known works are the opera Der
Widerspenstigen Zilhmung, and the sym-
phony in F major. Works : Der Wider-
spenstigen Zidimung, opera, given at Mann-
heim, 1874 ; Francesca von Rimini, do.
(third act finished by Ernst Frank), ib., 1877 ;
Niinie (Audi das Schi'me muss sterben !, by
Schiller), for chorus and orchestra, op. 10 ;
Cantate (Es liegt so abeudstill der See), for
1C4
GOFFIN
male chorus and orchestra (with tenor or
soprano solo), op. 11 ; 137th psalm, for
chorus, soprano solo, and orchestra, op. 14 ;
Symphony in F, for full orchestra, oj). 9,
Leipsic, Gewaudhaus Concert, Jan. 27,
187G ; Friihlings-Ouvertiire, op. 15 ; Con-
certo for pianoforte, op. 18 ; do. for vio-
lin, op. 22 ; Trio for do., and strings, op.
1 ; Quartet for do., op. G ; Quintet for do.,
op. 16 ; Drei leichte Stiicke, for pianoforte
and violin, op. 2 ; Pianoforte pieces, op. 7,
8, 13, and sonata (1 hands), op. 17 ; Songs,
op. 3, 4, 5, 12, 19 ; Quartets for male voices,
op. 20 ; do. for mixed voices, op. 21.
— Allgem. d. Biogr. ix. 509 ; Mendel ; Mus.
Woehenbl., vii. 228, G85, 707, 722 ; Sig-
nale.
GOFFIN, DIEUDONNE, Belgian com-
poser, contemporary. He is honorary di-
rector of the Choral Society of Verviers, the
oldest in Belgium. Works : Le pic du di-
able, comic opera, Verviers, 18G1 ; Le lever
du soleil, cantata ; Christophe Colomb, do. ;
Les croises, do. ; Le combat naval, do., and
others. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 397.
GOLD, LEONHARD, born in Odessa in
1818, still living, 1889 (?). Violinist, pupil
of Joseph Biihrn at the Vienna Conserva-
torium ; returned to Odes.sa in 1836. He
made a concert tour in 1837-39, and in
1840 became first violin of the theatre or-
chestra in his native town. He composed
at Vienna and brought out with success at
Odessa, 1837, an Italian opera.— Schilling,
Sujjplement, 1G7 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
GOLDBECK, ROBERT, born, of German
parentage, in Potsdam, Prussia, April 19,
1839, still living, 1889. Pianist, pupil on
the pianoforte and in harmony of Louis
Kohler, his mother's brother ; then, through
the influence of Alexander von Humboldt,
a pupil, in Brunswick, of Litolff, in piano-
forte playing and composition. Li 1851 he
went to Paris, and thence, in 185G, to London,
where he gave a private concert in the pic-
ture gallery of Devonshire House. In 18G1
he visited New York,
where he wrote most
of his larger composi-
tion.s. He founded a
conservatory in Bos-
ton, and in 18G8 went
to Chicago, and found-
ed there a second con-
servatory, of which ho
became director. In
1873 he removed to
St. Louis, where he
was for a time one of the directors of the
Beethoven Conservatory, and conductor of
the St. Louis Harmonic Society. In 1885
he settled in New York, where ho is en-
gaged in teaching, giving pianoforte re-
citals, and conducting. Works : The Sol-
dier's Return, operetta, text by composer,
given in London, 1856 ; Saratoga, opera ;
Newport, opera, 1888 ; The Song of the
Brave Man, cantata ; Biirgers Lenore,
Idylle, T^legie, and other compositions for
the orchestra ; Symphony Victoria ; 2 con-
certos for pianoforte and orchestra, in G
minor, and in C ; Sextet for strings ; Quin-
tet for pianoforte an<l strings ; 135 compo-
sitions for the pianoforte, among them a
grande polonaise and a nocturne ; Much
concerted vocal music and a number of
songs. His didactic works comprise Three
Graduating Courses for pianoforte, voice,
and harmony in G volumes. — Mendel ; Fetis,
Supplement, i. 398.
GOLDBERG, JOHANN GOTTLIEB
(Gottlob ? Theophilus ?), German compioser
of the 18th century, supposed to have lived
in 1730-GO. Organist, pupil of Sebastian
Bach, who gave him the highest praise. In
1756 was chamber musician to Count Briihl
in Dresden. He had a remarkable power
of improvisation, and could read the most
difficult music at .sight, even when turned
upside down. Bach's Thirty Variations
were written for him, and are sometimes
called the Goldberff Variations. Works :
105
GOLDE
24 polonaises for pianoforte ; 2 concertos ;
Sonata with minuet and 12 variations for
pianoforte ; G trios for flute, violin, and
bass ; Preludes and fugues ; Motet ; Psalm.
All liis compositions are in MS. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., is. 331 ; Grove ; Mendel ; Fetis ;
Spitta, Bach, ii. 72G.
GOLDE, ADOLF, born at Erfurt, Aug.
22, 1830, died there in April, 1880. Pian-
ist, son and pupil of Josef Golde, an able
musician and conductor, who instructed
him on the clarinet and violin ; in 1851 he
went to Berlin, where he studied compo-
sition iinder Marx, and the organ under
Haujit and Hauer. He afterwards taught
the pianoforte at Stern's Conservatorium,
and also appeared in jjublic as an able pi-
anist ; in 1872 he assumed the direction of
the Soller Vocal Society at Erfurt, as suc-
cessor of his father. Besides a symj^hony
in B minor, and other orchestral works, in
MS., he has composed graceful jjioccs de
salon, dances, and marches for pianoforte.
— Mendel.
GOLDEN COLTOINS, F.AIR AND
BRIGHT, tenor air in D major of Zadock,
in Handel's Solomon, Part HI.
GOLDEN LEGEND, THE, cantata, by
Dudley Buck, awarded the jirize of one
thousand dollars offered in 1879 by the
Cincinnati j\Iay Festival Association for the
best work by a native compose!', and j^er-
formed at the Festival of 1880. The text
is composed of a prologue, twelve scenes,
and an e2)ilogue, from the "Golden Le-
gend " in Longfellow's " Christus." Charac-
ters represented : Elsie ; Prince Henry ;
Lucifer ; Friar Paul. — Upton, Standard
Cantatas, 100.
GOLDEN LEGEND, THE, cantata, text
adapted from Longfellow's poem of "Chris-
tus," by Joseph Bennet, music by Sir Ai'-
thur Sullivan, first performed at the Leeds
(England) Festival, Oct. IG, 188G. The
libretto comprises a prologue, six scenes,
and a choral epilogue. — Upton, Standard
Cantatas, 33.'').
GOLDENE KEEUZ, DAS (The Golden
Cross), comic opera in two acts, text by
Mosenthal, music by Ignaz Briill, first rep-
resented in Berlin, December, 1875. The
libretto is an adaptation of the French vau-
deville, " Catherine, ou la croix d'or," by
Brazier and Melesville. Christine, sister of
Nicholas, a young innkeeper about to be
raai-ried to Theresa, but whose wedding is
interrupted by his being drawn in the con-
scription to fight iinder Napoleon against
the Russians, offers her hand in marriage,
after two years, to anyone who will go as
his substitute. Gontran, a young nobleman
who has been jilted, accepts her off'er and
sends Bombardon, a sergeant, to get Chris-
tine's pledge — the golden cross. In the
second act, which begins three years later,
Christine and Theresa are nursing a young
captain, who has returned wounded. He,
who turns out to be Gontran, falls in love
with Christine, but she refuses him out of
fidelity to her pledge. Gontran declares
his identitj', but fails to prove it, as he has
given the golden cross to a comrade while
lying on the battle-field in expectation of
death. Bombardon finally returns and con-
firms his story, and a second wedding is the
result. The opera was j)layed in Vienna,
187G, and in an English dress, libretto by
John P. Jackson, in London, 1878. It was
given at the Metropolitan Opera House,
New York, Nov. 10, 188G, with the follow-
ing cast : Christine, Frau Seidl-Krauss ;
Theresa, Frl. Januschowsky ; Gontran, Max
Alvarj' ; Nicholas, von Milde ; Bombardon,
Emil Fischer.
GOLDMARK, KARL, born at Keszthely,
Hungai-y, May 18, 1832, still living, 1889.
Violinist and dramatic composer, first in-
structed on the violin in the Musikverein
at Oedenburg (1843), then in Vienna jjupil
of Jansa, and for a short time (1847-48) at
the Conservatorium of Bohni, but on the
whole rather self-taught, especially in 1858
at Pesth by the study of Bach's, Beethoven's,
and Schumann's works. His overture, Sa-
kuntala, and a scherzo for orchestra first
attracted the attention of the musical world.
GOLDSCllMIDT
wliile his opera, Die KOnigin von Saba
(1875), firmly established his fame. The
comjjaratively small
number of his com-
positionsshow a great
earnestness of pur-
pose and clearness of
form combined with
true feeling ; his in-
strumentation is veiy
brilliant. Works —
Operas : Die Konigin
von Saba, op. 27,
given in Vienna, 1875 ; llerlin, ib., 1886,
New York, 1887 ; Der Fremdling; Sakuntala,
concert overture, op. 13 ; Die Liindliche
Hochzeit, symphony, op. 26 ; Symphony in
E-flat ; Penthesilm, overture, op. 31 ; Scherzo,
for orchestra, op. 19 ; Concerto for violin with
orchestra, op. 28 ; 2 trios for pianoforte and
strings, op. i and 33 ; Quintet for do., op.
30 ; Quartet for strings, op. 8 ; Quintet for
do., op. 9 ; Suite for pianoforte and violin,
op. 11 ; Sonata for do., op. 25 ; Sturm und
Drang, 9 characteristic pieces for piano-
forte, op. 5 ; Drei Stiicke, for do. (4 hands),
op. 12 ; Tanze, for do., op. 22 ; Zwei Novel-
letten, Priiludium und Fuge, for do., op.
29 ; Regeulied, for mixed chorus, op. 10 ;
Friihlingsnetz, for four male voices, with
pianoforte and four horns, op. 15 ; Meeres-
stille und gliickliche Fahrt, for male chorus
and horns, op. 16 ; 4 choruses for male
voices, op. 1-t and 17 ; Im Fuscherthale, G
songs for mixed voices, op. 24 ; Friihlings-
hymne, for chorus, contralto solo, and or-
chestra, op. 23 ; Songs, op. 18, 20, 21, 32,
34.— niustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 250; Mus.
Wochenblatt, i. G, 277, 441 ; ii. 500 ; viii.
2G9 ; X. 519 ; N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (1866),
209, 218 ; (1867), 269, 279 ; (1868), 452 ;
(1870), 295 ; (1886), 533 ; Siguale (1886),
1073, 1089, 1121.
GOLDSCHanDT, ADALBERT VON,
born in Vienna in 1853, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupil at the Vienna
Conservatorium. He belongs to a family of
wealthy financiers and follows music only
' as an amateur. Ho is, however, notable as
virtually' the only composer who has thor-
oughly followed out the princij)les of Wag-
nerianisni, applying them practically, with-
out stint. The immense notoriety of his
Todsiinden and Heliauthus seems to have
been merely ephemeral, and since 1885, lit-
tle, or nothing, has been heard from him.
Works : Die Sleben Todsiinden, oratorio,
text by Robert Hamerling ; Heliantlins, op-
' era, given in Leipsie, 1884 ; Music for piano-
forte and orchestra ; Songs. — Mendel.
GOLDSCHMmT, OTTO, born in Ham-
burg, Aug. 21,
1829, still living,
1889. Pianist,
pupil of Jacob
Schmitt and Fried-
rich W'. Grand,
and in 1843-46 at
the Leij)sic Con-
servatorium of
Mendelssohn. Ho
went to Paris in
1848 and studied
with Chopin. In 1849 he played in Lon-
don at a concert with Jenny Lind, and
in 1851 went with her to America as con-
ductor of her concerts. He married her
in Boston, Feb. 5, 1852, and the couple
lived in Dresden in 1852-55 and in or
near London from 1858 until her decease
in 1887. He conducted festivals in Dii.s-
seldorf and Hamburg in 1863 and 1866,
was vice-jjrincipal of the London Royal
Academy of Music in 1863, and formed the
Bach Choir in 1875. He became an honor-
ary member of the London Philliarmonic
Society in 1861 and member of the Swedish
Royal Academy of Music in 1864, and re-
ceived the royal Order of Vasa in 1876.
Works : liiifh, oratorio, first jjerformed at
the Hereford Festival, 1867, and afterwards
in London, Dilsseldorf, and Hamburg ; Trio
j for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello, op.
12 ; Concerto for pianoforte and orchestra,
op. 10 ; 12 studies for pianoforte, op. 13 ;
12 songs with jsianoforte accompaniment,
GOLDSCJIMIDT
op. 8 and 9 ; Part-sougs, etc. — Grove ; Men-
del ; Fetis.
GOLDSCHMIDT, SIGISMUND, born in
Prague, Sept. 28, 1818, died in Vienna in
October, 1877. Pianist, pupil in Prague of
Tomascbek, Dionj's Weber, and Joseph
Triebensee, and in Paris of Dreyscbock.
He lived in the latter city in 1845-49, then
returned to Prague. He composed over-
tures, sonatas, and songs. — Wurzbacb, v.
260 ; Fotis ; Mendel, iv. 294 ; do., Ergauz.,
130.
GOLD SONG. See Fidelio.
GOLDWIX, JOHN, boru (?), died at
Windsor, Nov. 7, 1719. Organist, pupil of
Dr. William Child, whom he succeeded as
organist of St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
in 1697 ; became also master of the choris-
ters in 1703. His service in F is printed in
Arnold's "Cathedral Music." Boyce and
Page also printed some of his anthems, and
others remain in MS. in Tud way's collection
and at Ely Cathedral, where he is entered as
Golding. — Grove ; Fi'tis ; Mendel.
GOLINELLI, STEF.VNO, boru at Bo-
logna, Italy, Oct. 26, 1818, still living 1889.
Pianist, whoso reputation is very great in
Italy ; is professor in the Licco at Bologna,
which has adopted his Ai giovaui j)ianisti,
24 preludes, op. 177, as a study. Works :
5 sonatas, op. 30, 53, .54, 70, 40 ; 3 toccatas,
op. 38, 48, 186 ; 2 fautaisies romantiques,
op. 58, 76 ; Album, op. 11 ; 12 etudes, op.
15 ; 24 preludes, op. 23 ; do., op. 69 ; 2
etudes de concert, op. 47 ; Esquisses pian-
istiques, op. 120 ; Peusieri, op. 155 ; Fan-
tasia lirica, op. 163 ; etc. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 398 ; Mendel, Erganz., 130.
GOLLER, MARTIN, born at Layeu, Ty-
rol, Feb. 20, 1764, died in Innspruck, Jan.
13, 1836. Church composer, son and pupil of
Daniel Goller, an organist ; at the age of six-
teen he entered the Benedictine monastery
of St. Georgenberg, near Fiecht. In 1811
he became music teacher to a new Musik-
vereiu at Innspruck, and directed the choir
of the university church there. His church
music was favourably judged by Michael
Haydn. — Bernsdorf ; Mendel ; Schilling,
Supplement, 167 ; Staffler, Das deutsche
Tyrol, etc. (Innsinuick, 1847), i. 678.
GOLLMICK, ADOLF, boru at Fraukfort-
on-the-Maiu, Feb. 5, 1825, died in Loudon,
March 7, 1883. Pianist, sou and pupil of
Karl Gollmick and pupil of Riefstahl, H.
Wolff, and Kessler ; went to London in
1844. Works : Dona Constanza, comic op-
era ; The Oracle, do.; Balthasar, do.; Blind
Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green, oper-
atic cantata ; The Heir of Linne, do. ; Sym-
phony for orchestra ; Overture and marches
for do. ; Pianoforte music and songs.
GOLL:\nCK, KARL, born at Dessau,
March 19, 1790, died in Frankfort-on-the
Main, Oct. 3, 1866. Sou of the tenor singer
Friedrich Karl GoUmick (1774-1852), and
jjupil of SiJiudler in Strasburg, where he
began studying theology, but left the uni-
versity and settled in Frankfort as a teacher
of music and languages. Spohr engaged
him to play the kettledrums of the Frank-
fort theatre orchestra iu 1818 ; later he be-
came Correpetitor, and was pensioned in
1855. He wrote songs and pianoforte
music, oj)eratic librettos, educational and
critical musical works, articles iu musical
journals, a musical dictionary, and his au-
tobiographj'. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 345 ;
Mendel ; Fi'tis, iv. 50 ; do., Supplement, i.
398 ; Riemann.
GOLTERM.VNN, GEORG (EDUARD),
born at Hanover, Aug. 19, 1824, still living,
1889. Violoncellist, jnipil of Prell and
Menter on the violoncello and of Lachner
in composition. He made concert tours in
1850-52, became in 1852 musical director
in W^iirzburg, and in 1853 second, and iu
1874 first. Kapellmeister of the Stadttheater
in Frankfort-ou-the-Main. He is one of the
best of modern violoncellists, and an emi-
nent conductor. Works : 6 concertos for
violoncello and orchestra, op. 14, 30, 51, 65,
76, 100 ; Symphony for orchestra in A
minor, op. 20 ; 2 Festspiel-Ouvertiiren, op.
24 and 94 ; Sonatas for pianoforte and vio-
loncello ; Dauses allemandes for violoncello
GOMBERT
anil pianoforte, op. 42 ; Adagio for violon-
cello and orchestra, op. 83 ; Morceaux ca-
racteristiques for violoncello and pianoforte,
op. 41, 48, 53 ; jSlegie iu C minor for do.,
op. 88 ; Songs, etc. — Riemann ; Mendel ;
Fotis, iv. 51 ; do., Suijplement, i. 399 ;
Grove.
GOMBERT, NICOLAS, born in Bruges
about 1495, died after 1570. One of the
most important composers of the Flemish
school, pupil of Josquin Des2)rcs. Educat-
ed for the church, he remained true to his
priestly vows, although he entered the ser-
vice of the Emperor Charles V., and resided
at Madrid in 1530-34 as musicus impera-
torius. Through that sovereign's favour he
was given a sinecure oifice iu the Nether-
lauds, which enabled him to speud his last
days in peace in his native country'. Gom-
bert was Josquin 's best pupil and the lead-
ing master of his time, Pctis saj's he was
a precursor of the style of Palestriua, and
Ambros that he was gifted with such musi-
cal prescience as should ever make his name
respected. He was particularly renowned
for his fugues (canons), though his style is
more inclined to the sentimental than to
that of the severe contrapuntists of his
time, and he excelled in chamber and sec-
ular music. He delighted especially in
secular music, and chose pastoral subjects,
treating them much as Haydu and Mozart
did in later times. His music is descrip-
tive and his style delightfully fresh and sim-
jile. His love of nature is apparent iu the
titles of his songs : Eu ce mois delicieux,
joyeux verger ; Le chant des oiseaux ;
Leto chaud bouilloit ; Je m'en vois au vert
bois ; etc. His music is found in all the
collections of the time. Eitner's Biblio-
graphie der Musik-Sammelwerke (Berlin,
1877) gives a list of nearly 250 of his com-
positions, printed iu ninety different col-
lections between 1529 and 1573. Fetis
also gives a long list of his works, with the
names of the collections in which they are
found, such as Motetti del Trutto (1538-
39) ; Fior di Motetti (Venice, 1539) ; Ec-
clesiasticfe cantionum (AntwerjJ, 1553) ;
Sacrarum cantiones (ib., 1554-55) ; Mo-
tetti della Simla (1539) ; Attaignant's col-
lection of motets (1529) ; Moderuo's (1532-
42) ; etc. His Grande Messe a quatre voix,
Je suis desheritoe, is iu a collection of
Masses printed by Le Roy and Ballard ; the
Eler collection, iu the Library of the Paris
Conservatoire, contains nineteen of his
motets iu MS. His chansons are in the
collections of chansons published by At-
taignaut and others ; his Allejuja me faut
chanter is in the 7th book of Attaignant's
Sis galliards, etc. (1529) ; and the Com-
plaint of Gerard Avidius, set to music by
Gombert, with the title. In losquinium a
Prato, etc., is in the 7th volume of Chansons
a 4, 5, 6 et 8 parties (Susato, Autwerji,
1543-50).— Grove ; Fc'tis ; Buruey, Hist,
of Music, iii. 302 ; Neues hist, biogr. Lex.
der Touk, ii., Art. Gombertus, col. 357 ;
Die Verd der Niedl. in die Tonk., 35 ;
Geschicht der Europ. abendltind., etc., 56 ;
Cat. der Samml. alter Mus., 30 ; Naumann
(Ouseley), i. 343, 300.
GOjMEZ, ANTONIO CARLOS, born, of
Portuguese parents, at
Campiuas, Brazil, July
11, 1839, still living,
1889. Dramatic com-
poser, sent to Europe
by the Emjseror, and
received his musical ed-
ucation at the Conser-
vatorio of Milan, under
Rossi. Though he had
previously produced in Rio Janeiro, iu 1861,
a Portuguese operetta iu three acts entitled
A noite de castello, his first success was a
little piece entitled Se sa miuga, in the Mi-
lanese patois, given at the Teatro Fossati iu
1807. Its popularity was largely due to a
song on the ueedle-gun, which had an im-
mense success, coming as it did immedi-
ately after the Sadowa campaign. His next
opera, II Guaranij, produced at La Scala
March 19, 1870, was also very successful,
and was afterwards played in Genoa, Flor-
GOMEZ
ence, Komc, and in London in 1872. His
works since then have not had any success,
being obviously iudebted for their inspira-
tion to Verdi and Meyerbeer, and having
little of the original flavour of II Guaranij.
Later works : Fosca, Milan, 1873 ; Salvator
Rosa, Genoa, 1871: ; ]\Iaria Tudor, four acts,
text by Braga, Rome, Dec. 8, 1877 ; II saluto
del Brasile, ode, performed at the Centen-
ni:d Exhibition, Philadeljihia, 187G. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 31)9 ; Grove.
GOMEZ, EUGENIO, born at Alcaniz,
Spain, in 1802, still living, 1880. Pianist
and organist, chorister in the cathedral, jiu-
pil of Luis Blasco and Manuel Dancha.
When twelve years old he was second organ-
ist, and subsecjueutly organist, of the Cathe-
dral of SevUlc. Works : Pianoforte music ;
Organ music ; Repertorio de organistas (3
vols.). — Ft'tis, Supplement, i. 300 ; Mendel,
Ei-gauz., 130.
GOmS, JOSEPH MELCHIOR, born at
Auteniente, Valencia, in 1703, died in Paris,
July 26, 183G. He became professor of
vocal music, when sixteen years old, in the
religious house where he was educated, and
when twenty-one chef of an artillery baud
in Valencia. In 1817 he went to Madrid,
brought out several ojieras, and was made
band master in the royal guards. In 1823
he went to Paris, and in 182G to Loudon,
where he taught singing. Works — Ope-
ras : La aldcana, Madrid, about 1818 ; Le
diable a Seville, Opera Comique, Paris,
1831 ; Le revenant, ib., 1833 ; Le portefais,
ib., 183.5 ; Rock-le-Barbu, ib., 183G. L'in-
verno, quartet for voices, with orchestral
accompaniment, given at the Philharmonic
concerts, London ; Songs ; Boleros. — Fetis ;
Larousse ; Mendel, iv. 207 ; do., Ergiiuz,
130.
GOMOLKA, NICOLAS, born at Jas-
lowiec, Poland, died in Chorawla, March 5,
IGOO. Church composer, studied in Italy,
it is supposed under Palestrina. He wrote
music for the psalms translated into Polish
b_v Kochanowski, a celebrated poet (1580).
A copy of these psalms is preserved in the
library of the University of Cracow ; they
have been arranged in modern notation by
Zandmann, and Sowinski gives five of them
in Les Musiciens polouais. Other works by
this comjjoser jaerished, as printing was
then unknown, and there were few maitrises
or collections of musical works in the
churches of Poland. — Fetis ; Sowinski, Mus.
pol., 221 ; Mendel, iv. 299.
GONZ.iLEZ Y RODRIGUEZ, JOSlfi
MARIA, born at Alcala, Spain, Feb. 5, 1822,
still living, 1880. Organist, j)upil in Ma-
drid of Roman Jimeno ; an organist at the
age of eighteen, and professor in 1844-67
in the Madrid Conservatorio. Works :
Masses ; Motets ; Litanies ; Organ music.
— Fetis, Supplement, i. 400 ; Mendel, Er-
giiuz., 130.
GOODGROOME, JOHN, born in Eng-
land about 1G30, died, June 27, 1704. A
chorister of St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
he was appointed in IGGO gentleman of the
Chapel Royal, and in 1GG4 became musician
in ordinary to the king. Some of his songs
apjseared in the Treasury of Music (IGGO).
— Grove ; Hawkins, History, v. 18 ; Men-
del.
GOOD SHEPHERD, THE, cantata, mu-
sic bj' William Smyth Roekstro, composed
in 1885.
GOPFERT, KARL ANDREAS, born at
Rimpar, near Wiirzburg, Jan. 16, 1768,
died in Meiuingen, April 11, 1818. After
studying the j^ianoforte, organ, and singing,
he took up the clarinet under Meissner, and
in 1788 became fir.st clarinetist in the court
orchestra of Meiuingen and soon after mu-
sic director of the military corps there. He
wrote an opera, Der Stern des Nordens,
songs, and much music for clariuet and
other wind instruments. — Mendel ; Fetis ;
Schilling ; Riemaun.
GOPFERT, KARL GOTTLIEB, born at
Weesenstein, near Dresden, in 1733, died
in Weimar, Oct. 3, 1708. Violiu virtuoso,
puj)il at the Kreuzschule and a choir-boy
in Dresden ; studied the violin while at
Leipsic University, and was intlueuced in
170
GORDIGIANI
1764 in Frankfort-on-the-Maiu by Ditters-
dorf. After playing in concerts in Leipaic
in 17G5-69, he remained in Berlin a year,
and settled in Weimar as chamber musi-
cian, becoming later orchestral director and
Conzertmeister. His best pupil was J. F.
Kranz. He published six polonaises for
violin. — Mendel ; Schilling.
GORDIGIANI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born in Mantua, Italy, in July, 1795, died
in Prague, March 2, 1871. Dramatic com-
poser, son and pupil of Antonio Gordigiani,
and pupil also at the Milan Conservatorio.
After serving in orchestras in Florence and
teaching in Ratisbou he went in 1822 to
Prague, where he was maestro of the Coii-
servatorium until his death. Works : Pim-
maglione, opera, given in Prague, 18-45 ;
Consuelo, opera, Prague, 1846 ; Cluirch mu-
sic ; Canzonets ; 12 cavalry marches ; Songs,
etc. — Fetis, iv. 58 ; do.. Supplement, i. 401 ;
Mendel.
GORDIGIANI, LUIGI, born in Florence,
June 12, 1806, died there, April 30, 1860.
Dramatic composer, brother of the preced-
ing ; sometimes called the Italian Schubert.
After travelling and singing with his father
he studied the pianoforte iu Brescia with
Gara, in Rome with Sirletti, in Pisa with
Benvenuti, and learned accompaniment un-
der Romani and composition under Ugolini.
At the age of thirteen ho comjiosed a can-
tata, II ratto d' Etruria, which he dedicated
to the Emperor of Austria. After the death
of his father, in 1820, ho made a living by
writing pianoforte pieces, under such pseu-
donyms as Zeuner and von Fiir.stenberger.
He devoted himself next to dramatic com-
position and wrote several operas, some of
which were produced at difleront theatres
in Florence. But he is best known for his
Canti popolari and his Canzonette for voice
and pianoforte, melodies of a sentimental
and usually a mournful cast, in the style of
or actually founded on old Italian national
tunes, and sometimes set to words of his
own. These, of which there are more than
three hundred, have been translated into
other languages. They were published iu
parts of eight or ten each, with characteris-
tic titles, such as : In cima al monte ; Le far-
falle di Firenze ; In rival al Aruo ; Mosaico
Etrusco, etc. He published also a collec-
tion of Tuscan airs with accompaniment, in
three books. His romances : L' innamo-
rata, L' esule, La gondoliera, La selva ; his
ariettas : L' amor tranquillo and La danza,
are perfect of their kind and have enjoyed
a wide celebrity. His stornelli are full of
a joyous originality, which also found vent
in his clever parodies of Norma, Parisina,
Sonnambula, etc. Works — Operas : Faus-
to, given at the Pergola, Florence, 1837 ;
Filippo, text by Prince Poniatowski, and
performed by him and his family, privately,
Florence, 1840 ; Gli Aragonesi in Napoli,
Pergola, ib., 1841 ; I ciarlatani, Teatro Leo-
poldo, Florence, 1843 ; Una vendetta corsa,
Florence, 1847 ; Un eredita in Cor.sica, ib.,
1847.— Fetis, iv. 58 ; do.. Supplement, i.
401 ; Grove ; Larousse.
GORIA, ALEXANDRE I^:D0UARD, born
in Paris, Jan. 21, 1823, died there, July 6,
1860. Pianist, pupil at the Conservatoire
in 1830-39, on the pianoforte of Laurent and
Zimmerman, and in harmony of Dourlen.
He won the 2d prize for pianoforte in 1834,
and the 1st prize in 1835. After leaving
the Conservatoire he taught the pianoforte
and comjiosed for it about one hundred
pieces, such as caprices, nocturnes, solos de
concert, etc. One of his best compositions
is a fautaisie on Schubert's Des Miidchen's
Klage.— Fetis ; Larousse.
GOSS, Sir JOHN, born at Fareham,
Hants, England, December, 1800, died iu
London, ]May 10, 1880. Organist, son of
Joseph Goss, organist of Fareham ; one of
the children of the Chajjel Royal under John
Stafford Smith, iu 1811, and subsequently a
pupil of Atwood. In 1824 he became or-
ganist of the new Church of St. Luke, Chel-
sea, and in 1838 he succeeded Atwood as
organist of St. Paul's Cathedral. He was
appointed one of the composers of the
Chapel Royal to succeed Knyvett in 1856 ;
GOSSEC
was knighted in 1872, ancl resigned his ap-
pointment at St. Pauls shortly afterwards.
Mus. Doc, Cambridge, 187G. Works — An-
thems : If we believe that Jesus died (for
funeral of Duke of Wellington, Nov. 22,
1852) ; Bless the Lord, 0 my soul (bicen-
tenary festival of Sons of the Clergy) ; The
Lord is my strength, and a Te Deum (for
Thanksgiving in St. Paul's, Feb. 27, 1872,
for recovery of Prince of Wales) ; The Wil-
derness ; O give thanks unto the Lord ; Al-
mighty and merciful God ; Blessed is the
man ; Christ our Passover ; I heard a voice
from heaven ; And the king said to all the
people ; etc. Church service in A ; Burial
service in E minor ; Cantate Domino and
Deus misereatur in C ; Magnificat and Nunc
dimittis in E ; Overtures for orchestra ; Or-
gan music ; Glees and madrigals ; Songs,
etc. He published also Parochial Psalmody
(London, 1827) ; The Organist's Companion
(■4 vols.) ; Introduction to Harmony and
Thorough-Bass (18:53, many ed.) ; Chants,
ancient and modern (1811). — Grove ; Fi'tis;
Brown.
GOSSEC, FRANgOIS JOSEPH (prop-
erly Gosso), born at
Vergnies in the Hai-
naut, Jan. 17, 1733,
died at Passy, Feb.
1(5, 1829. The son
of a small farmer,
he became in 1740
a choir-boy at the
Antwei-j) Cathedral,
where he remained
until 1748. In 1751
where he became ac-
quainted with Rameau, and was apjiointed
by the fermier-gc-nural La Pojielinii're to di-
rect his private orchestra. Under the eyes
of Rameau, then at the height of his fame,
Gossec made his first appearance before the
Paris public. The low condition of instini-
mental music in France excited his am-
bition to lead it into higher paths, and he
may aptl}' be called the father of the sym-
phony in France. His first works in this
he went to Paris,
form were published in 1754, five years 1)0-
fore Haydn wrote his first symphonj'. The
value of Gossec's symj)honies was not appre-
ciated at first, but after several years his
vigorous harmony and orchestration found
approval in the ears of the public, and the
overtures of Lulli and Rameau were found
to be dull and tame by comparison. When
Rameau, in his old age, stopped writing for
the stage, Gossec entered the household of
the Prince de Conti as conductor of the
prince's orchestra, where he had much lei-
sure for composition. His first quartets ap-
peared in 1759, and his Requiem (probably
his most famous work) was given with over-
whelming success, and published in 1760.
In 1764 his first opera, Le Faux Lord, was
given at the Comedie Italienne. His Les
Pccheurs was given on April 8, 176G, and
ran for nearly the remainder of the year.
In 1770 Gossec founded the Concert des
Amateurs, the orchestra being conducted
by the famous Chevalier de Saint-Georges.
This, the first impulse given to fine orches-
tral playing in France, is to be ascribed
mainly to Gossec. But his greatest service
to the cause of music in France was his
founding of the £eole Royale de Chant (the
first beginning of the Conservatoire), in
1784. 'Wlien the Conservatoire itself was
founded, in 1795, Gossec was made one of
the inspectors. During the Revolution he
was conductor of the band of the Garde
Nationale, and wrote much music for the
public fetes. He was a member of the In-
stitut from its foundation (1795), and che-
valier of the Legion of Honour (1812). He
retired from his professorship at the Con-
servatoire in 1815, but continued to attend
the meetings of the Academic des Beaux-
Arts until 1823. Gossec was a man of great
talent, perseverance, insight, and enterprise
rather than a man of great genius. Bj' hard
and intelligent work he raised himself from
a position of absolute obscurity to the rank
of a classic comjjoser, and this, too, with
hardly any instruction. He enjoyed im-
mense i:)opularity, but had the misfortune
172
CtOSWIN
to see himself surpassed in almost every
dej)artment by his younger contemporaries.
Like most innovators who flourish at the
jjoiut of contact of two distinct periods in
art, he saw his original ideas laid hold of
and vastly improved upon by others. Thus
Haydn and Mozart far surjjassed him in the
sj-mphony and in sacred composition, as
Grt'try and Gluek did on the stage. His
popularity, fully deserved as it was, was
thus destined to be but short-lived. There
is an oil portrait of hiui in the Conservatoire
library at Paris, besides which there is a
small engraving by Fremy (after Brun), and
a bust by Caillouetc. A monument to his
memory was erected at Vergnies in 1877.
Works — Ojjeras : 1. Le faux lord, Paris,
Theatre Italien, 17C4 ; 2. Les pccheurs,
ib., 176G ; 3. Le double deguisemeut, ib.,
1707 ; 4. Toinon et Toinettc, ib., June 20,
1707 ; 5. Sabinus, Opera, Feb. 22, 1773 ;
C. Berthe (in collaboration with Philidor
and Botson), Brussels, Jan. IS, 1775 ; 7.
Alexis et Da^^hnr, Paris, Opera, Sept. 20,
1775 ; 8. FldU'inon et Baucis, ballet, ib.,
Sept. 2G, 1775; 9. Hylas et Sylvie, ib.,
1770 ; 10. La file de village, ib.. May 20,
1778 ; 11. Thesee, ib., Feb. 20, 1782 ; 12.
Clioruses to Rocheforfs "Electre," at court,
January, 1783 ; 13. liosine, ou IV'pouse aban-
donnoe, Opera, July 14, 1780 ; 14. Choruses
to Racine's " Athalie," Theatre Frau(;ais,
1791 ; 15. L'ofirande a la patrie. Opera,
Oct. 2, 1792 ; 10. Le camp de Grandpre, ou
le triomphe de la reisublique, ib., Jan. 27,
1793 ; 17. La reprise de Toulon, ib., 1790 ; 18.
Les sabots et le cerisier. Theatre des Jeunes
iSleves, Dec. 13, 1803 ; 19. Le Perigourdin,
at the palace of the Prince de Conti, (?) ;
20. Nitocris, unfinished. Oratorios : L'arche
dalliance; To, Natimte ; Saiil. Church mu-
sic : Masses with orchestra ; Mesxe des morts ;
Motets ; Te Deum ; O Salutaris. Music for
patriotic festivals : Chant du 14 juillet ;
Chant martial ; Hymne a I'Etre supreme ;
do. a la Nature ; do. a I'Humanite ; do. a la
Liberte ; and several others. Serment re-
publicaiu ; Chujurs et chants pour I'apothe-
ose de Voltaire ; do. do Rousseau ; etc. In-
strumental music : La chasse, and 25 other
symphonies for full orchestra ; 3 do. for
wind instruments ; Symphonic concertante
for eleven instruments ; Several overtures ;
0 serenades for violin, flute, horn, bassoon,
viola, and ba.ss ; Quartets, trios, and duos
for strings. — Pierre Hedouin, Gossec, sa vie,
etc. (Valenciennes, 1852) ; Notice by Edou-
ard Gregoire in ''La Fedt'ration " news-
paj)er (Brussels, Nov. 20, 1875) ; Charles
Plot, " Particularites inedites concernant les
ceuvres musicales de Gossec et Philidor,"
Bulletins de I'Acadomie Royale de Belgique,
2d series (1872), xl. No. 1 (also printed sep-
arately in pamphlet form) ; Clement, Mus.
ct'K'bres, 137 ; Gregoir, Notice sur G. (1878) ;
Fetis ; do., Sui3ijh'ment, i. 403.
GOSWIN, ANTON (Antonius Gostuinus),
German composer of the latter part of the
10th century. He was in the royal chapel
in ^Munich ; then became Kapellmeister suc-
cessively to the Bishoj)s of Liege, Hildes-
heim, and Freising, and finally to the Count
Palatine, Ernst bei Rhein. He composed
madrigals and sacred songs. — Mendel ; Fe-
tis ; Allgem. d. Biogr.
GOTT, BEI DEINEM STARKEN
SCHUTZEN, bass aria in G minor, with ac-
companiment of 2 oboes and continuo, in
Johanu Sebastian Bach's cantata for Dom.
IV. jjost Epij^h., " Wiir' Gott nicht mit uns
diese Zeit ; " published separately, with ad-
ditional accompaniments by Robert Franz,
by F. Whistling, Leipsic, 1800.
GOTTERDAMMERUNG (Dusk of the
Gods), music drama in a prologue and three
acts, by Richard Wagner, first represented
at Bayreuth, Aug. 17, 1870. The fourth
and last drama in Der Bing des Nibelungen.
The original cast was as follows :
1T3
GOTTERDAMMERUNG
Siegfried (T.) Hen- Unger.
Gunther (Bar.) Herr Gura.
Hagen (B.) Herr von Eeicheuberg.
Albericli (Bar.) Herr Hill.
Briiuubilde (S.). . .Fraii Friedrich-Materna.
Gutrune (S.) Frl. Weckerlin.
Waltraute (S.) Frau Ja'ida.
Siegfried who, at the close of the tliird
drama, Siegfried, Las wou Briiunbilde, leaves
Materna, as Bfunnhtlde.
her on tbe beigbts of tbe Bri'mnhildensteiu,
giving ber tbe Ring as a pledge of bis
fidelity, and goes out in searcb of new ex-
ploits. Arriving at tbe dwelling of Guntber,
tbe Gibicbung, be meets Gutrune, bis sister,
and Hagen, bis balf-brotber. Hagen is Al-
bericb'sson, and is bent ujwn regaining tbe
Ring, robbed from bis father (Rheingoki,
Scene 3). He prepares a potion which,
handed to Siegfried by Gnti'une, makes the
hero forget Briinnbilde, and love Gutrune.
Siegfried sues forthwith for Gutrune's
band ; Guntber promises ber to him, if be
will fii'st help him win Briinnbilde for his
wife. Siegfried consents, and, disguising
himself as Gunther, bj' means of tbe Tarn-
helm, repairs to tbe Briinubildenstein,
wrenches tbe Ring from Briinnbilde's fin-
ger, and brings ber captive to Gunther. In
the second act Siegfried, having doffed the
Tarnhelm, appears in his own shape ; Briinn-
bilde claims him as her husband, but he,
still under the spell of Hagen's potion, dis-
claims all knowledge of her. She espies the
Ring on bis finger, and sees that it was he,
and not Guntber, who brought her by force
from the Briinnbildenstein. Both Gunther
and Briinnbilde think that Siegfried has
wittingly islayed them false, and, stiU further
incited thereto by Hagen, they plot Sieg-
fried's death. In the tbinl act Siegfried,
one of a bunting party, comes to tbe banks
of the Rhine ; the Rhine-daughters beseech
him to restore tbe Ring to them, prophesy-
ing bis death if bo should keep it, but he
refuses to give it uji. He is joined by Gun-
ther, Hagen, and others, and during the
noontide rest Hagen asks him to tell the
story of his life. In the midst of the nar-
rative Hagen offers Siegfried a draught, a
counterpotion to the one given him in the
first act ; tbe young hero, bis memory now
restored, proceeds to tell how he first won
Briinnbilde on the heights of tbe Briinn-
bildenstein (Siegfried, Act iii., Sc. 3). Gun-
ther springs up in horror ; Wotan's ravens
fly up from a bush hard by, and as Sieg-
fried, startled by the whir of wings, turns
round to look after them, Hagen plunges
his spear into his back. Siegfried dies with
Briinnbilde's name on his lips ; the men
raise his body upon bis shield, and bear it
home in solemn jirocession. On reaching
Gunther's dwelling, Hagen and Gunther
quan-el, and the latter is killed ; Hagen
tries to take the Ring from Siegfried's fin-
ger, but the dead arm raises itself and warns
him off with threatening gesture. While
GOTT
Gutrune is bewailing lier hero's death,
Brilnubilde appears, and claims liim for her
owu ; she orders a funeral iJyre to be built,
and, as the men lift Siegfried's body njion
it, draws the Ring from his finger and jjuts
it on her owu. She lights the pyre with a
torch, and, mounting her horse Grane, leaps
into the flames. The Rhine overflows its
banks into the hall, bearing with it the
Rhine-daughters, who recover the Ring and
drag Hagen, plunging into the waves after
them in delirium, down to the depths. A
ruddy glow lights up the northern sky, be-
tokening the end of Valhalla, and the Dusk
of the Gods : the Ragnaruk of Northern
mythology.
Of the four Nibelungen dramas, GOtter-
diimmerung is the one in which there is the
most of incident and dramatic action. As
in all of the dramas of Wagner's third pe-
riod, the music is not divided into distinct
numbers, but is a continuous working out
of characteristic Leitmotivs, most of which
have already' appeared in the earlier parts of
the tetralogy. The music after Siegfried's
death has become familiar in the concert-
room under the misnomer of " Siegfried's
Funeral March," and Briinnhilde's last
speech over the hero's body, beginning,
"Schweigt eures Jammers jauchzenden
Swall !," is frequently given ajjart from the
rest of the work. The orchestral interlude
(scherzo) between the Prologue and Act i.,
known as Siegfried's Rheiufahrt " (S.'s trip
up the Rhine), which was written before the
rest of the music, is sometimes played also
at concerts. Gotterdilmmeruug was first
given in America at the Metropolitan Opera
House, New York, Jan. 25, 1888.— Krehbiel,
Review (1887-88), 87 ; for other bibliog-
raphy, see riiuij des Nibelungen.
GOTT ERHALTE FRANZ DEN KAI-
SER (God save Franz the Emperor), com-
monly called the Emperor's Hymn, the
national anthem of Austria. The words
were written by Lorenz Leopold Haschka,
in 1796, during the patriotic fervour caused
by the movements of the French army, were
set to music for four voices by Haydn, in
January, 1797, and were sung first on the
EmjJeror's birthday, Feb. 12, 1797. Haydn
subsequently used it as a theme for varia-
tions in his Kaiserquartet (op. 7G, No. 3).
— A. Schmid, J. Haydn vmd N. Zingarelli
(Venice, 1817).
GOTTES ZEIT 1ST DIE ALLERBESTE
ZEIT (God's Time is the best of all Time),
cantata for soli and chorus, with accomjJani-
ment of two flutes, two viole da gamba, and
continuo, otherwise called the Actus Tragi-
cus, by Johann Sebastian Bach, written at
Weimar, probably in memory of Magister
Philipp Grossgebauer, rector of the school
there, who died in 1711. It is sometimes
called also the Mourning Cantata. Though
one of the composer's j-outhful comi^ositions,
it has always been a favourite of the best mu-
sical critics. Published, edited by Robert
Franz, by Leuckhart (Leipsic, 1850). — Spit-
ta, i. 451 ; Upton, Standard Cantatas, 33.
GOTT F.IHRET AUF HOT JAUCHZEN,
cantata, festo Ascensionis Christi, for soli
and chorus, with accompaniment of three
trumi^ets, drums, two oboes, strings com-
plete, and continuo, by Johann Sebastian
Bach (Bachgesellschaft, No. 43). Publish-
ed in full and pianoforte score, with ad-
ditional accompaniments by Robert Franz,
Breslau, Leuckart. — Sjjitta, Bach, ii. 550.
GOTTH.mD, J. P. (real name Pazdirek),
born at Drahauowitz, Moravia, Jan. 19, 1839,
still living, 1889. He was a choir-boj' at
Altwasser, and finally solo so23rano at the
cathedral in Olmiitz. He attended the gym-
nasium in Vienna, where he was the pupil
of Simon Sechter in composition. He
founded a musical establishment in 18G8 in
Vienna. In his hall he established a series
of concerts, where young musicians ap-
j)eared. Works : Mass for soli, chorus and
orchestra, op. 6G ; 14:9th psalm, for do., op.
G3 ; Oft'ertorium, for do., ojj. G5 ; do. for
soprano and tenor, with strings, 2 horns
and organ, op. G7 ; Graduale, for tenor,
with flute, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns,
and double-bass, op. 64 ; Ave Maria, for
175
GOTT
Tenor solo and male chorus, with organ,
op. 39 ; Liebesgliick, song in dance form,
for a voice, with orchestra, op. 62 ; Con-
cert overture, for orchestra ; Quintet for
jiianoforte and strings, oji. GO ; Andante
ongarese, for string quartet, op. 68 ; Cho-
ruses for male voices, op. 10, 19, '2i, 32, Si,
35, 38, 41, 46, 69 ; Pianoforte music and
songs.
GOTT 1ST GERECHT, bass aria in B-
flat, with accompaniment of three oboes
and continuo, in Johauu Sebastian Bach's
cantata for Dom. I post Triuit., " O Ewig-
keit, du Dounerwort " (Bachgesellschaft,
No. 20) ; ijublished sejaarately, with addi-
tional accompaniments by Kobert Eranz, by
F. Whistling, Leipsic, 18(;0.
GOTTLOB! NUN GEHT D.LS J.IHR
ZU ENDE, soprano aria in A minor, with
accompaniment of 2 oboes, taille, strings
complete, and continue, in Johann Sebas-
tian Bach's cantata for Dom. post Nativ.
Christi, " Gottlob ! Nun gcht das Jahr zu
Ende " (Bachgesellschaft, No. 28) ; published
separately, with additional acconipaniinents
by Robert Franz, by F. AVhistling, Leij)sic,
1860.
GOTTSCHALK, LOUIS MOREAU, born
at New Orleans,
Louisiana, May 8,
1829, died at Rio
de Janeiro, Dec.
18, 18(19. Pianist,
I^upil in Paris of
Chai-les Halle and
of Stamaty on the
pianoforte, and of
M a 1 e d e n in har-
mony ; appeared
first in public in
184.5, then made a concert tour through
France, Switzerland, and Spain, meeting
everywhere with brilliant success. Li 1853
he returned to America, and made a suc-
cessful tour through the United States,
Cuba, and South America, whither he went
from San Francisco in 1865. Endowed
with a poetic imagination, he was equally
original as virtuoso and composer ; and his
music has a colour peculiar to itself. His
numerous compositions, if not deep, are full
of novel accents and unusual rhythmical
combinations, producing an indefinable
charm ; they are nearly all so-called charac-
ter-pieces, and mostly of a national, espe-
cially Spanish tinge, brilliant, and at times
melancholy. Works : Charles IX., Isaura
de Salerno, operas ; La unit des troisiques,
symphonj', for grand orchestra ; ]Monte-
video, do. ; Grand triumphal march, for
do. ; Gran marcha solemne, dedicated to
the Emperor of Brazil, for do. ; Finale con-
certante to the opera Charles IX., for do. ;
Escenas campestres cubanas, for do. ; Gran
Tarantella, for do. ; about 90 works for pi-
anoforte, a complete list of which is to be
I found in the monographs cited below, and
about a dozen songs. — Fors, Gottschalk
j (Havana, 1880) ; R. E. Peterson, Notes of a
I Pianist, etc. (Philadelphia, 1881) ; Octavia
I Hensel, Life and Letters of L. M. Gottschalk
(Boston, 1870).
GOTT SEI MIR GNADIG, bass air of
Paulus in Mendelssohn's J^aulus, Part I.
GOTTWALD, HEINRICH, born at
Reichenbach, Silesia, Oct. 24, 1821, died in
Breslau, Feb. 17, 1876. Pianist, pupil of
his father ; entered the seminary in Bres-
lau in 1839, but soon left to study under
Pixis at the Prague Conservatorium. He
became music director at Hohenelbe, Bo-
hemia, in 1844 ; was first horn in a theatre
orchestra in Vienna in 1846 ; retm-ned to
Hohenelbe in 1847 ; settled in Breslau as
pianist, teacher, and writer, in 1857. Works :
Symphonies ; Overtures ; Masses ; Music for
horn and pianoforte. — Mendel, iv. 310 ; Er-
giinz., 131 ; Fi'tis, Supplement, i. 404.
GOTTWALD, JOSEPH, born at Wil-
helmsthal, Glatz, Aug. 6, 1754, died in Bres-
lau, June 25, 1833. He became choir-boy
in the Dominican Church of Breslau in 1766,
organist of the sanie in 1769, organist of the
Kreuzkirche in 1783, and of the cathedral
in 1819. Works : -Masses ; Hj-mns ; Vespers,
and other church music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
ne
GOTZE
GOTZE, HEINKICH, born at AYaitba,
Silesia, April 7, 1836, still liviug, 1889. Li-
strumental composer, pujiil of Mosewius
and Baumgart, then at the Conservatoriuiu,
Leipsic, of Frauz Gutze iu singing ; losing
liis voice, be devoted himself to teaching
and composition, went first to Russia as
musical tutor, then lived for some years at
Breslau, and in 1871 became instructor
of music at the seminary at Liebenthal,
Silesia. Among his compositions are es-
pecially noteworthy two serenades, and
six sketches for string orchestra, and a
pianoforte trio. — Mendel, Ergiiuz., 129 ;
Riemann.
GOTZE, JOHANN NICOLAUS KON-
RAD, born at Weimar, Feb. 11, 1791, died
there, Dec. 5, 1861. Violinist, pujnl iu
Gotha of Spohr, iu Weimar of August Miil-
ler, and at the Paris Conservatoire iu 1813
of Kreutzer and Cherubini. After leaving
the Conservatoire he settled in Weimar,
making jjrofessional journeys to Vienna and
other cities. Iu 1826-18 he was director
of the Court Theatre at Weimar. Works —
Operas : Der Markt, Weimar, 1819 ; Alex-
ander iu Persieu, ib., 1820 ; Das Orakel iu
Delphi, three acts, ib., 1822 ; Der Gallego,
four acts, ib., 1834. He wrote also the
music for several vaudevilles and melo-
dramas ; Overtures for orchestra ; Quartet
for stringed instruments, op. 2 ; 3 other
quartets for do., op. 5 ; Variations for vio-
lin with accompaniment ; 3 trios for two
violins and %dolonceUo ; Pianoforte music ;
Songs, etc. — Fctis ; Larousse.
GOTZE, KARL, boru in Weimar iu 1836,
died at Magdeburg, Jan. 14, 1887. Dra-
matic composer, j)upil of TOpfer and Geb-
hardi, and later of Liszt. He became Cor-
repetitor of the Weimar Opera iu 1855,
then theatre Kapellmeister in Magdeburg,
iu Berlin in 1869, in Breslau in 1872, and
in Chemnitz from 1875. Works — Operas :
Eine AbschiedsroUe, Die Korseu, Weimar,
1866 ; Gustav Wasa, der Held des Nordens,
text by Rost, ib., 1868; Judith, Magde-
burg, 1887. Eine Sommernacht, sympho-
nic poem, op. 20 ; Orchestral, pianoforte,
and vocal music. — Riemann ; Mendel.
GOUDIMEL, CLAUDE, born at Vaison,
near Avignon, Frauce, probably about 1505,
killed at Lyons iu the massacre on St. Bar-
tholomew's Day, Aug. 24, 1572. Of his early
life nothing is known ; he went to Rome
and established a music school there, cer-
tainly before 1540. Li 1555 he had returned
to France, and was partner of Nicolas Du-
chemiu, book and music publisher in Paris.
The partnershijD was dissolved iu the follow-
ing year. Iu 1562 he jjublished his set-
ting of the Psalms in four-voice counter-
point on cantus firmi taken from Calviuistic
melodies. It is very doubtful, however, if
Goudimel was himself a Protestant. His
Psalms had the authorization of the Sor-
bonne (Oct. 16, 1561), and were actually
used iu Catholic public worship. His being
included iu the St. Bartholomew proscrip-
tion was probably due to the machinations
of envious rivals. Goudimel wrote almost
entirely for the church ; his works are nota-
ble for a peculiar charm and grace of style,
remindiug one more of Costanzo Festa than
of his other great coutemi^oraries Hobrecht
and Arcadelt. His fame as a teacher has,
somewhat unjustly, thrown his reputation
as a composer iuto the shade. Probably
no man ever formed so many great pupils,
among them being Palestrina, Giovanni
Animuccia, Steftano Bettiui, Giovanni Maria
Nanini, and Alessandro della Viola. — Am-
bros, iii. 578.
GOULD, NATHANIEL (DUREN), born
iu Chelmsford (now Bedford), Massachu-
setts, March 26, 1781, died in Boston, May
28, 1864. He studied vocal music under
Reuben Emerson, established his first sing-
ing school iu Stoddard, N. H., iu 1798, and
for twenty years conducted singing schools
in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. In
1806 his name was changed from Duren to
Gould. About 1807 was formed the Mid-
dlesex Musical Society, of which he was
' conductor for several years. In 1819 he
' removed to Boston, and taught vocal music
GOULLEY
there and in New York for ten years. He
then returned to Boston, where he jJassed
the rest of his Ufe as a professional penman.
He edited the following works : " Social
Harmony " (1823) ; " National Church Har-
mony " (1832) ; " Sacred Minstrel " (1839) ;
" Companion for the Psalmist " (1853). He
was the author also of a Look entitled
" Church Music in America."
GOULLEY (Goule), JACQUES NICO-
LAS, born at Saint-Jean du Cardonnay
about 1774, died at Rouen, May 30, 1818.
Church composer, pupil of Cordonnier and
Broche at the Maitrise of Rouen Cathedral,
where Boieldieu was his fellow pupil. Com-
posed his first mass, with orchestral accom-
paniment, at fifteen. His motet, lucipite
Domino, with full orchestra, was considered
a fine work. He excelled in romances for
3 or 4 voices ; one of these, O ma j)atrie, O
mon bonheur, was very popular. — Fctis,
Supplement, i. 405 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 131.
GOUNOD, CHARLES (FRANCOIS),
born in Paris, June
17, 1818, stm hving,
1889. Dramatic
composer ; g r a d u-
ated at the Lycc'e
Saint-Louis, and in
1836 entered the
C(jnservatoire, where
he became a pupil
of Haluvy in coun-
terpoint, and of Paer
and Lesueur in composition. In 1837 he
won the second prize for composition, and in
1839 the prix de Rome, with the cantata
Fernand. During his three years' residence
in Rome he studied the style of Palestrina,
brought out a mass in S. Luigi de' Francesi
in 1841, and a Requiem in Vienna, 1842, and
after his return to Paris became organist and
maitre de chapelle of the ^Missions etran-
n-eres. At that time he attended theologi-
cal lectures, and came near taking holy
orders ; but suddenly a change took place
in his musical aspirations, which led him to
dramatic composition. It was, however, a
religious work which first brought him
into universal notice, after one of Hullah's
concerts in London,
1851, in which parts
of his Messe so-
leunelle wei'e per-
formed. In the
same year he made
his debut at tlie
Opera with Sapho,
and in 1852 was
made director of
the Orpheon, the
great union of the
male singing societies and vocal schools of
Paris, which position he held for eight years.
In 1859 he won his greatest triumph with
Faust, Avhich bore his fame into all coun-
tries of Europe, and continues to be his
masterpiece, although his Romeo et Juliette
(1867) is ranked even higher in France.
The war of 1870 caused his removal to Lon-
don, where ho founded the choral union
Gounod's Choir, with whom he gave con-
certs ; in 1875 he returned to Paris, where,
after producing several new operas, the
success of which never equalled that of
Faust, he devoted himself almost exclu-
sively to sacred composition in the larger
forms. Gounod's genius is eminently ele-
giac and poetic, with a tinge of mysticism ;
he is a consummate master of the orchestra,
in his treatment of which he evinces consid-
erable individuality. Member of the Insti-
tute of France ; Commander of the L. of
Honour. "Works — Operas: Sapho, given at
the OiJcra, April IG, 1851 ; La nonne. san-
glante, Oct. 18, 1854 ; Le medecin malgre
lui, oiJcra-comique, Theilti-e Lyriquc, Jan.
15, 1858 ; FausI, ib., March 19, 1859, and
with considerable modifications. Opera,
March 3, 1809 ; Philemon et Baucis, The-
atre Lyi'ique, Feb. 18, 1860, Opera Co-
mique (reduced to 2 acts), 1876 ; La vo-
loinbe, opera-comique, Baden, 1860, Opera
Comique, June 7, 1866 ; La reine de Saba,
Opera, Feb. 29, 18()2 ; Mireilh; Theatre
Lyrique, March 19, 1804, Opera Comique
ITS
GOUVY
(reduced to 4 acts), November, 1874 ; Pio-
mk> et Juliette, Theatre Lyrique, April 27,
1867 ; Cinq-'Mars, Opera Comique, April
5, 1877; Pohjeude, Opera, Oct. 7, 1878;
Georges Dandin, not performed ; Le tribut
de Zamora, April 1, 1881. Other dramatic
music : Choruses to Ponsard's tragedy
Cli/sse, Comedie Frau^aise, June 18, 1852 ;
do., and incidental music to Legouve's
drama Les deux reines de France, Theatre
Ventadour, Nov. 27, 1872 ; do. to Barbier's
drama Jeanne d'Arc, Theatre de la Gaite,
Nov. 8, 1873. Sacred music : Mass for
3 voices and orchestra, Rome, 1841 ; Re-
quiem, Vienna, St. Charles's, 1842 ; Messe
solennelle, Paris, Saint-Eustache, 1849 ;
Missa brevis ; Second Requiem mass ; Two
masses ; Messe du Sacre-Coeur de Jesus,
for 4 voices, chorus, orchestra, and organ,
Paris, Saint-Eustaclie, 187G ; Stabat Jlatcr ;
Tubie, oratorio ; Lcs sept paroles du Christ ;
MasSj Angeli custodes ; Pater uoster ; I'res
du fleuve etranger, chorus with orchestra ;
Ji'sus de Nazareth ; Ave verum ; O saluta-
ris, for solo voice, with chorus and organ ;
Te Deum ; Jesus sur le lac de Tiberiade,
scene for baritone solo, chorus, and orches-
tra, Paris, 187G ; Magnificat ; Vexilla regis ;
Christus faetus est ; Sis cantiques, for solo
or chorus ; Messe solennelle, Sainte-Cecile,
Paris, 1882 ; La Redemption, oratorio,
Birmingham Festival, August, 1882 ; jl/b>-.s
et vita, do., ib., 1885. Cantatas : Fernand
(1839) ; A la frontiere, Paris, Opera, 1870 ;
OaUia, biblical elegy, for chorus, soli, and
orchestra, for the opening of the Interna-
tional Exhibition, London, Royal Albert
Hall, Maj' 1, 1871. Instrumental music :
Symphony in D ; do. in E-flat ; La reine
des Apotres, symphony ; Marche romaine ;
Prelude de Bach, orchestrated. Concert
populaire, Dec. 8, 18G7 ; Meditation sur le
ler prelude de Bach, for sojjrano, violin,
pianoforte, and organ ; Le calme, for violin
solo, with orchestra ; Romances sans pa-
roles, for pianoforte ; 10 morceaux ori-
ginaux, for do. ; Marche pontifieale, do. ;
Valses, do. ; Convoi funebre d'une mario-
nette, do. ; Dodelinette, berceuse for do.
(4 hands) ; Methode de cor a pistons.
Vocal : 12 choruses for 3-G voices ; Choeurs
orpheoniques, for 4 male voices ; Dans uue
etable, chorus with orchestra ; Les Gaulois,
do. ; En avant !, chanson militaire, for solo
and chorus, with orchestra ; Chants lyriques
de Saiil ; Pastorale sur un Noel du dix-
huitieme siecle, chorus with orchestra ;
Choruses dedicated to the Albert Hall Cho-
ral Society ; 20 melodies for voice and pi-
anoforte (Paris, Choudens) ; do., 2d col. ;
do., 3d col. ;
do., 4th col. \ ^ f ^
15 duets for ^ ^ - rZtu.rx^
do. (m o s 1 1 y
extracts from his operas) ; Biondina,
12 melodies to Italian f)oems by Zaf-
fira ; Many other French, English, and
Italian songs. — Autobiograjihie de Ch. Gou-
nod, etc. (London, W. Reeves, 1875) ; L'Art,
April 1 and 8, 1877 ; Claretie, Portraits
contemporains (Paris, 1875) ; Clement,
Mus. celebres, G24 ; Fetis ; do., Supple-
ment, i. 405 ; Mendel.
GOm'Y, (LOUIS) THEODORE, born,
of French parents, atGoffontaine, near Saar-
briick, Rlienish Prussia, July 2, 1819, still
living in Paris, 1889. Pianist ; after a
course of study at the Metz Gymnasium he
went in 1840 to Paris to study law, but
gave it up for music ; studied composition
under Elwart three years, then studied in
Berlin, and later in Italy fifteen months.
In 184G he returned to Paris, where he has
since resided as a teacher and composer.
He gave his first concert in Paris in 1847,
when the orchestra of the Theatre Italien
played his second symphony, op. 9. The
Societe des Concerts of the Union Musicale
played his music in 1848 and it had a warm
reception, and since 1850 the different mu-
sical societies of Paris, notably that of Sainte-
Cecile, and the society of the young stu-
dents of the Conservatoire h.ave played his
works every year. His puljlished and un-
published works extend to op. 75, and con-
tain more than 200 numbers. — Works : Cid,
1T9
GOW
opera, 1863 ; Aslega, lyric-dramatic scene ;
Golgotha, cantata ; Eequiem Mass ; Stabat
Mater ; Friihlings Erwacben, for male cho-
rus, soprano solo, and orchestra, op. 73 ; 6
symphonies for full orchestra ; 2 concert
overtures ; String quartets and a quintet ;
5 pianoforte trios and cue quintet ; 18 ser-
enades for pianoforte solo ; Sonatas for pi-
anoforte, choruses, songs, and other pieces
iu large numbers. — Fctis ; do., Sujjplement,
i. -110 ; Grove ; Mendel ; lliemann.
GOW, NEIL, born at luver, near Dun-
keld, Perthshire, Scotland, March 22, 1727,
died thei-e, March 1, 1807. Violinist, self-
taught until the age of thirteen, when he
received lessons from John Cameron, a
retainer of the Stewart family of Grand-
tull\'. He became noted for his i^erform-
ance of Scotch tunes, especially reels and
strathspeys, and he pei-formed at most of
the fashionable balls and assemblies of his
time, supported by his brother Donald on
the violoncello. He published six collec-
tions of strathspey reels, and A Complete
Repositoiy of the Original Scotch Slow
Tunes, Strathspeys, and Dances, many of
which were of his own composition. His
four sons, Nathaniel, Andrew, John, and
William, were all violinists, and noted in
their day. Nathaniel (17G6-1831), pupil
of his father, and also of E. M'Intosh,
M'Glashan, and J. Keinagle, edited The
Beauties of Neil Gow (Edinburgh), in six
books, comprising chiefly the comjDOsitions
of Neil Gow and his sons, and several otlier
collections of Scotch melodies. Among his
airs. Caller Hen-iu' is one of the most pop-
ular. Neil Gow, Jr. (1795-1823), son of
Nathaniel, was the composer of Cam' ye by
Athol ?, Flora Maedouald's Lament, and
Bonnie Prince Charlie. — Grove ; Brown.
GRABELER, PETER, born in Bonn, Aug.
10, 179G, died there, Dec. IG, 1830. Violin-
ist, ^slaved when ten years old in an orches-
tra of his native city ; learned several other
instruments, and in theory was the pupil of
Stegmann. He became a bandmaster in
the Prussian Army, and, after the battle of
Waterloo, directed German opera in Posen.
In 1821 he returned to Bonn, and took
charge of his dead father's brewery in 1824,
without giving up music entirely. He com-
posed the oratorio, Salomo's Urtheil, the
cantata, An die Hoffnung, to words by Lud-
wig, King of Bavaria, and other vocal and
instrumental music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
GRABEN-HOFFMANN ( H o ff m a n n ) ,
GUSTAV, born at
Bnin, near Posen,
March 7, 1820, still
living, 1889. After
studying at the semin-
ary of Bromberg, he
became a teacher near
and in Posen ; and in
1813 went to Berlin
and was a pupil of the
singer Stiimer. He
founded a ladies' singing academy in Pots-
dam, studied composition under Hauptmanu
in Leipsic, settled iu Dresden as teacher of
singing in 18.^)8, in Schwerin in 18G8, La
Berlin in 1870, and returned to Dresden in
1873 ; settled at Potsdam, 1885. He has
composed 95 books of songs and other mu-
sic, and has written several works on vocal
instruction. His ballad, 500,000 Teufel,
was veiy popular and often translated.
— I\Ieudel ; Brockhaus, ix. 300 ; Riemann,
327 ; Fi'tis, Supplement, i. 411.
GR.YBU (Grabut), LOUIS, French com-
poser, living in London about 1680. He
wrote the music for Drvden's Albion and
Albinus, 1G85, printed in London (1GS7).
Choron calls him chapel-master to Charles
H. and director of Covent Garden Theatre,
and says that the first opera played in Lon-
don, Ariadne, or the Marriage of Bacchus
(1674), was by him, but this account has no
real foundation. — FOtis ; Burney, Hist., iv.
194 ; Mendel.
GRADEHAND, FRIEDRICH, born at
Brehna, Prussian Saxonj', Dec. 24, 1812,
died in Leipsic, June 2, 1842. Organist,
pupil at the Thomasschule, Leipsic, of
Weinlig ; organist of the Church of St.
GRADENER
Georg, Leijisic. Works : Symphony ; Mo-
tets ; Organ pieces. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRADENER, HERMANN, born at Kiel,
Germany, May 8, 1844, still living, 1889.
Organist, son and pupil of Karl Griideuer,
and at the Conservatorium in Vienna ; or-
ganist at Gumpeudorf (Vienna), 1862, vio-
linist in the court orchestra, 1804, instructor
of harmony at Horak's jnanoforte school,
and for some years past at the Conservato-
rium. Works : Capriccio for orchestra, op.
4; Sinfonietta, for do., op. 14; Eiue Lusl-
s^jiW-Ouvertiire, for do., op. 28 ; Octet for
strings, op. 12 ; Quintet for do., op. 23 ;
do. for pianoforte and strings, op. 6 ; Trio
for do., op. 1 ; .5 impromptus for do., op.
11 ; 5 intermezzi for violin and pianoforte,
op. 9 ; Sonata for two pianofortes, op. 18 ;
Other pianoforte jaieces and songs.
GEADENER, KARL G. P., born at Ros-
tock, Jan. 14, 1812,
ilied in Hamburg,
June 10, 1883.
Studied at Halle
and GiJttingcn TJiii-
versities, and then
adopted music as a
profession. He was
violoncellist in Hel-
slugfors, and uni-
versity and society
music director in
Kiel for ten years ; then founded a singing
academy in Hamburg in 1851, and con-
ducted it another ten years. He taught
singing and theory at the Vienna Conser-
vatorium in 1802-0.5, when he settled in
Hamburg again as a teacher. His works
are distinguished by original harmony and
striking form. Works : 2 symphonies ;
Overture to Schiller's Fiesco, op. 30 ; Con-
certo for pianoforte, op. 20 ; 2 quintets for
do. and strings; 2 trios for do.; 1 sonata,
variations, fantastic studies, Fliegende Blat-
ter und Bliittchen, Triiumereien, for piano-
forte ; 3 sonatas for violin ; Sonata for vio-
loncello ; Octet for strings, op. 49 ; 3 string
quartets, op. 12, 17, 29 ; Trio, op. 48 ; Ro-
mance for violin with orchestra. — Mendel ;
Riemann.
GRADENTHALER (not Gnadenthaler),
HIERONYMUS, German composer of the
17th century. He was organist in Ratisbon,
and composed several collections of sacred
and secular songs. — Fetis; Gerber, N. Lex.;
Mendel.
GRADUS AD PARNASSUM, a series of
100 instructive studies for the pianoforte,
by Clementi, dedicated to the Princess
Wolkonska. Some of these exercises had
been published previously, and were revised
and extended for this collection. Three
sonatas, op. 50, are dedicated to Cherubini.
Published by Ricordi (Milan, 1817). Cle-
menti published an appendix to the Gradus,
containing 134 exercises, gavottes, gigues,
airs with variations, etc., chiefly by other
composers, to which he wrote preludes.
Selections from the Gradus, for advanced
students, have been edited, with modern
fingering, by Karl Tausig. Fux wrote, un-
der the same title, a treatise on composition
and counterpoint (Vienna, 1725), translated
into German by Mizler (Leipsic, 1742) ; Ital-
ian, by Manfredi (Carpi, 1761). An English
edition was published also, without date,
with a Kyrie and Amen from the Missa Vicis-
situdinis. — Grove, i. 610.
GRAESER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH
GOTTFRIED, born in Arnstadt in 1766,
died at the Castle of Erbach in 1790.
He chose the clerical profession, and at his
early death was a private tutor and a can-
didate for the ministry. His musical abil-
ities were demonstrated by pianoforte so-
natas and songs, which he published.
—Mendel, iv. 323 ; Schilling, iii. 285 ; Fe-
tis, iv. 77.
GRAF, CHRISTIAN ERNST, born at
Rudolstadt in 1723, died at The Hague in
1802 (?). Violinist, son and pupil of Johann
Graf, whom he succeeded as Kapellmeister
to the court of Rudolstadt ; in 1762 he was
called to The Hague as royal Kapellmeis-
ter. His name is sometimes set down in
catalogues as Christian Friedrich Graaf.
GRAF
Works : G- symplionies for orchestra ; 15
concertos for the vioUu ; Trios for 2 viohus
and bass ; Duo ecouomique, op. '27 ; G duos
for violiu and viola, op. 28 ; 2 sonatas for
pianoforte {i hands), op. 29 ; Pot-pourri,
for do., op. 31 ; Fables, for a voice and piano-
forte, op. 32 ; Sonata for violin and pianoforte,
op. 33 ; An oratorio, performed at The Hague,
July, 1802.— Fetis ; INIendel ; Schilling.
GRAF, FRIEDRICH HARTMANN (Her-
mann), born at Rudolstadt in 1727, died at
Augsburg, Aug. 19, 179.5. Flute player,
brother of the preceding, pupil of his father.
He entered a Dutch regiment, and was taken
prisoner by the English at Berg-op-Zoom ;
after regaining his liberty, he went to Ham-
burg in 1795, and during a stay of five years
won reputation as flutist and composer,
then made a concert tour through England,
Holland, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy ;
was first fiutist of the royal orchestra at The
Hague, under his brother's direction, from
17G9 until 1772, when he accepted a call to
Augsburg as director of music. In 1779 ho
was charged with the composition of a dra-
matic work by the director of the German
opera in Vienna, and while there was in-
vited to conduct the grand concerts of the
season of 1783-84 in London, whence ho re-
turned to Augsburg, to resume his office as
Kapellmeistei-. The University of Oxford
sent him, in 1789, the diploma of Mus. Doc,
waiving all usual formalities. Works : Die
Siindfluth, oratorio ; Der verlorene Sohn,
do. ; Die Hirten an der Krippe zu Bethle-
hem, do. ; The 29th Psalm ; Invocation of
Neptune and his attendant Nereids of Bri-
tannia, cantata, London, 1784 ; Andromeda,
heroic cantata ; 5 concertos for flute, violin,
violoncello, and orchestra ; 21 concertos for
the flute ; 2 do. for flute d'amour ; 2 sym-
phonies concertantes, for 2 flutes ; 18 quar-
tets for strings ; 12 do., for flute and strings ;
2 do., for 2 flutes, viola, and bass ; Quartet
for 4 flutes ; do. for oboe, violin, bassoon,
and violoncello ; Trios for 2 flutes and bass ;
G duos for flute ; 12 soli for do. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; SchiUiug.
GRAF, JOHANN, born in Nuremberg
towards the end of the 17th ceuturj', died in
Rudolstadt about 1745. Violinist ; went as
regimental bandmaster to Hungary, and
profited by several visits to Vienna. About
1718 he was court musician in Mainz and
Bamberg, and finally was called to Rudol-
stadt as Couzertmoister. Works : 12 Violin
sonatas ; String quartets. (Bamberg and
Rudolstadt ).^ — Fotis ; Mendel.
GR.\FE, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born
at Brunswick in 1711, died there, Fob. 7,
1787. Vocal composer, amateur, lived in
Halle and Leipsic, and afterwards returned
to his native city as chamber and post-office
councillor. Works : Sammlungen von Oden
mit Melodien (Halle, 1737) ; Odcu und
Schilfergedichte (Leipsic, 1744) ; Sonnet
(ib., 1755) ; Fiinfzig Psalme, Oden und
geistliche Lieder (Brunswick, 17G0) ; LA-
mour, cantata (Berlin, 17G5) ; Seeks geist-
liche Oden und Lieder (Leipsic, 1762) ;
Oden und Lieder (17G7-G8) ; and many
single pieces in Rich's Musikalisches Vieler-
lei (Hamburg, 1770). — AUgom. d. Biogr., ix.
557 ; Fotis ; Gerber ; Meudek
GRAFF, CARL, born at Also For, Hun-
gary, ]V[ay 20, 1833, still living, 1889. Vio-
linist, studied at the Vienna Conservatori-
um ; then solo violinist at the Theater an
der Wien, and pupil of BOhm in violin and of
Sechter in composition. Ho made a concert
trip in Austria, Hungary, and Turkey ;
after studying under Vieuxtemjjs in Paris,
he accompanied his master on a professional
tour ; appeared in London and Paris ; was
engaged by Spolir as first solo violinist in
Cassel in 1858 ; was afterwards in Mar-
seilles, and in 1870 in Mentone. Works :
Hercule, operetta ; Overture to Don Carlos ;
Conzertstiick for violiu and orchestra ; Fan-
taisie dx'amatique, for violin and pianoforte ;
3 string quartets ; Mass for 2 voices and or-
gan ; Motets for 4 voices and organ ; 2 grand
fugues for organ ; Tantum ergo, for piano-
forte ; Sonata for violin and pianoforte ; 2
Hungarian dances fordo. ; Several fantasias
for violin ; G morceaux de salon, for piano-
las
GEAFFIGXA
forte ; Romances, songs, and clioruses. — Fu-
tis. Supplement, i. 412 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
132.
GRAFFIGNA, ACHILLE, bom in Lom-
bardy about 1817, still living, 1880. Dra-
matic composer, j'upil at the Conservatorio,
Milan ; became director of the opera at Odessa
in 1845 ; visited Paris in 1SG5, to bring out
an oj^era, and in 1872 as impresario and or-
chestra conductor of an opera troui)e, which
failed ; maestro coucertatore at the Teatro
Goldoni, in Florence, in 1875. Works : Un
lampo d' infedelta, Lodi, 1838 ; La conquista
di Grauata, ballet, Milan, Scala, 1839 ; Ilde-
gonda e Riccardo, Milan, 1841 ; Eleonora
di San Bouifazio, Verona, 1842 : Mignoni e
Fanfau, Florence, 1844 ; Gli ultimi giorui
di Suli, Ester d' Eiigaddi, Odessa, 1845 ;
L' assedio di Malta, Udine, 1854 ; La dii-
chessadiSan Giuliano, Paris, Theatre Italien,
18G5 (formerly in Italy under the title Ve-
ronica Cibo) ; Romances. — Fctis ; do., Sujj-
ploment, i. 413.
GRAGNANI, FILIPPO, born in Leghorn
in 17G7. Distinguished guitarist and com-
jioser ; studied counterpoint under Luchesi,
intending to devote himself to church com-
position, but chance placing a guitar in his
liands, he adopted it as his instrument.
His music for guitar, alone or with other
instruments, was published in Milan, Augs-
burg, Paris. — Fetis, iv. 79 ; Mendel, iv.
32G.
GRAMMANN, CARL, born at Liibeck,
March 3, 1844, still
living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the
L e i p s i c Couserva-
torium in 1867-71,
then lived in Vienna,
where he devoted him-
self to composition.
Works — Operas : Der
Schatzgrilber ; Die Eis-
jungfrau ; MeJusine, op.
24, Wiesbaden, 1875
Dresden, 1881 ; Das Andreasfest , op. 35,
ib., 1882. Two symphonies ; Cantata for
Thusnelda, op. 29'
chorus, soli, and orchestra ; Chamber music.
— Riemann ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 133 ; Fetis,
Supplement, i. 413.
GRANARA, ANTONIO, born in Genoa,
Italy, in 1809. Dramatic composer, pupil
of Generali at Novara. Works — Operas :
Elisa de' Montaltieri, given in Genoa, 1832 ;
Giovanni di Napoli ; Un' avventura teatrale,
oi^era biifta, Venice, 1836.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GRAN CID, IL. See Cid.
GRANCINI, anCHELE ANGELO, Ital-
ian composer of the 17th century. Organ-
ist of the Church del Paradiso and subse-
quently organist and maestro di cajipella of
the catliedral, Milan. When a decree of
Carlo Borromeo, in 156G, excluded all mar-
ried men from these oiBces, he obtained a
dispensation in recognition of his talent as
a composer. His masses, psalms, and mo-
tets, i^ublished during his life, are in 23
volumes. — Fetis, iv. 81 ; do. Supplement, i.
413 ; Mendel.
GRANDE-DUCHESSE DE Gl^ROL-
STEIN, LA, opera-boulib in three acts and
four tableaux, text by Henri Meilhac and
Ludovic Halevy, music by Otfenbach, first
represented at the Varietes, Paris, Ajiril 12,
1867. This grotesque parody, produced at
the time of the Exposition universelle, had
an immense success and obtained a Euro-
pean celebrity. The Grande-Duchesse, re-
viewing her army, under the command of
General Boum, notices Fritz, a soldier of fine
presence, and makes him her favouiite. He
becomes almost at once sergeant, count, and
general in chief, and succeeds Boum. A
conspiracy is organized again.st him, but he
destroys his own good fortune by preferring
to marry the little peasant Wanda rather
than accept the favours of the Grande-
Duchesse, and after a funny series of ad-
ventures is succeeded by Baron Grog, who
in turn gives up the command again to
General Boum. The role of the Grande-
Duchesse was filled by Mile Schneider ;
the other parts were sung by Dupuis, Cou-
derc, Grenier, Kopp, Baron, Gardel, and
Miles Garait, Legrand, Morosini, Verou,
183
GRANDE
and Maucourt. An Italian opera buffa, en-
titled II grauduca di Gerolstein, by Eurico
Bernardi, was given in Milan, 1871. — Cle-
ment and Larousse.
GRANDE SYAIPHONIE FUN^BRE.
See Symphonie fuuebre et triompbale.
GRANDFOND, EUGENE, born at Com-
pii'gne, France, in February, 1786. Com-
poser, pupil at the Conservatoire, under
Kreutzer for violin, Berton for harmony;
became second chef d'orchestre at the Ver-
sailles Theatre in 1809. He -nTote an opera,
Monsieur Desbosquets, given at the Opera
Comique, 1810 ; concertos for violin, and
several romances, with pianoforte. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GRANDI, ALESSANDRO DE'. born in
Venice, 16th century, died at Bergamo in
1630. Church composer, pupil of Giovanni
Gabrieli. He was maestro di cappella, in
1597, at the Accademia della Morte, Fer-
rara, subsequently at San Marco, Venice,
1617, and in 1618 maestro cantatore of the
Ducal Seminary. Vice maestro di cappella
of San Marco in 1620, he resigned this posi-
tion to become maestro di cappella of S. M.
Maggiore at Bergamo in 1627. Works:
Madrigali concertati (Venice, 1G19, 'M ed.) ;
Salmi pur i Vespri, etc., Te Deum e Tan turn
ergo, op. 2 (Bologna, 1607) ; 6 books of mo-
tets for 2-8 voices (1619-40) ; Messe con-
certate a otto voci ; 3 books of motets (Ven-
ice, 1621) ; Messa e Salmi (Venice, 1623) ;
Celesti tiori ; Salmi brevi (1623) ; Messa e
salmi concertati (ib., 1630) ; Motetti con-
certati (ib., 1632).— Fetis ; Mendel ; Rie-
mann.
GRANDIS, VINCENZO DE, born at
Monte Albotto, Pontifical States, died (?).
Church composer, maestro di cappella to the
Duke of Modena in 1682-83, where he pro-
duced the following oratorios : II nasci-
mento di Mosi-, 1682 ; La caduta di Adamo ;
II matrimonio di Mose. — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment, i. 413 ; Schilling.
GRANDTANTE, LA, opera-comique,
text by Adenis and Grandvalet, music by
Jules Massenet, represented at the Opera
Comique, Paris, April 3, 1867. This, the
composer's iirst dramatic work, showed him
to be the skilled and graceful musician
which he has since proved himself.
GR.iNDVAL, M.AltlE FELICIE CLE-
MENCE DE REISET, Vicomtesse DE, born
at the Chateau de la Cour-du-Bois (Sarthe),
France, Jan. 21, 1830, still hviug, 1889.
Dramatic composer, studied composition
under Flotow and Saint Saens. Her operas
have been given in Paris under difi'ereut
pseudonyms : Caroline Blangay, Clemence
Valgrand, etc. Some of her church music,
notably a Stabat Mater for soli, chorus, and
orchestra, was i)layed at the Conservatoire
concerts. Her chansons have also been very
popular in France. Works — Operas : Le
sou de Lise, operetta, Paris, Bouffes Pari-
siens, 1859 ; Les fiances de Rosa, ib.. Thea-
tre LjTique, 1863 ; La comtesse £va, Baden,
1864 ; La penitente, Paris, Opera Comique,
1868 ; PiccoHno, ib.. Theatre Italien, 1869 ;
La foret, lyric scene for soli, chorus, and or-
chestra, ib., Salle Ventadour, 1875 ; Sainte-
Agnes, oratorio, ib., Odeon, 1876 ; 2 masses ;
Stabat Mater ; Pater noster, for soprano,
with organ ; Esquisses symphoniques, for
orchestra ; Suite for flute and pianoforte ;
Trio, op. 7 ; Sonata for violin and piano-
forte, op. 8 ; Concertino for violin ; Noc-
turnes for pianoforte ; Arias, chansons, and
duets. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 414.
GRANDVAL, NICOLAS RAGOT DE,
born in Paris in 1676, died there, Nov. 16,
1753. He wrote music for all the popular
comedies played in Paris at the Comedie
Franyaise from 1694 to 1751 ; became or-
ganist of a church. His cantatas were pub-
lished in 1729. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i.
414.
GRANET (Grenet), , born in Lyons,
France, in 1707, died in Paris in 1761. Lit-
tle is known of him, and his name has been
preserved only because certain detractors of
Jean Jacques Rousseau have accused him of
stealing from Granet the music of his Devin
du Village. Granet was a director of con-
certs in Lyons. Works : Le triomphe de
184
GRANIER
I'harmonie, opera-ballet, test by Lefrauc
de Pompignau, represented at the Aca-
dt-mie Royale de Musique, May 9, 1737 ;
ApoUon, berger d'Admete, ojiera iu one
act, Opera, Paris, 1759. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 420.
GRANIER, LOUIS, born at Toulouse in
1740, died there in 1800. Violinist and
dramatic composer ; studied music in his
native city, whence he went to Bordeaux,
and, although a mere j'outh, was made mai-
tre de musique at the Opera ; a few years
later he entered the service of Prince Charles
of Lorraine as first violin, was in Brussels,
and in 1766 went to Paris, where he was
2d violin at the Opera for twenty years, re-
tiring to his native town in 1787. He was
made inspector of the Opera in 1780.
Works : Choruses to Racine's Athalie ; The-
onis, ou le toucher, opera (with Berton and
Trial), given in Paris, Academic Roj'ale de
Musique, 1767 ; Bellerophon, do. (with Ber-
ton), ib., 1773 ; Music to several divertisse-
ments, and ballets ; Sonatas and other
pieces for violin. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
GRANZIN, LOUIS, born at Halle, Prus-
sian Saxony, about 1810, still living, 1889 (?).
Organist, pujiil of Naue and Niemeyer. He
was cantor and professor of music at Mari-
enwerder, and iu 1840 went as organist to
Dantzic. His oratorio of Tobias was played
there in 1845. Other works : Te Deum ;
Crucifixus, for 6 voices and organ ; Domine
salvum fac regem ; Organ music, and songs.
—Fetis ; Mendel.
GRASSET, JEAN JACQUES, born in
Paris about 1769, died there, Aug. 25,
1839. Violinist, pupil of Berthaume ; served
in the campaigns in Germany and Italy, but
gave all his spare time to the study of mu-
sic. On his return to Paris he gave con-
certs, and in 1800 was appointed professor
of the violin at the Conservatoire. In 1801-
29 he was chef d'orchestre at the Italian
Opera. Works : 3 concertos for violin, op.
1, 2, 4 ; Duos pour deux violons, liv. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, op. 9 ; Sonate pour piano et violin, op.
3. — Fetis ; Grove ; Wasielewski, Die Vio-
line, 258.
GRASSI, FRANCESCO, church com-
poser, maestro di cappella of San Giacomo
degli Spagnuoli, Rome, about the end of
the 17th century. His oratorio, II trionfo
de' Giusti, was given at the Church della
Pieta iu 1701. He left music in MS. : Masses
for 4 voices ; Couiitebor, Dixit, and Mis-
erere, for 8 voices, and several other pieces
of church music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRASSI, GIUSEPPE, born at Palmi,
Calabria, Feb. 26, 1825, still hving, 1889.
Pianist and dramatic composer, pupil of
Rosa Savoia, of Carmelo Jonita, and at
Naples of a German master, and in har-
mony and composition of Gaetano Rotondo.
Works — Operas : La vergine del Castello,
given at Naples, Teatro Nuovo, 1845 ; Don
Procopio a Carditiello, ossia n' asciuta a Iu
Fusaro, ib., 1849 ; I tre matrimonii, ib.,
1852 ; Melodramma in onore di S. Rocco,
cantata, Palmi, 1840 ; Cantata in onore della
Madoiuia della Montagna, Radicena, 1850 ;
La guida e il solitario, cantata, Semiuaria,
1857. His son Pietro is a distinguished
pianist. — Feti.s, Supplement, i. 416.
GRASSONI, GIOVANNI, born at An-
cona about 1819, died there, July 13, 1882.
Composer, was professor of singing in the
normal school of Ancona ; brought out a
successful opera, Matilda di Valdelmo, at
Ancona, about 1850. Has been maestro di
canto in many Italian theatres ; in 1875 at
Mantua. — Fetis ; Supplement, i. 417.
GRATZ, JOSEPH, born at Vohburg, Ba-
varia, Dec. 2, 17G0, died iu Munich, July
17, 1826. Dramatic and church composer,
pupil of Michael Haydn at Salzburg, and
of Bertoni in Venice, whence he visited
the principal cities of North Italy, and re-
turned to Bavaria in 1788, settling in Mu-
nich. He was esteemed as a theoretician,
his instruction being sought by such men
as Cannabich, Ett, Lindpaintner, and others,
when they were already ripened artists ;
but as a composer he was exceedingly dry,
to which his operas Das Gespenst mit der
1S5
GEAUN
Trommel, and Adelheid von Veltlieini, de-
cidedly rejected at their first performance,
his oratorio, Der Tod Jesu, and his masses,
bear witness, while among his chorals, jjrel-
udes and other church music are works
of acknowledged merit. — Fetis ; Meudel ;
Schilling.
GRAUN, JOHANN GOTTLIEB, born at
Wahreubruck, Merseburg, about 1698, died
in Berlin, Oct. 27, 1771. Violinist, pupil
at the Kreuzschule, Dresden, with his
brother, Karl Heiurich Graun, of Grundig,
in singing and of Petzold on the organ and
pianoforte ; studied the violin under Piseu-
del, and in Padua under Tartiui. In 1720
he was in the service of the court at Merse-
burg, in 1727 of the Prince of Waldeck,
and in 1728 was Conzertmeister to the
Crown Prince of Prussia (Frederick the
Great) at llheiusberg, and in 17-40 occupied
the same position in the I'oyal chapel.
Works : 40 symphonies ; 20 violin con-
certos ; 24 string quartets ; String trios, etc.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. GOG ; "Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 165 ; Dubourg, The VioHn,
228 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
GRVrX, K.mL HEINRICH, born at
AVahrenbriick, Prus-
sian Saxony, May 7,
1701, died in Ber-
lin, Aug. 8, 1759.
Church and dra-
matic c o ni po s e r .
Gifted as a boy with
a remarkable so-
prano voice, he was
instructed in singing
by Cantor Grundig,
and on tlie organ and pianoforte by Chris-
tian Petzold, at the Kreuzschule in Dres-
den, where he obtained a position in the
city choir. While his voice was changing
into a tenor he studied composition under
Johann Christoph Schmidt, and formed his
taste by frequent attendance at the opera,
then under the direction of Lotti. In 1725
he was engaged for the opera at Brunswick,
where within one year he won success as a
_.*-^v-^
dramatic composer, was appointed Vice-Ka-
pellmeister, and comjjosed in rajoid succes-
sion five operas, which sjjread his reputa-
tion throughout Germany. On a visit to
Brunswick, the Crown Prince of Prussia,
afterwards Frederick II. , persuaded the duke
to release Graun, whose services he wished
to secure for his chapel at Rheinsberg,
whither he went in 1735, and devoted him-
self for some time to the composition of
cantatas, for which the Crown Prince wrote
the text in French verse. On the accession
I of Frederick 11. he was sent to Italy to en-
gage singers for the king's favourite project
of establishing Italian opera in Berlin.
Having acquitted himself of this task, and
also having earned great applause as a
singer in the principal cities of Italy, he
was ajipointed Kapellmeister, and during
his long service composed 28 operas, which,
with those of Hasse, were peiformed almost
exclusively at that time in Berlin. Inti-
mately as his life is connected with the his-
tory of the opera, his importance increases
in his church compositions, among which
the Passion oratorio, Der Tod Jesu, has kept
his fame alive to this day, and although
somewhat overrated, in sjjite of its high
merit, will probably continue so to do for fu-
ture generations. His harmony was singu-
larly pure, and in all his works prevailed the
most perfect system of modulation ; in melo-
dious effects he has few equals, and while
his vocal compositions lack fire they never
fail in pleasing and tender exi^ression,
stamijing especially his adagios as master-
pieces, which perfectly correspond to his
aflable and loving character. Works — Op-
eras : Pollido)X>, given at Brunswick, 1726 ;
Sancio e Sinilda, ib., 1727 ; Ifigenia in
Aulide (in German), ib., 1729 ; Scipio Afri-
canns (do.), ib., 1730 ; Timareta, ib., 1733 ;
Faraone (with German recitatives and Ital-
ian arias), ib. ; Lo specchio della fedelta,
Potsdam, 1733 ; Roddinda, Berlin, 1741 ;
Cleopatra, ib., 1742; Artaserse, ib., 1743;
' Catone in Utica, ib., 1744; Alessandro uell'
I Indie, Lucio Papirio, ib., 1745 ; Adriano in
186
GRAUPKER
Siria, Dcmofoonte, ib., 174G ; Cajo Ffibrizio,
ib., 174:7 ; Le feste galante, Galatea, pastor-
al (with Frederick II., Quautz, and Niscbel-
mann), Cinna, ib., 17-48 ; Eiiropa galaute,
ib., 1749 ; Angelica e Medoro, Coriolano,
ib., 1750; Medonte, Mitridate, ib., 1751;
Armida, Britannico, ib., 1752 ; Orfeo, II
giudizio di Paride, Silla (text by Fi-ederic
II.), ib., 1753 ; Semiramide, ib., 1754 ;
Montezuma, Ezio, il)., 1755 ; I fratelli ne-
mici, Merope, ib., 175G. Der Tod .Jesu, ora-
torio, first 2>erforined in Berlin Cathedral,
March 2G, 1755 ; Lavinia e Turno, cantata ;
Te Deuni, with chorus and orchestra, on
the victory near Prague, 175G ; About 25
church cantatas, with orchestra ; 2 passion
cantatas ; Mass ; About 20 Latin motets,
for 4 voices a capjjella ; church melodies
for every day in the year (two years) ; Col-
lection of odes ; 3 collections of concertos
for the flute, with other instruments ; 12
concertos for harpsichord, with string in-
struments ; etc. — AUgem. d. Biogr., ix. G07 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeitg., i. seq. ; Hiller, Lebens-
bcschreibungen berilhmter Musikgelehrten,
etc. (Leipsic, 1784).
GRAUPNER, CHRISTOPH, born at
Kirchberg, Saxony, January', 1G83, died at
Darmstadt, May 10, 17G0. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil at the Thomasschule in Leipsic
of Kulinau ; then studied law, but was
driven by the Swedish invasion of 1706 to
Hamburg, where he acted as accompanist
to the opera under Reiser. He was ap-
pointed Vice-Kapellmeister at Darmstadt in
1710, Kapellmeister in 1711, and did much
to elevate musical taste. During the last
ten years of his life he was blind. He was
wonderfully industrious in composition,
working sometimes days and nights, and
he engraved some of his own pieces. He
devoted himself later almost exclusively to
church music. Works — Operas : Dido,
Hamburg, 1707 ; Die lustige Hochzeit
(with Keiser), ib., 1708 ; Herkules und
Theseus, Aniiochiis und Stratonice, Bellero-
phon, ib., 1708 ; Simson, ib., 1709 ; Bere-
nice und Lucio, Darmstadt, 1710; Tele-
mach, ib., 1711; Bestiindigkeit besiegt Be-
trug, ib., 1719. Eight Parthien fiirKlavier
(1718) ; Monatliche Klavierfriichte (1722) ;
8 Parthien fiir das Klavier (172G) ; Die vier
Jahreszeiten (1733) ; Hessen-Darmstadti-
sches Choralbuch. In manuscript: About
1,300 figured chorals and pieces for the
Schlosskirchc in Darmstadt ; 194 Tafelmu-
siken, 144 symphonies, and 80 overtures for
pianoforte and other instruments ; 50 con-
certos for various instruments ; trios and
sonatas for pianoforte, strings, and wind in-
struments. His manuscripts are in the court
musical library of Darmstadt.— Allgem. d.
Biogr., ix. GOO ; Mendel; Mattheson, Ehren-
pforte, 410, autobiographical ; Fetis ; "Win-
terfeld, Der evang. Kirchengesang, iii. 502.
GRAVRAND (Graveraud), JACQUES
FRANCOIS URBAIN, born at Caen, France,
April 2, 1770, died there, July IG, 1854.
Violinist, pupil of Queru, then in Paris of
Baillot ; after having been violinist in the
theatre orchestra at Caen for several years,
he became chef d'orehestre. Works : 7 col-
lections of duos for violin, op. 1-5, 7, 8 ; 3
trios for 2 violins and violoncello, op. G.
—Fetis.
GR.\ZIANI (Gratiani), BONIFACIO,
born at Marino, near Rome, in 1C05, died
there, June 15, 1CG4. Church composer,
maestro di cappella of the Jesuit church in
Rome. He left a quantity of church music,
published after his death by his brother,
consisting of motets for one, two, and six
voices ; Salmi for five voices, etc. ; Masses ;
Litanies ; etc., in all twenty-four works, from
1G52 to 1G78.— Fetis ; Riemann ; Mendel.
GRAZIANI, Padre TOMMASO, born at
Bagnacavallo, near Ravenna, Italy ; lived in
the latter part of the 16th and beginning
of the 17th centurj'. He was a Franciscan
monk, and became maestro di cappella of
the convent of his order in Milan. Works :
Five-part masses (1569) ; Four-part vesper
psalms (1587) ; Five-part madrigals (1588) ;
Eight-part do. (1601) ; Sinfouie pertinaci,
litanie a 4, 5, 6 e 8 voci (1617) ; Responses
(1627).— Mendel ; Riemann ; Fetis.
GEAZIOLI
GRAZIOLI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born ill Venice about 1755, died there iu
1820. Organist, pupil of Bertoni, whom he
assisted in 1778. He succeeded Domenico
Bettoui at San Marco iu 1 782. His sonatas
for harpsichord and violiu, etc., were pub-
lished in German}'. — Ft'tis ; Mendel.
GRAZZINI, REGIN.ALDO, born at Flor-
ence, Italy, Oct. 15, 1848, still living, 1889.
Instrumental and vocal composer, pupil of
Teodulo Mabellini nt the Conservatorio,
Florence ; became director of the Conserva-
torio, and maestro di cappella of the theatre
at Reggio d' Emilio in 1881, and professor
and artistic director of the Liceo Benedetto
Marcello, at Venice, in 1882. Works : Can-
tata biblica, 1875 ; Mass for 3 voices, 1882 ;
Symphonies ; Pianoforte music ; Opera
(MS.). — Riemann.
GREAT DAGON HAS SUBDUED OUR
FOE, tenor air and chorus in G major, in
Handel's Sainsoi), Part IH.
GREATHEED, SAMUEL STEPHEN-
SON, boi'n near Weston-super-Mare, Eng-
land, Feb. 22, 1813, still living, 1889.
Church coraijosei", rector of Corringham,
Sussex. B.A. Cambridge, 1835 ; M.A.
1838. Works : Enoch's Pro^jhecy, oratorio,
1852 ; Communion services ; Anthems, etc.
GREATOREX, THOMAS, born at North
Wingfield, Derbyshire, England, Oct. 5,
1758, died in London, July 18, 1831. Or-
ganist, pupil of Dr. Benjamin Cooke in
1772. He found a patron in the Earl of
Sandwich in 1774, and assisted at the ora-
torios given by Joah Bates at Hinchinbrook
House in 1774, 1775, 177G. In 1780-84 he
was organist of Carlisle Cathedral, and iu
178G-88 visited Italy and the Netherlands.
He established himself as a teacher in Lon^
don in 1789, and succeeded Bates on his re-
tirement, in 1793, as conductor of the Con-
cert of Ancient Music. In 1801 he joined
Knyvett, HaiTison, and Bartleman in reviv-
ing the Vocal Concerts, in 1819 succeeded
George Ebenezer Williams as organist of
Westminster Abbey, and was conductor '
many years of the triennial musical festivals I
at Birmingham, as well as those at York,
Derby, and elsewhere. Greatorex was the
foremost organist of his time, and of consid-
erable scientific attainments. He published
a collection of psalm tunes harmonized for
four voices, and a few harmonized airs ; and
composed orchestral accompaniments for
many pieces for the Ancient and Vocal Con-
certs which are still in MS. His son,
Henry Wellington Greatorex (born at Bur-
ton-on-Trent, 1811, died in Charleston,
South Carolina, Sept. 10, 1858), wont to
New York in 1839 and was organist of Cal-
vary Church, of St. Paul's Chapel, and later
of a church in Hartford, Connecticut. He
published some church music and compiled
The Greatorex Collection (Hartford, 1851).
He was the husband of Eliza Greatorex, the
artist. — Grove ; Brown ; Harmonicon, 1831,
231.
GREAVES, THOMAS, English lutist and
composer, beginning of the 17th century.
He published, in 1G04 : " Songs of Sundrie
Kindes ; first. Aires to be sung to the Lute
or Base Violl. Next, Songs of Sadnesse for
the Viols and Voyces. Lastly, Madrigalles
for five Voyces." It consists of 21 pieces, 15
songs, and 6 madrigals. Nothing is known
of his history. — Grove.
GREBER, JACOB, lived in the latter
part of the 17th and first part of the 18th
century. He went to Loudon about 1703,
and aided in the introduction of Italian
opera. Madame Pe^nisch was one of his
pupils. Works— Operas: The Loves of Er-
gasto, melodrama, given at the Haymarket
Theatre, London, 1705 ; The Temple of
Love, ib., 170G. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Burney,
Hist, of Music, iv. 200 ; Hawkins, Hist, of
Music, v. 154.
GREENE, MAURICE, born in London
about 1G9G, died there, Sept. 1, 1755. Or-
ganist, chorister in St. Paul's Cathedral
under Charles King, afterwards articled to
Richard Brind, organist of the cathedral.
He soon distinguished himself, and suc-
ceeded Daniel Pureell as organist of St.
Andrew's, Holborn, in 1717, being at the
188
GREEN SLEEVES
same time organist of St. Duustan's iu
the West, Fleet Street ; ou the death of
Brind, iu 1718, he became organist of St.
Paul's, and iu 1727 organist aud composer
to the Chapel Royal. He was intimate with
Handel aud Bononcini. When the latter
was expelled from the Academy, Greene,
believing or affecting to believe that his
friend had beeu unjustly treated, also with-
drew from it, and, in conjunction with Fest-
ing the violinist, established a rival concert
at the Apollo Rooms. In 1730 he was
elected professor of music in the University
of Cambridge to succeed Dr. Tudway, and
received the degree of Mus. Doc. He suc-
ceeded John Eccles as master of the king's
band in 1735, aud wrote many odes for the
king's birthdays and New Year's Day. His
reputation rests mainly on his Forty Select
Anthems (17-13), a work which places him
among the best of the Euglish church com-
posers. In 1750 he began the formation
of a collection of the best English cathedral
music in score, which, left unfinished at
his death, was completed by Dr. Boyce un-
der the title of " Cathedral Music." He
was one of the founders of the Society of
Musicians. Works : Music to Pope's Ode
on St. Cecilia's Day (1730) ; Odes for King's
Birthday and New Year's Day (1730) ; Par-
aphrase ou part of the Soug of Deborah and
Barak (1732); Jephthah, oratorio (1737);
Florimel, or Love's Revenge, dramatic pas-
toral (1737) ; Addison's ode. The Spacious
Firmament (1837) ; The Judgment of Her-
cules, masque (1710) ; The Force of Truth,
oratorio (17-lJ:) ; Phoebe, pastoral ofiera
(1748) ; Spencer's Amoretti, for voice, harp-
sichord, aud violin ; The Chaplet, collection
of twelve Euglish songs ; Catches and can-
ons for three and four voices ; 2 books,
each containing a cantata and four English
songs ; Church service in C (1737) ; Forty
select anthems in score for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8 voices (2 vols., Loudon, 1743) ; Te
Deum in D (1745) ; Anthems, many in MS.;
Organ voluntaries ; Harpsichord lessons,
etc. — Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, History, iv.
G67 ; Barrett, English Church Composers,
117.
GREENSLEEVES, English ballad and
tune of the IGth century, probably as old as
the reigu of Henry VIH. The tune is still to
be heard in London streets with the old bur-
den, " Which nobody can deny." It is the air
also of ■■ Christmas comes but once a year,"
aud many other songs. In the civil wars it
was one of the party tuues of the Cavaliers,
who had many songs to it, esjjecially "The
Blacksmith," aud "The Brewer," or "Old
Noll, the Brewer of Huntingdon," referring
to Cromwell. Shakespeare mentions it in
the "Merry Wives of Windsor" (ii.. Scene
1 ; v.. Scene 7), Beaumont and Fletcher iu
" The Loyal Subject," aud it was introduced
in " The Beggars' OiJera." — Chappell, Music
of Olden Time, 227.
GREGOIR, fiDOUARD GEORGES
JACyUES, born at Turnhout, Belgium,
Nov. 27, 1822, still living, 1889. Pianist,
brother of Jacques Mathieu Joseph Gregoir,
pupil in Bieberich of Rummel on the piano-
forte. He gave concerts iu London in 1841
with the violinists Teresa aud Maria Mila-
nollo ; went to Amsterdam in 1847, to Paris
in 1849, aud in the same year became profes-
sor at Lierre, and later at Antwerp, where he
undertook the task of reforming the meth-
ods for teaching music iu the government
schools and institutions of Belgium. Works :
Les Croisades, symphouie historique, Ant-
werp, 1846 ; La vie, drame lyrique, Ant-
werp, 1848 ; Le Deluge, oratorio sympho-
uique, Antwerp, 1849 ; Marguerite d'Au-
triche, grand opera, Antwerp, 1850 ; De
Belgen in 1848, drame national avec ouver-
ture, airs, duos, chceurs, Brussels, 1851 ;
La derniere nuit du comte d'Egmont,
Brussels, 1851 ; Leicester, drame mele de
musique, Brussels, 1854 ; Willem Beukels,
opera-comique flamand, Brussels, 185G ;
Willem de Zwyger, opura-comique, 185G ;
La belle Bourbonuaise, opera-comique,
about 1860. He has published also a Me-
thode theorique d'orgue aud two Jlethodes
de Musiques, besides more than a hundred
189
GREGOm
choruses for male voices ; organ and piano-
forte music ; collections of songs ; a collec-
tion of pieces for the harmonium ; violin
music, and several verj' popular songs. He
is also a contributor to musical periodicals
and the author of historical works, among
which are : Essai historique sur la musique
et les musiciens dans les Pays-Bas (Brussels,
18G1) ; Galerie biographique des artistes-
musicieus beiges du xviii. et du xix. siecle
(18G2, new ed., 1885) ; Notice sur I'origine
du celebi'e compositeur Louis van Beetho-
ven (18G3) ; Les artistes-musicieus ueerlan-
dais (1864); Histoire de I'orgue (1865);
Notice biographique d'Adrian Willaert ;
Documents historiques relatifs u I'art mu-
sical et aux artistcs-musiciens (4 vols., 1872-
76) ; Phantln'on musical populaire (6 vols.,
1876-77) ; Bibliotheque musicale populaire
(3 vols., 1877-79) ; Notice biographique sur
F. J. Gosse dit Gossec (1878) ; L'art musical
en Belgique sous les ri'gnes de Leopold
L et Leopold U. (1879) ; Des gloires de
rOpe-ra et la musique a Paris (3 vols., 1880-
8-). — Fi'tis, Sujjplument, i. 418 ; Riemann ;
Larousse.
GREGOIR, JACQUES MATHIEU JO-
SEPH, born in Antwerp, Jan. 18, 1817,
died in Brussels, Oct. 29, 1876. Pianist,
showed a precocious taste for music, and
played a difficult concerto by Dussek in
public at the age of eight. He studied the
organ under Horaans and after the Revolu-
tion of 1830 became a pupil at the Paris
Conservatoire of Henri Herz, and subse-
quently went to Germany with his brother
Edouard, and studied under Ruinmcl. On
his return to Antwerp, in 1837, he played at
several concerts, and became widely known
for his compositions. At this period he
brought out a Lauda Sioii, for chorus and
orchestra, a musical jjoem, Faust (1847) ;
and an opera, Le gondolier de Venise,
Antwerp, 1848. He was at that time chef
d'orchestre of the royal theatre, and di-
rector of a German choral society. He
went to Brussels in 1848, became professor
in an English school at Bruges in 1849, and
finally settled in Brussels in 1850, making
occasional professional journeys to other
countries. Among his best works are his
pianoforte compositions, which number
more than one hundred. Works : Marche
solennelle, for the 25th anniversary of Leo-
pold's reign ; Marche triomphale, for the
marriage festivities of the Due de Brabant ;
Aux manes de IMeyerbeer, marche funebre ;
Concerto, op. 10 ; Poesies musicales ; Com-
positions nouvelles en forme d'etudes, op.
66 ; L'etude du diable ; Etudes de moyenne
force ; 24 etudes de style et d'expression, 4
books, oj). 101 ; Etudes de style et de meca-
nisme, 4 books, op. 99 ; Six morceaux de
salon, OJ). 98 ; etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
418.
GREGOR, CHRISTIAN, born at Dirs-
dorf, Silesia, Jan. 1, 1723, died at Berthels-
dorf, Nov. 6, 1801. Organist, joined the
Jloravian Brotherhood in 1742, and was ap-
pointed Bishop of the Briiderkirche at Ber-
thelsdorf. He was organist, teacher, and
music director for the order, and composed
many songs for them, besides editing a
Choralbuch.— Mendel, iv. 343.
GREGORIO, ANNIBALE, born at Siena
about the end of the 16th century. He
was maestro di cappella of the cathedral of
that city and member of the Accademia
degli Intronati. Works : Madrigals (Venice,
1617) ; Church music (Siena, 1620).— Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
GREISEN, ALBERT, born in Frankfort-
on-the-Oder, April 24, 1814, died in Ber-
lin, April 11, 1836. His compositions at-
tracted the notice of Zelter, who took him
to Berlin ; after his master's death he be-
came the pupil of Rungenhagen at the mu-
sic school of the Academy. He composed
an oratorio, a symphony, and some chamber
music. — MeudeL
GREITH, IvARL, born at Aarau, Swit-
zerland, Feb. 21, 1828, died in Munich, Nov.
17, 1887. Son and pupil of Joseph Greith ;
studied in Munich under C. Ett and in
Augsburg under C. L. Drobisch. He be-
came music teacher of schools and director
190
GRELL
of singing societies in St. Gall, taught in
Frankfort-on-tlie-Main for several years
from 185-i, and was professor in the College
of Maria Hilf in Scbwjtz. In 1861 be took
bis father's jjlace as choirmaster of the St.
Gall Cathedral, and after ten j-ears settled
as a composer and critic in Munich, where
be subsequently became Kapellmeister of
the cathedral. Works : Der beilige Gallus,
oratorio, Winterthur, 1849 ; Frauenberz,
melodrama. Die Waise aus Genf, do., both
at St. Gall, about 1850 ; Symphony, ib.,
and Basel ; Requiem (Winterthur, 1857) ;
7 vocal masses ; 5 instrumental masses ;
Litanies ; Motets ; Many songs to the Holy
Virgin, etc. (since 18G2) ; 3 Singspiele ;
Jung Rubens, Der Mutter Lied, Der verzau-
berte Frosch (Munich, since 1871) ; Two-
part songs for female chorus (ib.). — Men-
del.
GRELL, EDUARD (AUGUST), born in
Berlin, Nov. G, 1800, died at Steglitz, near
Berlin, Aug. 10, 188G. Organist, jjupil of bis
father, of Kaufmann, Ritsehl, and Zelter ;
became organist of the Nikolaikirche in
Berlin' in 181G ; entered the Singakademie
in 1817, and was made vice-director of it
in 1832. In 1839 be was appointed court
organist of the cathedral, in 1811 a mem-
ber of the Berlin Acadenij', in 1813
teacher of the cathedral choir, and, after
Rungenhagen's death in 1851, teacher of
the composition school of the Academy.
He was also a member of the senate of the
Academy, and first director of the Sing-
akademie ; became professor in 1858, and
received the order pour le merite in 18G4.
He relinquished the direction of the Sing-
akademie in 187G. In 1883 the Berlin
University conferred on bim the honorary
degree of doctor of philosophy. Works :
Die Israelilen in der ^ ,
Wiiste, oratorio ; Mass ^^ ^J^^^-vjdf
for IC voices ; Over-
ture for orchestra ; Organ preludes ; Mo-
tets, cantatas, psalms, hymns, and many
songs ; Four-part arrangement of the cho-
ral melodies of the Evangelical Gesangbucb
(1833). — Riemann ; Mendel ; Broekhaus ;
Fetis, iV. 98 ; do., Sui^plement, i. 120.
GRENET. See Granet.
GRENIER, FELIX, born at Marseilles,
Sept. 27, 1841, still living, 1889. Amateur
instrumental and vocal composer, pupil of
Heckmauu, an Alsatian organist, became a
lawyer, but still studied music in Paris
under Labarre, Boely, and Franchomme.
He has lived in Nice since 18G9. His songs
and music are well known, and some of his
choruses have been very pojjular. He has
translated several German works on music,
and has published works on Sebastian
Bach, Mendelssohn, and other German
musicians. Principal works : La Roussalka,
opera (not performed) ; Trio for strings,
op. 1 ; do. for pianoforte and strings, oj).
3 ; (Quartet for pianoforte and strings, op.
4 ; 2 quartets for strings, op. 5 and 13 ;
3 preludes and fugues for pianoforte, op.
15 ; 12 songs for soprano, op. 2 ; G songs,
op. 7 ; 4 do., op. 8 ; Four-part songs ; Cho-
ruses for Racine's Esther, for 4 female
voices ; Mass for 4 voices ; The 49tb psalm
for double chorus, and orchestra. — Fotis,
Supplement, i. 421 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 135.
GRENIER, GABRIEL, lived in Paris,
last half of the 18th century. Harpist, pub-
lished romances with harp accompaniment,
1793 ; Harp sonatas, and harp and violin
music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRESNICH (not Gresnick), ANTOINE
FREDERIC, born in Liege, March 2, 1755,
died in Paris, Oct. 16, 1799. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the College Liegeois,
Rome, and subsequently in Naples of Sala ;
wrote operas for that city before 1780 ; went
to London some time before 1784, again in
1785, was chosen director of music by the
Prince of Wales in 1786, returned to Paris
in 1791, was in Lyons as chef d'orchestre
of the Grand Theatre in 1793 ; his L'Amour
a Cythore, brought out there in that year,
was played also at six of the Paris theatres
in the same year, and made him famous.
Works — Operas : D Fraucese bizzarro, opera
bufifa, Savona, 1784 ; Demetrio, Alessandro
GRESSLER
neir Indie, La donna di cattivo umore, Lon-
don, 1785 ; Alceste, ib., 1786 ; L' Amour :\
Cythure, Lj'ous, 1793 ; Le savoir-faire, Les
petits commissionnaires, Paris, Theatre de
la rue de Louvois, 1795 ; fiponine et Sa-
binus, Les faux mendiauts, Le baiser donne
et rendu, ib., 179G ; Les extravagances de
la vieillesse. Theatre Moutansier, 1796 ; La
Foret de Sicile, Le petit page, ou la prison
d'etat, Les faux mounojem-s, ou la ven-
geance, Le tuteur original, ib., 1797 ; La
grotte des Cevennes, ib., 1798 ; L'heureux
proces, ou Alphonse et Leonore, Theatre
Feydeau, 1798 ; La tourterelle dans les
bois, Rencontres sur rencontres. Theatre
Moutansier, 1799 ; Le reve. Theatre Favart,
1799 ; Leonidas, ou les Spartiates (with Per-
suis). Opera, 1799 ; Symphonic concertante
for clarinet and bassoon, with orchestra,
Paris, Concerts de Feydeau, 1797 ; Ariet-
tas, i-omances, duos, etc. — Pougin, Gresnick
(Paris, 1862) ; Fetis ; do., Sujiplement, i.
421; Mendel; Schilling.
GRESSLEE, FRANZ ALBERT, born at
Suiza, Thuringia, Dec. 14, 1804, still living,
1889. Son of Friedrich Salomon Grcssler ;
finished his musical education in the Erfurt
Seminar}' under M. G. Fischer, L. E. Geb-
hardi, and J. J. Miiller ; became teacher in
a family in 1826, and from 1827 taught in
schools in Erfurt. Composed pianoforte
and organ music and songs. — Mendel ;
Ersch und Gruber, i. Section, xc. 246.
GRESSLER, FRIEDRICH SALOJION,
organist at Triptis, near Meissen, in 1780.
From 1791 he was cantor, organist, and
teacher at Suiza in Thimngia. Composed
pianoforte pieces and songs. — Mendel, iv.
355 ; Ersch und Gruber, i. Section, xc. 246.
GRETRY, ANDRE (ERNEST MO-
DESTE), born at Liege, Feb. 8, 1741, died
at " I'Ermitage " (formerly Rousseau's coun-
try house), near Montmorency, Sept. 24,
1813. The son of a poor violinist, he en-
tered the choir of Saint-Denis at the age
of six, but was dismissed as incapable, and
put under one Leclerc, who made him a
proficient reader of music. Inspired by
his time in composing.
the arrival in Liege of an Italian opera com-
pany, he took to composing, and showed
such talent that his
family procured him
good instruction. He
studied harmony un-
der Rcnekin the or-
ganist, and counter-
point under Moreau ;
but it was too late to
expect jjatient study,
and he spent most of
Six little symphonies
by him wore produced at Liege in 1758, and
a four-voice mass in 1759, with such success
that the Chanoine du Harlez sent him to
Rome, where he studied counterpoint four
or five j'ears under Casali, but he never be-
came a good harmonist, nor a contrapuntist.
His genius was purely dramatic and expres-
sive. Some smaller compositions, notably
an intermezzo, Le Veudemmiatrici, met
with success at Rome, but when he saw the
score of Monsigny's Rose et Colas, he be-
gan to feel that French opcra-comique was
to be his real vocation. In 1767 he went to
Geneva, and, failing to get Voltaire to write
him a libretto, set to work to write new mu-
sic to Favart's Isabelle et Gertrude, which
he brought out with great success the same
year at Geneva. By Voltaire's advice he
then went to Paris, where two years were
thrown away in vain solicitations for a li-
bretto, until at last Du Rosoy confided to
him his Les mariages Samnites. The first
rehearsals of the music at the house of the
Prince de Conti, in presence of the court,
persuaded almost everyone that the com-
poser had no talent for dramatic composi-
tion ; but Count Creutz, the Swedish min-
ister, thought otherwise, and, taking Gretry
under his protection, prevailed upon Mar-
montel to confide to him his comedy, Le
Huron. This work was given, Aug. 20,
1768, with the most overwhelming success.
Lucile ajspeared a few months later, and
with Le tableau jiarlant (1769) Gretry's po-
sition in the foremost rank of French com-
192
GENTRY
posers was establislied. He continued pro-
ducing opera after opera, until very near the
time of Lis death. The most famous of his
works are Le tableau parlaut, Zemire et
Azor, L'amant jaloux, L'upreuvc village-
oise, and Richard Caau- de Lion, which last
must be accounted as his masterpiece. In
1784 the Prince-Bishop of Lioge made him
privj^-couucillor. In 1795 he was admitted
to the lustitut, and in 1802 Napoleon made
him chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
He was appointed also one of the inspectors
of the Conservatoire ou its foundation, but
held the office for only a year. His funeral
at Paris (Sept. 27, 1813) was splendid, and
Bouilly and Mehul pronounced eulogies
over his grave. Gretry's genius, which was
epoch-making in the annals of French comic
opera, was essentially melodic and dramatic.
He was little of a harmonist, as he himself
knew very well, and was wholly at a loss
when he tried to step out of the limited
frame of opera-comique. His accompani-
ments were in general very meagre, and
although he showed that, when he aimed
at orchestral effects, he knew how to handle
the orchestra intelligently and cleverly, he
rarely attempted anything of the sort.
Graceful melody and, especially, expressive
and dramatic declamation were his forte.
His theatrical sense was of the keenest, and
he has rarely been surpassed as a delineator
of character ; his comic power was also very
remarkable, and his admirers have called
hiiu the " Molicre of music." Works — Op-
eras : 1. Le Vendemmiatrici, intermezzo,
Rome, Teatro Aliberti, 17G5 ; 2. Isabelle et
Gertrude, Geneva, 17G7 ; 3. Le Huron,
Paris, Theatre Italien, 1768 ; 4. Lucile,
ib., 1769 ; 5. Le tableau parlant, ib., 1769 ;
6. Sylvain, ib., 1770 ; 7. Les <hutx Avares,
Fontainebleau, 1770, Paris, Comcdie Ita-
lienne, 1770 ; 8. L'amitie a IVpreuve, 2
acts, Fontainebleau, 1770, Paris, Theatre
Itahen, 1771 ; do., 3 acts, Fontainebleau,
Oct. 24, and Paris, Oct. 30, 1783 ; 9. L'nmi
de la maison, Fontainebleau, Oct. 26, 1771,
Paris, March 14, 1772 ; 10. Zemtre et Azor,
Fontainebleau, 1771, Paris, Theatre Italien,
1771 ; 11. Le magnifique, Paris, Theatre
Italien, 1773 ; 12. Cephale et Procris, lyric
tragedy, Versailles, 1773, Paris, Academic,
177.5 ; 13. La roslire de Salency, Theatre
Itahen, 1774 ; 14. La fausse Magie, Come-
die Italienne ; do., 1 act, ib., 1776 ; 15.
Tjbs mariagei^ Samnites, ib., 1776 ; 16. Ma-
troco, Fontainebleau, 1777, Paris, Theatre
Italien, 1778 ; 17. Les troisagesde I'Opera,
prologue in 1 act, Paris, Academic Royale
de Musique, 1778 ; 18. Le jugement de
Midas, Comedie Italienne, 1778 ; 19. Les
fausses apparences, ou Vamant jaloux, Ver-
sailles, Nov. 20, Paris, Dec. 23, 1778 ;
20. Les evenements imprevus, Versailles,
Nov. 11, Paris, Theatre Italien, Nov. 13,
1779 ; 21. Andromaque, Paris, Aeademie
Royale de Musique, 1780 ; 22. Emilie, ib.,
1781 ; 23. CoUnelle a la cour, ou la double
epreuve, ib., 1782 ; 24. L'embarras des
richesses, ib., 1782 ; 25. Thalie au nouveau
theatre, Comedie Italienne, 1783 ; 26. La
caravane du Caire, Fontainebleau, Oct. 30,
1783, Paris, Acadeniie Royale de Musique,
Jan. 15, 1784 ; 27. Theodore et Paulin,
Theatre Italien, March 18, 1784; do., as
Jji'preuve villageoise, ib., June 24, 1784 ;
28. Richard Cceur de Lion, Paris, by the
comediens ordinaires du roi, Oct. 21, 1784 ;
do., 4 acts, Dec. 21, 1785 ; do., 3 acts,
Dec. 29, 1786 ; 29. Panurge dans I'lle des
Lanternes, Oj)L'ra, 1785 ; 30. La nouvelle
amitie a I'epreuve, Comedie Italienne,
1786 ; 31. Les meprises par ressemblance,
Fontainebleau, Paris, Comedie Italienne,
Nov. 16, 1786 ; 32. Le comte d'Albert,
Fontainebleau, Nov. 13, 1786, Paris, Come-
die Italienne, Feb. 8, 1787 ; 33. La suite
du comte d'Albert, Paris, Comedie Italienne,
1787 ; 34. Le prisonnier anglais, ib., 1787 ;
35. Le rival confident, ib., 1788 ; 36. Ain-
phytrion, Academie Roj'ale de Musique,
1788 ; 37. Raoul Barbe-Bleue, Comedie
Italienne, 1789 ; 38. Aspasie, Opera, 1789 ;
39. Pi<;>TeleGrand, Comedie Italienne, 1790;
40. Guillaume Tell, ib., 1791; 41. Cecile
et Dermance, ib., 1792 ; 42. Basile, ou it
ma
GREULICII
trompeur, trompeur et demi, Opc'ra Co-
mique, 1792 ; 43. Clarice et Belton (altered
version of Le prisonnier anglais), ib., 1793 ;
44. La rosiere republicaine, Opera, 1793 ;
45. Joseph Barra, Comedie Italieuue, 1794 ;
46. Denys le t3-ran maltre d'ecole a Co-
rintbe, Opera, 1794 ; 47. Callias, ou nature
et patrie, Opera Comique, 1794 ; 48. Lis-
helh, Comedie Italienne, 1797 ; 49. Anacreon
chez Polycrate, 1797 ; 50. Le harhier de
village, ou le revenant, Theatre Feydeau,
1797 ; 51. Elisca, ou I'amour maternel,
ib., 1799 ; 52. La casque et les colombes,
Opera, 1801 ; 53. Delphis et Mopsa, ib.,
1803. Also the following : Le congre.s
des rois (in collaboration with Berton,
Blasius, Cherubini, Dalayrac, Deshayes,
Devienne, Jadin, Kreutzer, Mehul, Solie,
and Trial fils), Theatre Favart, Feb. 2G,
1793 ; and the following, which were never
performed : Alcindor et Zaide ; Zimeo, 3
acts ; Zelmar, ou I'asile, 1 act ; £lectre, 3
acts ; Diogene et Alexandre, 3 acts ; Les
llaures d'Espagne, 3 acts. Church music :
Messe solennelle, Liege, 1759 ; Confiteor,
for 4 voices and orchestra, Rome, 1762 ; 6
motets for 2
<i«rVJ /n /? A j' ^^'^ ^ voices ;
y // ci^L/^^^ Deprofundis;
f ^y^ Requiem. In-
Req
strumen tal
music : 6 sym-
phonies for orchestra ; 2 quartets for harpsi-
chord and strings ; 6 do. for strings ; 6 so-
natas for harpsichord. — Le Breton, Notice
sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1814) ; Andre Joseph
Grotry, Gretry en famille (ib., 1815) ; Ger-
lache, Essai sur G. (Liege, 1821) ; Fetis,
Galerie de musiciens celebres (Paris, 1828) ;
Van Hulst, Gretry (Liege, 1842); L. de
Saegher, Notice biographique (Brussels,
1869) ; Clement, Mus. celebres, 150 ; Jal,
Diet, critique, 657 ; Liny, Kecueil de let-
tres i'crites a Gretrv (Paris, 1809).
GREULICH, ADOLPH, born in Posen
in 1819, died in Moscow in 1868. Pia-
nist, self-taught at first, then studied under
W. Fischer in Brieg, and became private
tutor in a noble family of Warsaw. He
visited Weimar, where he was influenced by
Liszt, and in 1858 was teacher of music in
Schitomir, Southern Russia ; and later ap-
pointed pianoforte jjrofessor at the Catha-
rine Institute in Moscow. Works : Piano-
forte music. — Mendel ; Fetis, Supplement,
i. 422.
GRIEF AND PMN. See Bms und
Reu'.
GRIEG, EDVARD (HAGERUP), bom
at Bergen, Norway,
June 15, 1843, still liv-
ing there, 1889. In-
strumental and vocal
c o m J) o s e r, first in-
structed on the piano-
forte by his mother,
then at the Conserva-
torium in Leijjsic
(whither he was sent by
Ole Bull's advice in
1858), pupil of Richter and Hauptmann in
harmony and counterpoint, of Rietz and
Reinecke in composition, and of Wenzel
and Moscheles on the pianoforte. Illness
forced him to return home in the spring
of 1860, but he resumed his studies at
Leipsic in the autumn, and remained there
until 1862. He went to Copenhagen in
the spring of 1863, principally to make the
acquaintance of Gade, and, although in-
fluenced by him and by Emil Hartraann, he
was most decidedly affected by Rikard Nor-
drank, an ingenious Norwegian tone-poet
(died shortly afterwards), who sang and
played to him his melodies to BjOrnson's
songs. As Gi'ieg himself relates : " The
scales fell from my eyes ; it was only
through him that I learned to know the
Norse melodies and my own nature. We
made a compact against the weakly Gade-
Meudelssohn Scandinavism, and entered
with enthusiasm upon the new path on
which the Northern school is now progress-
ing." In 1867 he settled at Christiania,
where he founded a musical society and con-
ducted it until 1880, when he returned to
191
GRIESBACH
Bergen. As the Norwegian Diet awarded
him a liberal pension, be has had nothing
to do since but to devote himself to his
art. In 1865 and 1870 be visited Italy,
cultivating Liszt's society in Rome ; and
was repeatedly in Germany, especially at
Leipsic, to bring out his compositions.
Grieg may be said to dispute with Svendsen
the foremost place among living Norwegian
composers. As yet he has devoted himself
chieiiy to the higher forms of chamber
music. His talent, strongly imbued with
the Scandinavian folk-song spirit, has
marked individuality, and his comjjositions
are noted for their brilliant and effective
local coloring. His inspiration is vigorous
and spontaneous, and if his workmanship is
not invariably of the very best, and be often
shows a considerable disregard for euishony,
as well as a certain incapacity for organic
thematic develo23ment, in the highest sense
of the term, he only shares these short-
comings with many of his contemjjoraries,
while the freshness of his melodic invention,
the piquancy of his harmouj', and the auda-
cious brilliancy of his style have won him
hosts of warm admirers. His best works
are his A minor pianoforte concerto, and
his sonata for pianoforte and violin in F
major. Works: Concerto for pianoforte
and orchestra, in A minor, op. 16 (2 ver-
sions) ; Sonata for violin and pianoforte, in
F, op. 8 ; do. in G minor, op. 13 ; do. in C
minor, op. 45 ; do. for violoncello, op. 36 ;
String quartet, op. 27 ; Zwei Melodien, for
string orchestra, op. 34 ; Foran Sydens Klos-
ter, for soprano solo, female chorus, and or-
chestra, op. 20 ; Landkjeudiug, for baritone,
male chorus, and orchestra, op. 31 ; Der Bei'g-
entriickte, for baritone, with string orches-
tra and 2 horns, op. 32 ; Bergliot (by BjOrn-
son), for declamation with orchestra, op. 42 ;
Music to BjOrnson's Sigur Jorsalfar, op. 22 ;
do. to Ibsen's Peer Gynt, op. 23. For
pianoforte : 4 Clavierstiicke, op. 1 ; Poe-
tische Tonbilder, op. 3 ; Ballade, op. 4 ; 4
Humoresken, op. 6 ; Sonata, op. 7 ; Ro-
manzeu und Balladen, op. 9 ; Kleine Roman-
zen, op. 10 ; Im Herbst, Phantasie (2 piano-
fortes), op. 11 ; Lyrische kleine Stiicke, op.
12 ; 2 symphonische Stiicke (2 pianofortes),
op. 14 ; Romanzen, op. 15 ; 25 Norwegische
Volkslieder und Tiinze, op. 17 ; Bilder aus
dem Volksleben, Drei Humoresken, ojj. 19 ;
Ballade, op. 24 ; Albumbliitter, oji. 28 ; Im-
provisata fiber 2 norwegische Volksweisen,
op. 29 ; Norwegische Tiinze, op. 35 ; Wal-
zer-Capricen, op. 37 ; Neue lyrische Stilck-
chen, op. 38 ; Aus Holberg's Zeit, Suite im
alteu Style, op. 40. Songs : 4 Lieder for
contralto, op. 2 ; 6 Lieder, op. 4 ; Melodien
des Herzens, op. 5 ; 4 Romanzen, op. 10 ;
Romanzen und Lieder, oj). 18 ; 4 Gedichte,
op. 21. — Mendel ; Riemann ; Mus. Wochen-
blatt, iv. 161, 195 ; v. 7 ; vii. 348 ; viii. 226 ;
xiii. 134 ; XV. 511, 522.
GRIESBACH, JOHN HENRY, born at
Windsor, England, June 20, 1798, died in
London, Jan. 9, 1875. Dramatic composer,
son of Justin Christian Griesbach, violon-
cellist in Queen Charlotte's band, and
nephew to Friedrich Griesbach, the oboe
player ; pupil of his uncle, George Leopold
Jacob Griesbach, and of Kalkbreuner. On
the breaking up of the Queen's band, in
which he was violoncellist, he settled in
London as a pianist, composer, and teacher.
He was fourteen times a director of the
Philharmonic Society. Works : Belshaz-
zar's Feast, oratorio, written in 1835, re-
modelled and performed as Daniel, at the
195
GRIEVE
Harmonic Society, in 1854 ; Overture and
music to Shakespeare's "Tempest ;" James
I., or the Eoj'al Captive, operetta ; The
Goldsmith of Westcheap, opera ; Eblis,
uufiiiished opera ; Kaby Ruins, musical
drama ; Overtures, symphonies, anthems,
songs, etc. — Grove ; Fetis.
GRIEVE, JOHN CHARLES, bom in
Edinburgh, Aug. 29, 1842, stUl living, 1889.
He is lecturer on musical theory in Heriot-
Watt College, and conductor of the Phreuix
Musical Association, Edinburgh. Works :
Benjamin, oratorio, Edinburgh, 1877 ; The
Sower and the Seed, Scriptui-e parable for
soli and chorus ; The Good Samaritan, do. ;
Julia's Birthday, musical sketch ; Kinder-
spiel, do. for juveniles ; Glees, songs, and
part-songs. His Stars of the Summer
Night is popular.
GRIFFIN, GEORGE EUGENE, born
Jan. 8, 1781, died in London, May, 1863.
Pianist, one of the original members of the
Philharmonic Society. Works : 2 concertos
for pianoforte and orchestra ; Ode to Char-
ity, 1806 ; 4 sonatas for pianoforte ; 3 string
quartets ; Rondos, variations, etc. ; Songs,
glees, etc. — Grove ; Fetis.
GRILL, FR.INZ, died at Oedeuburg,
Hungary, about 1795. Chamber musician
to a Hungarian nobleman, and known
through the following compositions in the
style of Haydn : 15 sonatas for pianoforte
and violin, op. 1, 2, 4, 6 ; 12 string quar-
tets, op. 3 (dedicated to Haydn), 5, 7 ; 89
caprices for pianoforte (1791) ; 6 duos con-
certants for pianoforte and violin (1791) ;
2 do. (1792) ; 3 quartets (1792) ; Quartet
(1795).— Mendel ; Schilling.
GRIMM, HEINRICH, born (?), died in
Brunswick, July 10, 1637. He was a pupil
of Michael Priitorius, and was cantor in
Magdeburg and later in Brunswick. He
wrote church music and theoretical works.
— Allgem. d, Biogr., ix. 678 ; Mendel, iv. 386 ;
do., Ergiinz., 136 ; F6tis, iv. 412 ; Schilling, iii.
360 ; Gerber (1790), i. 548 ; (1812), ii. 411.
GRDIM, JULIUS OTTO, born in Per-
uau, Russia, March 6, 1827, still living, 1889.
Pianist, pupil at the Leipsic Conservatorium
and influenced by Schumann, Joachim, and
Brahms. He settled in 1855 in Gottingen
as a teacher, and in 1860 became musical
director in Miinster. Works : 2 orchestral
suites in canon-form (much played in Ger-
many) ; An die Musik, for solo, chorus, and
orchestra ; Symphony ; Sonata for piano-
forte and violin ; 12 Lieder for voice and
pianoforte, op. 1, 3 ; 6 Lieder for four male
voices, op. 13, etc. — Mendel ; Riemann ;
Fetis. Supplement, i. 423.
GRISAR, ALBERT, born in Antwerp,
Dec. 26, 1808, died
at Asniores, near
Paris, June 15,
1869. Dramatic
composer, pupil in
Paris of Reicha.
Placed by his fam-
ily in a commercial
house in Liverpool,
he ran away to Par-
is during the rev-
and began to study under
Reicha, but the revolution spreading to Bel-
gium, he joined his family in Antwerii, and
wrote there during the siege his first ro-
mance, La folle, which had quite a success
in Belgium and France. His first important
dramatic work, Le mariage impossible,
opera-comique, given in Brussels in 1833,
procured him a grant from the government
of 1,200 francs to aid his musical education.
He returned to Paris, and devoted himself
to dramatic composition, but, dissatisfied
with his work, went to Naples in 1840 and
studied under Mercadante. In 1848 he re-
turned to Paris, produced many works, and
became a pojiular favourite. Nineteen of
his operas were represented, and he left
others in MS. He published also more than
fifty melodies and romances. Works — Op-
eras : Sarah, Paris, Opera Comique, 1836 ;
L'an mil, ib., 1837 ; La Suisse a Trianon,
Theatre des Varietes, 1837 ; Lady Melvil,
Theatre de la Renaissance, 1838 ; L'eau
merveilleuse, ib., 1839 ; Le naufrage de la
196
GRISELDA
Moduse (with Flotow and Pilati, ib., 1839 ;
Les travestissemeuts, Opora Coinique, 1839 ;
L'opera a la Cour (with Boieldieu), ib.,
1840 ; Gille ravisseur, ib., 1848 ; Les por-
cherous, ib., 1850 ; Bonsoii-, monsieur Pau-
talou, ib., 1851 ; Le carillvimeur de Bruges,
ib., 1852 ; Les amours du diable, Theatre
Lyrique, 1853 ; Le chien du jardinier, Opura
Comique, 1855 ; Voyage autour de ma cham-
bre, ib., 1859 ; Le joaiUier de St. James (a
revision of Lady Melvil), ib., 1862 ; La
chatte merveilleuse, Theatre Lyrique, 18G2 ;
Begaiements d'aiuour, ib., 1804 ; Douze
iunoceutes, Bouffes Parisieus, 1865. He
left 12 operas in MS., some complete, some
only sketched ; more than fifty melodies,
romances, dramatic scenes, etc. — Pougin,
Albert Grisar (Paris, 1870) ; Clument, Mus.
culobres, 517 ; Fetis, Supplement, i. 424 ;
Mendel ; Riemanu.
GRISELDA, Italian opera in three acts,
text by Apostolo Zeno, rewritten by Rolli,
music by Giovanni Battista Bououcini, rep-
resented at the Academy of Music, London,
Feb. 22, 1722. The libretto is founded on
the story of Griseldis, Griselda, or Grisla,
called by English writers Patient Grissel, a
subject popularized by Boccaccio, Petrarch,
and by Chaucer iu "The Clerk's Tale."
In the original legend, Griselda, daughter
of a Piedmoutese labourer, is married by
the Marquis de Saluces and has by him two
children. Wishing to prove her constancy
and the strength of her love, he puts her to
the most cruel tests and subjects her to a
thousand humiliations, all of which she
bears patiently. When he considers the
proof of her devotion complete he brings
her back iu triumph to his castle. The
principal parts in Bononciui's opera, which
is regarded as his best dramatic production,
were sung by Seuesino, Boschi, and Mrs.
Anastasia Robinson, whose admirable per-
formance of the character of Griselda is
said to have completed her conquest of the
Earl of Peterborough. There seems to
have been some slight resemblance between
this beautiful woman's career and that of
the patient heroine, for, though married to
the Earl of Peterborough, she consented to
appear to the world as his mistress only, un-
til he chose to own her as his wife and to
invest her with the honours of his position.
The libretto of Zeno has been set to music
also by the following : PoUarolo, Venice,
1701 ; Chelleri, Piacenza, 1707 ; Predieri,
Bologna, 1711 ; Capelli, Rovigo, about
1710 ; Orlandini, Bologna, 1720 ; Scarlatti,
Rome, 1721 ; Conti, Vienna, 1725 ; Caldara,
Vienna, 1725 ; Albinoni, Rome, 1728 ; Vi-
Anastasia Robinson.
valdi, Venice, 1735 ; Latilla, Rome, 1747 ;
Picciuni, Venice, 1793 ; Paer, Parma, 1796,
Paris, 1803.— Burney, iv. 284 ; Hogarth, ii.
18.
GROLL, EVERMODUS, born at Wit-
tenau in the Upper Palatinate in 1756, died
at Allershausen in 1809. He was educated
iu the Benedictine monastery at Reichen-
bach and in Ratisbon. He entered the Pre-
monstraut Abbey at Scheftlarn, and was
music director and leader of the choir.
After the abolition of the monastery, he
was appointed to the Parish of Allershausen
\m
geo:n'lakd
in 1807. He composed sympliouies and
masses. — Fetis, Gerber, Schilling.
GRONLAND, JOHANN FEIEDRICH,
born about 1760 in Sleswick, died iu Altona
in November, 1834 He studied in Kiel in
1780-82, and assisted Cramer in his Maga-
ziu der Musik ; after being secretary iu the
German Government office in Copenhagen
and director of the royal porcelain factor}'
there, he became organist and music teacher
in Altona. He comijosed songs and piano-
forte music. — Fotis, iv. 116 ; Mendel, iv.
390 ; Gerber, ii. 412 ; Schilling, iii. 362.
GROOS, KARL AUGUST, born at Sass-
mannshauseu, Wittgenstein, Feb. 16, 1789,
died iu Coblentz, Nov. 20, 1861. He stud-
ied theology ; while in Berlin in 1817-18,
he edited, with Bernhard Klein, Deutsche
Lieder fiir Jung uud Alt, containing many
songs of his own composition. He was jjas-
tor in Coblentz. Some of his songs have
become virtually Volkslieder. — Mendel.
GROOT, DAVID EDU.iRD DE, born in
Amsterdam, April 8, 1795, died in Paris,
March 29, 1874. Clarinetist, made success-
ful concert toui-s in Holland, Belgium, and
Germany. From 1830 he lived in France ;
was dii'ector of a theatre orchestra in Mar-
seilles for some time ; spent the last years
of his life in Paiis. He composed a great
deal of music for the clarinet, of a high ar-
tistic order. — Mendel ; Tiotta.
GROSE, mCHAEL EHREGOTT (TI-
MOTHEUS), German organ virtuoso, died
after 1824. He was organist until 1786 at
St. Gottliardt's-Kirche, Brandenburg, then
at Christiansund in Sweden, and finally
in Copenhagen. Works : 24 Lieder, with
clavier accompaniment (Leipsic, 1780) ; 6
Bonatas for clavier (Berlin, 1785). — Mendel ;
F.'tis.
GROSHEIM, GEORG CHRISTOPH,
born iu Cassel, July 1, 1764, died there in
1847. He became music director in 1800,
for a short time, of the new theatre of Laud-
grave Friedrich Wilhelm H. of Hesse, and
later was teacher to the children of the
Queen of Westphalia, after which his ^wpu-
larity as an instructor of music was great.
In 1819 he received the degree of Ph.D.
from the Wittenberg University. Works :
Titauia, opera, given at Cassel, 1801 ; Das
heilige Kleeblatt, do., ib., about 1801 ; Pas-
sion oratorio ; Six psalms for 4 voices ; Six
symphonies for orchestra ; Several gi-and
pieces of church music, with orchestra ;
Three concertos for pianoforte ; One con-
certo for flute ; One do. for clarinet ; One
do. for 2 oboes ; 12 sonatas for pianoforte
and violiu ; 3 fantasias for ijianoforte ; 6
little do. ; Theme and variations ; jMarche
de Bonaparte a Marengo ; Anglaises for
pianoforte ; Preludes for organ ; The Ten
Commandments for 1—4 voices and organ ;
Choralbuch for the reformed church of
Hesse ; Hektor's Abschied, by Schiller, for
2 voices and orchestra ; Collections of songs.
— Fc'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GROSJEAN, JEAN RO^IARY, born at
Rochesson (Vosges), Jan. 12, 1815, died at
Saint-Die (ib.), Feb. 13, 1888. Organist,
son of a poor artisan. When twelve years
old he was organist of his native place, then
at Padoux, in 1837 of the princijjal church
in Remiremont, and iu 1839 of the Cathe-
dral of Saint-Dio. Later he was a pu^Dil in
Paris of Stamaty. He devoted much time
to the study of the German organists, and
published a work containing selections from
their music, with some of his own, entitled,
.\lbum d'un organiste catholique (2 vols.).
He published also a collection of the Noels
and popular melodies of Lorraine (1861). —
Fotis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GROSS, GEORG AUGUST, born in Ko-
nigsberg, Sept. 28, 1801, died in Hamburg
iu 1853. Pianist and violinist, studied
composition uuder Urban. He was Con-
zertmeister in Memel iu 1820, made a con-
cert tour iu 1830, then officiated as teacher
in Liibeck, and was soon called to Hildes-
heim as music director. Iu 1837 he re-
moved to Hamburg, and founded and edit-
ed the Hamburger musikalische Zeitung.
He published psalms and songs, and left
pianoforte and violin music in manuscript.
198
GROSS
— Mendel ; F(Jtis, iv. 119; do., Snpplt'ment,
i. 426.
GROSS, HEINinCH, born in the 18tli
century, died in Berlin in 1806. Violoncel-
list, pupil of Duport. As a boj' lie played
publicly in Berlin ; about 1793 lie entered
the service of the Swedish Count de Geer,
and some two years later became first yio-
loucello in the royal Prussian orchestra.
He published a sonata and variations for
violoncello. — Mendel.
GROSS, JOHANN BENJAJMIN, born in
Elbing. Prussia, Sept. 12, 1809, died in St.
Petersburg, Sept. 1, 1848. Violoncellist,
brother of Georg August Gross, and pupil
of Hausmann. He was in the orchestra of
the Konigstadtisches Theater of Berlin in
182-1-29 ; then lived in Leijjsic, playing solo
often in the Gewandhaus concerts ; joined
the theatre orchestra of ]\Iagdeburg in 1833,
but soon returned to Berlin ; next played
in a private quartet in Dorpat, with Ferdi-
nand David as first violin, and became first
violoncello of the imj)erial orchestra of St.
Petersburg in 1835. He died of cholera.
He published string quartets, songs, and
many violoncello compositions. — Mendel ;
Riemann ; Fetis.
. GROSSE, SAMUEL DIETRICH, born
in Berlin in 1757, died there in 1789. Vio-
linist, pupil of Lolli. In 1779 he was in the
orchestra of Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm
of Prussia. He made a concert tour to Paris
in 1780-82, and joined the royal orchestra of
Berlin in 1786. Works : Le retour desire,
comic opera, Berlin, 1784 ; Cantata ; Violin
concertos, and other music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GROSSER, JOHANN EMANUEL, born
at Warmbrunn, Silesia, Jan. 30, 1799, died
('?). Organist, son and pupil of Joseph Aloys
Grosser. He was cantor and organist in
Friedeberg-on-the-Queis in 1822, organist
in Hirschberg in 1823, and rector in Polk-
witz from 1826. He composed masses,
offertories, church and pianoforte music,
edited a musical weekly, and wrote biog-
raphies of Haydn, Mozart, and J. S. Bach.
— Mendel ; Schilling ; Fetis.
GROSSI, Cavaliere CARLO, lived in Ve-
nice in the latter part of the 17th century.
He was a singer in the Chapel of S. Marco,
and was pensioned in 1685. Works — Operas:
Giocaste, regina d'Armenia, given in Venice,
1676 ; II Nicomede in Bitinia, ib., 1677 ;
Artaserse, ib., 1669. Church music, can-
zoni, and madrigali. — Caffi, Storia. . . .
di S. Marco in Venezia, L 308, H. 34 ; Fetis ;
Mendel.
GROSS VATERTANZ (Grandfather's
Dance), a German family-dance of the 17tli
ceuturjf, greatlj' in vogue at weddings. As
it usually concluded the entertainment,
it was called also the Kehraus (Clear-out).
The ail-, called Grossvater-Lied, was very
popular. Spohr introduces it into the Fes-
tival March written for the marriage of
Princess Marie of Hesse with the Duke of
Saxe-Meiningen in 1825, and Schumann
uses it in the Davidsbiindler March and in
the finale of his Papillons, op. 2. — Grove.
GROTTE, NICOLAS DE LA, lived in
Paris from about 1565 to 1587. He was
valet de chambre and organist to Heni-i IH.
of France, and one of the best players of his
time on the organ and spinet. He set Ron-
sard's chansons to music. Works : Chan-
sons a trois, quatre, cinq et six parties
(Paris, 1553).— F6tis.
GRUA, FRANZ PAUL, born in Mann-
heim, Feb. 2, 1754, died in Munich, July 5,
1833. Son and pupil of Karl Ludwig Peter
Grua ; studied also under Holzbauer and
in Italy under Padre Martini and Traetta.
In 1779 he became Kapellmeister to the
Elector Palatine, whose court was then in
Munich, and was pensioned in 1831. Mo-
zart thought it was easy enough to write
half a dozen such masses as his in a daj-.
Works : Telemacco, opera, Munich, 1780 ;
31 masses for orchestra ; 39 oft'ertories and
motets ; 6 Miserere ; 3 Stabat Mater ; 3
Requiem ; 3 Te Deum ; Concerto for piano-
forte, clarinet, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRUA, KARL LUDWIG PETER, born
in Milan, died after 1714. He is erro-
neously called Wilhelm Grua in the older
19U
GEUA
lexicons. After receiving a musical educa-
tion in Slilan, and visiting several Italian
cities, he went to Germany and was for a
short time attached to the electoral chapel
in Dresden. In 1G97 he settled in Dussel-
dorf as Kapellmeister, and in 1714 went to
Mannheim. Works : Masses, and MS. mu-
sic in Dresden and Berlin libraries. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., ix. 785 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
GRUA, KARL LUDWIG PETER, born
in Milan in 1700, died in Mannheim in
1775. He finished his musical education
under his uncle Karl Ludwig Peter Grua,
and became Kapellmeister to the court of
Mannheim, and in 1712 also director of
the opera. Works : Cambise, Italian opera,
represented in Mannheim, Jan. 17, 1742.
— Fi'tis; Mendel ; Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 785.
GRUBER, FRANZ, born at Hochburg,
Upper Austria, Nov. 25, 1787, died in Hal-
lein, June 7, 1863. Organist in Arnsdorf,
Berndorf, and Hallein. He composed the
Christmas song, Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
long ascribed to Haydn. — Mendel.
GRUBER, FRANZ, born in Arnsdorf,
Nov. 27, 1820, died in Hallein, April 27,
1871. Son and pupil of Franz Gruber ;
studied also theory under Taux and the
violin under Stummer. He was a school-
teacher in Mauterndorf, Salzburg, and Hal-
lein, and founded two musical societies in
the latter place. His compositions number
about sixty, and comprise church and piano-
forte music, overtures, and songs. Only six
of his woi'ks have been printed. — Mendel.
GRUBER, GEORG WILHEL^M, born in
Nuremberg, Sept. 22, 1720, died there,
Sept. 22, 1796. Violinist, pupil on the
pianoforte and in composition of Dretzel
and Siebenkees, and on the violin of Hem-
merich. Before he was eighteen j-ears old
he made a concert tour ; took lessons in
counterpoint in Dresden from Umstadt ;
and about 1750 entered the orchestra of
Nuremberg, w'here Ferrari's presence in-
fluenced him gi-eatly. He succeeded Agrell
as Kapellmeister in 1765, and held also
honorary municipal offices. Works : Ora-
torios ; Church, chamber, and other instru-
mental music. — Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 1 ;
Mendel ; Fetis.
GRUNBAUM, JOHANN CHRISTOPH,
born at Haslau, near Eger, Oct. 28, 1785,
died in Berlin, Jan. 10, 1870. He studied
music in a convent and in the choir of Rat-
isbon Cathedral ; tlien became tenor in the
Ratisbon theatre in 1804, and in the Prague
theatre in 1807. Having married the
singer, Therese Miiller, in 1813, he went
^yith her to the court opera of Vienna in
1818, but settled in Berlin from 1832 as
teacher of singing and writer for music pub-
lishers. He wrote vocal music and trans-
lated many operas and songs. — Mendel.
GRUNBERGER, LUDWIG, born in
Prague, April 24, 1839, still living, 1889.
Pianist, pupil of Franz Skraup and Josef
Kisch, then in Dresden of Rictz and Rei-
chel. Works : 2 symphonies ; Music to
Lowe's Kindertraum (1885) ; Dithyrambe
by Schiller ; 2 string quartets ; Pianoforte
music, and songs.
GRUNBERGER, THEODOR, German
composer of the latter part of the 18th cen-
tury. He was a monk in a monastery in
Suabia, and composed masses and organ
music. — Gerber ; Fetis ; Mendel.
GRUND, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, born
in Hamburg, Oct. 7, 1791, died there, Nov.
I 24, 1874. Pupil of his father, founded the
i Singakademie in his native city in 1819,
and led the Philharmonic concerts in 1828-
62. He was popular as a teacher. Works :
Die Burg Falkenstein, Mathilde, operas, not
performed ; Die Auferstehung und Him-
melfahrt Christi, cantata ; Mass for 8 voices
a cappella ; Symphonies ; Overtures ; Octet
for pianoforte and wind instruments ; Quin-
tet for do., op. 8 ; Quartet for pianoforte
and strings, op. 5 ; Sonatas for pianoforte,
violin, and violoncello, op. 9, 11, 13 ; do.,
for pianoforte, four hands, op. 10 ; Sona-
tinas for pianoforte, op. 14 ; Hymn by
Krummacher ; Six collections of songs.
— Mendel, Ergiinz., 137 ; Riemann ; Fetis,
do., Suj)plement, i. 426.
GEUNER
GRUNEE, NATHANAEL GOTTFRIED,
lived in the latter part of the IStli century,
died in 1794 at Gera, ^yhere he was cantor
and music director. He seems also to have
lived at Lyons, as some of his music was pub-
lished there. Works : Dein Ziou streut dir
Palmeu, cantata ; Psalms 8, 27, 51, 81, and
113 for chorus and orchestra ; Motets ;
About 15 chorals in form of cantatas, for
do. ; Concertos for pianoforte ; Six sonatas
for pianoforte, oix 1 (Leipsic, Breitkopf &
Hilrtel, 1781) ; Ten do., op. 2 (ib., 1783) ;
Four-part songs for church choii-s and
schools, 1st and 2d book (Leipsic, Koll-
mann). — FiHis ; Mendel.
GRUNEWALD, KARL HE IN RICH,
singer and composer, lived in the first part
of the 18th century, died at Darmstadt in
1739. He was singing in the Hamburg ' Drechsler on the vio
brothers on the violin and in harmony. In
1815 he was violinist in the orchestra of the
united theatres of Presburg and Baden, and
in 181G of a Vienna theatre. In 1830 he be-
came second director of the Kiirntnerthor
Theater, and in 1831 member of the im-
perial chapel. Works : Der Nachtwilchter,
opera, Vienna, 1835 ; Der Liebhaber als
Contrebande, do., ib., 1838; 2 masses;
Graduale and offertory ; Duos, trios, and
quartets for violin ; Vocal quartets ; Songs.
— AVurzbach ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Fetis.
GRUTZMACHER, FRIEDRICH (WIL-
HELM LUDWIG),
born in Dessau, March
1, 1832, still living,
1889. Violoncellist, pu-
pil of his father, of
Theatre in 1703 ; was court singer in Ber-
lin about 1708 ; later he became Viceka-
pellmeister in Darmstadt. He is said to
have composed several operas, of which,
however, only one is still known : Germani-
cus, oder die gerettete Unschuld, given suc-
cessfully in Hamburg, 170G. — Gerber ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
GRliNFELD, ALFRED, born in Prague,
July 4, 1852, still liv-
ing, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Julius Theo-
dore Hiiger, and at
the Conservatorium
of Krejfi, then in
Berlin at Kullak's
Academy; in 1837 he
settled in Vienna,
where he at once
made for himself a
prominent position as a concert player, and
whence he has undertaken successful con-
cert tours abroad, especially in 1883 to St.
Petersburg and IMoscow. As a composer
he is known by songs and pianoforte music.
— Mus. Wochenblatt, siv. 343.
GRUTSCH, FRANZ SERAPH, born in
Vienna, Oct. 24, 1800, died there, April 5,
18G7. Violinist, pupil of the Blumenthal
loncello, and of F.
Schneider in theory.
He went to Leijjsic in
1848, attracted the at-
tention of David, and in 1849 became first
violoncellist of the Gewandhaus orchestra,
and teaclier in the Conservatorium. In
ISfiO ho was appointed chamber virtuoso in
Dresden ; he has made many concert tours
and formed many distinguished pujiils.
Works : Concertos for violoncello and or-
chestra ; Variations, for do. ; IMusic and ex-
ercises for violoncello ; Chamber and or-
chestral music ; Pianoforte pieces ; Songs.
He has published also many editions of
standard works. His brother, Leojjold
Griitzmacher (born at Dessau, Sept. 4,
1835), is a violoncellist virtuoso at Weimar,
and a composer for his instrument. — IMen-
del ; Grove ; Riemann, 34G ; Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 427 ; Mus. Wochenblatt, i. 599.
GUAITOLI, FRANCESCO MARIA, born
at Carpi in 15G3, died there, Jan. 3, 1G28.
Church composer, canon and maestro di
capi^ella of the cathedral of his native place,
also of the confraternity of San Rocco from
1G02. Works: Salmi per vespri a 5 voci
(Venice, 1G04) ; Libro primo di madrigali
(ib., IGOO) ; Canzonette a tre e quattro voci
201
-^
GUAMI
(ib., IGOC) ; Psalmi ad tertiam quinis Toci-
bus, etc. (ib., 1618) ; Messe e Motetti .a otto
voci, 1st auj 2d book (ib., 1G18).— Fctis ;
Mendel.
GUAm, GIUSEPPE, bom in Lucca,
about 1.540, died in 1626. Organist of the
ro_yal chapel at Municli in 1.57.5, second or-
ganist of S. Marco, Venice, in 1.588, and or-
ganist to the cathedi-al of Lucca in 1591.
He was celebrated also as a violinist.
Works : JIadrigals and motets ; Church
music, found in the collections of the time.
— Fctis, iv. 127 ; Supplement, i. 427 ; Bur-
ney, Hist. Music, iii. 545 ; Mendel, iv.
428 ; do., Ergiinz., 187.
GUAEANY, Hj, Italian opera seria in four
acts, text by Sealvini, music by Carlos Go-
mez, first represented at La Scala, Milan,
March 19, 1870. Spanish adventurers sur-
round with suares a noble Portuguese,
whose daughter and treasures they intend
to carry off. An Indian chief of the tribe
of the Guarany, protects the family and tri-
umphs over the iilibustcrs. The work,
which was interpreted by Mme Marie Sass,
Maurel, and Villani, was fairly successful.
It was given soon after in Rome, and at
Covent Garden, London, July 13, 1872.
GUAZZONI, FEDERIGO, born near
IMilan in the 18th century, died in Rome in
1787. He studied music in Naples ; was
maestro di cappclla in several small Ital-
ian cities, and finally in Rome in 1770. Of
his masses, otYertories, litanies, etc., some
are still in use in Italy. His operas are for-
gotten.— ^Mendel ; Schilling, Supplement,
176.
GUDRUN, opera, in three acts, text and
music by Felix Driiseke, first given in Han-
over, Nov. 5, 1884. Great success. Pub-
lished by Kistner (Leipsic, 1884). Same ti-
tle, by Amand Mangold, Darmstadt, 1851 ;
August Reissmann, Leipsic, 1871 ; August
Klughardt, Neustrelitz, 1882, Leipsic, 1884.
GUl^DRON, PIERRE, born in Paris,
about 1565, died (?). He was a singer in
the King's music from 1590 and succeeded
Claude Lejeune as composer to the king. ,
Under Louis XHI. he was superintendent of
church music and wrote many of the court
ballets. He was also a favorite composer
of chansons for one voice, which began to
take the jslace of those for three, four, or
more voices, in the reign of Henri IV. — Fc-
tis ; Larousse ; Mendel.
GUEIT, MARIUS, born in Paris, about
1810, still living, 1889 (?). Blind organist
and composer, whose improvisations on the
organ were remarkable ; was also a finished
violoncellist, pupil of Benazet. Organist of
the Church of Saint-Paterne, Orleans, 1831-
1840, of Saint-Denis au Marais, Paris, 1841.
Works : L'indicateur de I'organiste, 60
jjieces for anthems, Kyrie, Gloria, etc. ; 12
pieces for the organ ; 3 oifertories for do.,
op. 25 ; Fantaisies, divertissement, romances,
serenades, etc., for organ and harmonium ;
Motets for several voices, and organ ; Can-
ticles ; Method for the organ. — Fetis ; Men-
del.
GUENEE, LUC, born at Cadiz, Aug. 19,
1781, died in Paris, in 1847. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil at the Paris Conservatoire under
Gavinies and Rode, and later of Mazas and
Reicha. He entered in 1829 the orchestra of
the Opera, of which he was a member twentj--
five years. He was also chef d'orchestre
at the Palais Royal Theatre. Works— Op-
eras : La chambre a coucher, Paris, Opera-
Comique, 1813 ; La comtesse de Troun,
ib., 1816 ; Une visite a la campagne, Gym-
nase Dramatique ; Concerto for violin and
orchestra ; Trios for 2 violins and bass, op.
5 ; Three duos concertants for violins, op.
1 ; Thi-ee do., op. 2 ; Six caprices for violin,
with bass ; Thi-ee quartets for strings, oj).
4. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GUltlNIN, MARIE ALEXANDRE, born
at Maubeuge (Nord), Feb. 20, 1744, died in
Paris in 1819. Violinist, pupil of Capron
on the violin and of Gossec in composition.
He played a concerto of his own at the Con-
certs Spirituels in 1775 ; was intendant of the
Prince de Conde's music in 1777 ; member
of the royal chapel in 1778, and solo violin
at the Oi^cra iu 1780-1800. In 1810-14 he
202
GUERCIA
was second violin to Charles IV. of Sj)ain.
Works : U sj'inplionies ; G string quartets ;
18 violin duets ; G sonatas for two violins ;
3 sonatas for j^ianoforte and violin ; 3 vio-
loncello duets. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Eiemauu ;
Wasielewski, Die Violine, 251.
GUEKCIA, ALFONSO, born in Naples,
Nov. 13, 1831, still living, 1889. Composer,
professor of singing at the Naples Conserva-
torio. His opera, Rita, was represented in
Naples, Dec. 11, 1875. He is the author also
of many songs, and of a theoretical work,
L' Arte del canto italiano. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 428 ; Mendel, ErgUuz., 137.
GUEEIN, EjSIJMANUEL, born in Ver-
sailles in 1779, died (?). Yioloucellist, pupil
at the Paris Conservatoire of Levasseur. He
was a member of the orchestra at the Thea-
tre Feydeau in 1799-1824. Works : Sona-
tas, duets, and variations for the violoncello.
■ — Fetis ; Eiemann.
GUERRA, GUERRA. See Norma.
GUERRERO (Guerreiro), FRANCISCO,
born at Beja, Portugal, in 1528, died at
Seville, Jan. 15, 1600. Church composer,
jiupil of his elder brother, Pedro, a pro-
fessor of music, and later of Morales. In
1546 he became maestro de capilla of the
Cathedral of Jaen, and in 1550 a singer in
the Cathedral of Seville, where he was asso-
ciated with and tiually succeeded Fernandez
as maestro. In 1588 he undertook a jour-
ney to Jerusalem, passing through Italy,
wliere he left with Zarlino his compositions
for revision. Some of his earlier composi-
tions had been already published in Paris,
Louvain, and Rome, which would seem to
imply that he had previously visited those
cities. His works are known throughout
Spain, in every cathedral towu, but are ex-
tremely rare in the rest of Europe. His
most important works were published im-
der the title. Liber primus Missarum, F.
Guerrero, Hispalensis Odei phonasco au-
thore (Paris, 1566) ; this contains 4 masses
in 5 parts and 5 in 4 parts, and some mo-
tets in 5, 6, and 8 parts. This work and a
collection of Magnificats, printed at Lou-
vain in 1563, are now in the Vienna library.
Eslava's Lira sacro-hispana has the Passion
according to St. Matthew, for 4 voices, for
Palm Sunday, and that according to St.
John, 5 voices, for Good Friday ; also 3
motets for 5 voices and a 4-j)art mass. Si-
mile est reguum ccelorum. His Psalmo-
rum quat. voc, etc., Missarum defunctorum
(Rome, 1559), and Primo lib. di salmi (ib.,
1584), are in the same work. Besides these,
II secoudo libro di messe (Rome, 1584), and
Libro di motetti a quattro, etc. (Venice),
are given in Fetis' list. — Fetis, iv. 136 ;
Supplement, i. 429 ; Mendel.
GUEST, GEORGE, born at Bury St. Ed-
mund's, England, in 1771, died at Wisbeach,
Cambridgeshire, Sept. 10, 1831. Organist,
son and pupil of Ralph Guest ; chorister in
the Chapel Royal under Dr. Nares and Dr.
Ayrton, organist at Eye, Suffolk, in 1787-
89, then at Wisbeach until his decease.
Works : Anthems ; Hymns ; Glees ; Duets ;
Organ music ; Military baud music. — Grove ;
Fetis ; Mendel.
GUEST, RALPH, born at Basely, Shrop-
shire, England, in 1742, died at Bury St.
Ednunid's, June, 1830. Organist, member
of the Portland Chapel choir, London, 1763 ;
pupil in organ playing at Bury St. Ednuuid's
of Ford, organist of St. James's Church ;
choir-master and organist of St. Mary's,
Bury St. Edmund's, in 1805-22. He pub-
lished " The Psalms of David," a collection
of old psalm tunes with about sixty new
ones, and a supplement, "Hymns and
Psalms," with music composed and adapt-
ed by himself. He was author of many
popular songs. — Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
GUGL, IMATTHAUS, lived in the first
part of the 18th century. Organist of the
cathedral in Salzburg, composed music of
great popularity at the time, and wrote an
instruction book. — Mendel ; Schilling ; Fetis.
GUGLIELMI, PIETEO, born at Massa-
Carrara, Italy, May, 1727, died in Rome,
Nov. 19, 1804. Dramatic composer, son
and pupil of an accomplished musician who
was maestro di cappella to the Duke of
203
GUGLIELMI
Modena ; pupil at tlie Conservatorio of San
Loreto, Naples, of Durante. On leaviug
the Conservatorio, be made a tour through
Italy and brought out -his first ojJera in
Turin, in 1755. From that time the prin-
cipal cities of Italy disi^uted the privi-
lege of producing his operas, of which he
wrote nearly two buudi'ed. In 1762 be
■went to Venice, soon after to Dresden and
Brunswick, and in 1772 to London, where
he was not very successful, as Piccinni
w'as then the reigning favourite. When he
returned to Naples after an absence of
fifteen years, be found that Cimarosa and
Paisiello bad taken his place iu pojjular
favour ; but, notwithstanding the efforts
made by their followers, be eventually di-
vided the favours of the Neapolitan public
with them. The three subsequently formed
themselves into a mutual protective society
to keep out intruders, and agreed upon a
common jjrice of sis hundred ducats for
each opera that the}' should produce. Gu-
glielmi finally gave up dramatic composi-
tion, and in 1793 accepted the position of
maestro at the Vatican, and composed
church music. Most of his operas are for-
gotten, but those that remain arc wortliy of
a place in the history of music. Some of his
opere buffs are stiU played in Italy. Prin-
cipal works : I viaggiatori ridicoli (1772) ;
La serva iunaniorata (1778) ; La bella pesca-
trice (1779) ; I fi-atelli Papjja IMosca (Milan,
1783) ; La pastorella nobile (1783) ; La Di-
done (Venice, 1785) ; Enea e Lavinia (Na-
ples, 1785) ; I due gemelU (Rome, 1787).
His church compositions are mostly ora-
torios. La morte d' Abele ; Betulia liberata ;
La distruzione di Gerusalenime ; Debora
e Sisera, considered his masterpiece by
Zingarelli, written for the Vatican iu 1794 ;
Le lagrime di San Pietro ; besides masses,
motets, etc. — Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ; Eie-
mann ; Schilling ; Hogartli, Hist, of Miis.
Drama, 160 ; Burnej', Hist, of Music, iv.
493.
GUGLIELMI, PIETRO CARLO, born
in Naples in 1763, died iu Massa-Carrara,
! Feb. 28, 1817. Dramatic composer, son of
Pietro Guglielmi ; pupil at the Conserva-
torio of Loreto, Naples. He produced his
first opera in Naples when only twenty
years old. After visiting several Italian
cities as a composer, and London in 1810,
he became maestro di cappella to the arch-
duchess Beatrice of Massa-Carrara. Works
— Operas : Asteria e Teseo, Naples, about
1783 ; La fiera, ib., about 1785 ; II nau-
fragio fortunato, ib., about 1787 ; L' equivo-
co degli sposi, ib., about 1789 ; La serva
I bizzarra, ib., about 1790 ; L' erede di Bel
j Prato, about 1799 ; L' isola di Calipso,
Milan, 1813 ; La persuasione corretta, Na-
ples, about 1814 ; Ernesto e Palmira, Italy,
about 1814 ; La moglie giudice del marito,
Naples, about 1815 ; Romeo e Giulietta,
about 1816. — Fotis ; Mendel.
GUHR, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH
FLORIAN, born at Militsch, Prussian Sile-
sia, April 17, 1791, died (?). Pupil of bis
father ; was in the orchestra of the Count
von Maltzahn in his native town in 1807-10 ;
then continued his studies at the seminary
in Breslau. On bis return he assisted his
father as cantor, and later succeeded him
iu that position. He composed some songs,
and wrote an elementary book on music.
' —Fetis ; Mendel.
GUHR, KARL FRIEDRICH WIL-
HELM, born at Militsch, Prussian Silesia,
Oct. 30, 1787, died in Frankfort-on-the-
Main, July 22, 1848. Pianist and violinist,
son and pupil of Karl Christoph Guhr, and
pupil of Faust, Jauitschek, Berner, Wolfl,
Schnabel, and Vogler. At fourteen he had
I been a member of Count von Maltzalin's
' orchestra in Militsch, and after finishing
his studies he joined it again in 1804. In
1807 he became chamber musician in Wiirz-
burg, soon after musical du'cctor of the
Nuremberg theatre, and in 1813 of Wies-
baden. He went to Cassel as Hofkapell-
' meister, and in 1821 as director of music at
; Frankfort-on-the-Main. Works — Operas :
Feodora, Die Vestalin, Cassel, 1814 ; Deo-
data, ib., 1815 ; KOnig Siegmar, ib., 1819 ;
204
GUICHARD
Aladdin, oder die Wunderlampe, Frankfort,
1830 ; A mass ; A symphony ; Pianoforte
rondo for four hands ; Sonata for jjiauo-
forte ; Violin concerto ; etc. He wrote also :
" Paganini's Kunst die Violine zu spieleu "
(Mainz, 1831).— Gollmick, Carl Guhr, Nek-
rolog. (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 18i8) ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Riehl, Mus. Charakterkupfe,
iii. 189 ; Dubourg, The Violin, 2i5.
GUICHARD, Abbe FRANgOIS, born
at Mans, France, Aug. 26, IHB, died in
Paris, Feb. 2i, 1807. He was counter-
tenor and later sous-maitre at Notre Dame,
Paris. During the Revolution he taught
the guitar and published music for that in-
strument. He published Essais de Psalmo-
die, containing Magnificats (1783). His
chansons were popular. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GUIDO ET GINEVRA, ou la peste de
Florence (The Plague of Florence), ojiera
in five acts, text by Scribe, music by Halevy,
represented at the Academic Royale de Mn-
sique, Paris, March 9, 1838. The libretto
is founded on an ejjisode in Delecluze's
"Histoire de Florence." Ginevra, daughter
of Cosmo de' Medici, falls in a swoon during
the celebration of her marriage with the
Duke of Ferrara. Believed to be a victim
of the plague then prevailing, she is en-
tombed, but, as in Romeo and Juliet,
awakes and escapes from the vault. Re-
pulsed everywhere in the terrified and al-
most deserted city, she is received into the
house of Guido, a young sculjDtor who had
long loved her. Cosmo de' Medici at last
finds his daughter and consents to her mar-
riage with Guido. Although the work con-
tains many musical gems, its lugubrious
plot interfered with its success. It was
revived, however, in four acts, Oct. 23,
1810.
GIHGNON, JEAN PIERRE, born in
Turin, Feb. 10, 1702, died in Versailles,
Jan. 30, 1775. Violinist, the last " Roi des
Violons et des Menetriers." At first a vio-
loncellist in Paris, he relinquished that in-
strument for the violin, on which he is said
to have rivalled Leclair. He entered the
king's service in 1733, was appointed teach-
er to the dauphin, and in 1741 had revived
in his favor the extinct title of Roi des vio-
ons ; but his at-
tempt to levy taxes
ou other musicians
led to an acrimoni-
lous dispute and to
the revocation of his
powers in 1750,
though he did not
resign the title until
1773. He was an
excellent orchestra
leader, and published several books of Con-
certos, Sonatas, Duos, etc. — Fetis; Grove;
Fayolle, Hist, du Violon ; Dubourg, The
Violin, 189.
GUILLAUiAIE DE MACHAU (de Bla-
chaut, Guillermusde Mascaudio, Guiglielmo
di Francia), born at Machau, Champagne,
about 1284, died after 1370. He was in
the service of Jeanne de Navarre, wife of
Philippe le Bel, and in 1307-14 was valet
to that king. After that he was clerk to
Jean de Luxembourg, King of Bohemia,
where he lived thirty years, returning to
France after the death of his master at
Crecy in 1346. He then entered the ser-
vice of the Duchess of Normandy, was sec-
retary to the Duke Jean le Bon, afterwards
King of France, and served his successor
Charles V. in the same capacity. His com-
positions consist of motets, ballads, ron-
deaux, and a mass said to have been used
at the coronation of Charles V., preserved
in the MS. collections in the National Li-
brary, Paris. His masses and motets were
long used as models. One of his poems gives
a curious account of the musical instru-
ments in use at that time. — Fetis ; La-
rousse ; Mendel.
GUILLAU.AIE TELL, lyrical drama in
three acts, text by Sedaine, music by Gretry,
first represented at the Italiens, Paris, Ai^ril
9, 1791. The subject, which had previously
been treated musically by Lemiere, was be-
j'oud the composer's range. The opera was
205
GITILLAUME
reinstrumented bj- Berton and Eifaut in
1828.
GUILLAUME TELL, grand opera, in
tliree acts, text by litienne Join-, Hippolyte
Bis, and Ai-mand Mai-ast, music by Rossini,
Duprez. as Arnold.
first represented at the Aeademie Royale de
Musique, Paris, Aug. 3, 1829. Tlic compos-
er's thirty-seventh and last oijera, and his
masterpiece. The libretto, derived from
Schiller's drama, " Wilhelm Tell " (1804), was
written originally in five acts by Jouy, but,
proving unsatisfactorj', was largely rewritten
by Bis, and lastly worked over by Marast,
to whom belongs the conspiracy scene, the
best in the opera. In 1831 the third act
was omitted and the fourth and fifth acts
were condensed into one, and the opera is
now jjlayed everywhere in its three-act
form ; but in 1856 it was performed entire
in Paris, and lasted from seven until one
o'clock. An English version, entitled Hofer,
the Tell of the Tyrol, text by Planche, mu-
sic arranged by Bishop, was given in Lon-
don, at Drury Lane, May 1, 1830 ; it was
given also as Guillaume Tell, at the same
house, Dec. 3, 1838 ; and an Italian version,
Guglielmo Tell, was produced at Her Maj-
esty's, July 11, 1839. The scene is laid
in Switzerland in the thirteenth century.
Original cast in Paris, 1829 :
Arnold INI. Adolphe Nourrit.
Walter M. Levasseur.
TeU M. Dabadie.
Ruodi M. A. Dupont.
Rodolphe M. Massol.
Gessler M. Prevost.
Leuthold M. Prcvot.
Jemmy Mme Dabadie.
Mathilde Mme Cinti-Damoreau.
Hedwige Mile Mori.
Each of these roles has since been filled by
famous singers, among whom Gilbert Du-
prez (born in 1806), has been among the
most noted. His novel and stirring reading
of the part of Arnold contributed greatly to
the success of the oisera on its revival in
1837 at the Opera. The plot is briefly as
follows : One of the followers of Gessler,
Austrian bailiff in Kiissnacht, having at-
tempted an outrage upon the daughter of
the herdsman Leuthold, is slain by the fa-
ther, who flies for refuge to Tell and is pro-
tected by him. Tliis excites the rage of
Gessler, and Mclclital, the father of Arnold,
is accused of inciting people to insurrection
and put to death. Ai'nold, enamoured of Ma-
thilde, Gessler's daughter, has long vacillated
between love and duty, but now renounces
his love and devotes himself to avenging
his father's death. He joins Tell in the
mountains, where the second act closes
with the grand conspiracy scene, the secret
banding together of the cantons under the
leadership of Tell, who promises to lead
them to victory or death. In the third act
Gessler, to discover who is and who is not
loyal, commands everybody to do homage
to his hat, which he places upon a pole in
the public square at Altorf. Tell refus-
ing, he is ordered to shoot an apple from his
son's head. When about to retire after ac-
S06
GUILLON
oomplisliiiig this feat, Gessler demands of
him why he had concealed another arrow
under his cloak. Tell defiantly answers
that it was intended for him in case be had
slain his son. On this he is thrown into
l^rison. Mathilde, outraged by her father's
cruel acts, deserts him and joins the pa-
triots with the purpose of procuring Tell's
rescue ; but she is anticipated by Arnold.
Gessler is slain, Tell returns in triumph to
his family, and Arnold and Mathilde are
united. The overture is Kossini's master-
piece in this form. Among the noteworthy
numbers in the opera are, in the first act,
the quartet between Tell, Hedwige, Jemmy,
and a fisherman, " Accours dans ma nacelle,"
and the recitative of Arnold, " Le mien,
dit-il." In the second act are the romance
by Mathilde, "Sombre forct," the passion-
ate duet between Mathilde and Arnold,
" Oui, vous I'arrachez :\ mon Ame," the trio,
" Tu nV-tais pas seul en ees lieux," and the
fine chorus at the gathering of the Cantons.
The third act contains the air of Tell, in the
famous scene of the shooting of the apple,
" Sois immobile," and a passionate aria by-
Arnold, "Asile hereditaire." — Clement and
Larousse, 331 ; Hanslick, Moderne Oper,
118 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 202.
GUILLON, ALBERT, born at Meaux
(Seine-et-Marne), France, in 1801, died in
Venice, Ajiril, 1854. Dramatic composer ;
made his first musical studies at the Cathedral
of Paris, then at the Conservatoire pupil of
Fctis and of Berton ; won the prix de Rome
in 1825 with his cantata Ariaue a Naxos,
and lived several years in Rome, whence he
sent some sacred compositions to the lu-
stitut de France. He then went to Venice,
and in 1830 wrote for the Teatro della Fen-
ice his opera Maria di Brabante, which was
well received. Patronized by a noble family,
who intrusted him with the administration
of their estates, he abandoned music, and
devoted himself to agriculture. — Fetis.
GXJILLOU, JOSEPH, born in Paris in
1786, died at St. Petersburg, Sejitember,
1853. Virtuoso on the flute, pupil at the
Conservatoire of Devieune and of Wunder-
lich ; won the second prize in 1798, and the
first in 1808, but had to wait until 1815 be-
fore obtaining a position as second flute
in the orchestra of the Opera, and in the
royal chapel. In 181G he became professor
at the Conservatoire, and in 1830 started
on a concert tour through Belgium, Ger-
many, Sweden, etc., and settled at St.
Petersburg. Works : 2 concertos for flute
and orchestra ; Concertino ; Themes vai-ius
for do. ; Themes for flute and quartet ;
Duos, fantaisies, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GUILMANT, FELIX ALEXANDRE,
born at Boulogne, France, March 12, 1837,
still living, 1889. Organist, son and pupil
of the organist of the Church of Saint-
Nicolas, Boulogne ; pupil of Gustave Ca-
rulli, and later (1860) of Lemmens. In
1857 he became organist of the church of
S.aint-Joseph, Boulogne, and maitre de cha-
pelle of Saint-Nicolas, and soon after pro-
fessor of solfege in the Ecole Communale.
He was also director and organizer of the
Boulogne Societo Orpheonique and a mem-
ber of the Societe Philharmonique. In 1871
he removed to Paris, where he became or-
ganist of the Church of La Trinite, a posi-
tion which he still occupies. He has made
concert tours in England, Italy, and Russia.
Guilmant is one of the best organists of
modern times, and is unexcelled for bril-
liancy of execution. Works : i masses with
orchesti'a or organ ; Motets for 4 voices,
with do. ; 12 motets for 1-4 voices, with or-
gan ; Echos du mois de Marie, canticles ;
Quam dilecta (83d psalm), for soli and
chorus, with organ, op. 8 ; Sonatas for or-
gan ; Symphony for do., and orchestra ;
Many other pieces for organ ; L'organiste
pratique. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 435 ; Men-
del, Ergiinz., 138 ; Riemann.
GUIMET, EMILE, born in Lyons, France,
in 1836, still living, 1889. Pianist, pupil of
Debillemont, Lindau, and Luigini. The son
of a wealth}- chemical manufacturer, he has
given much attention as an amateur to music.
He has been at the head of the great musical
S07
GUIRAUD
societies of Lj-ons, and is a member of the
Academy. Works : L'cBuf blanc et I'oeuf
rouge, ballet, Lyons, Grand Tlu'utre, 1867 ;
Le feu du ciel, oratorio, Loudon, 1872,
Paris, 1873. He published a collection of
melodies and pianoforte pieces (1859), be-
sides several orpheonic choruses. — Fetis,
Supplument, i. 435.
GUIRAUD, ERNEST, born, of French
parents, in New Orleans, Louisiana, June 23,
1837, still living, 1889. Dramatic composer,
son and pupil of Jean Baptiste Guiraud, who
won in 1827 the grand prix de Rome. He
visited Paris at the age of twelve and on his
return to New Orleans 
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